توده

See also:پوده

Pashto

Etymology

FromProto-Iranian*taftáh,fromProto-Indo-Iranian*taptás,fromProto-Indo-European*t_əptós(“heated, warm, hot”),from the root*tep-(“to (be) warm”). Cognate withPersianتفت(taft),Sogdianܬܒܬܐܟ(tβtʾk),Bactrianταβδο(tabdo),Ossetianтӕвдӕ(tævdæ),Avestan𐬙𐬀𐬟𐬙𐬀(tafta),Sanskritतप्त(taptá). Compare alsoTocharian Btāpce(“warm”)andIrishteas,Welshtes(“heat, warmth; compassion”).

Related toتود(tod).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key):/t̪awd̪a/

• Audio:

  (file)

Adjective

توده•(tawda)

1. hot,warm

   Synonym:تود(tod)

Declension

declension ofتوده

	masculine			feminine
	singular	plural		singular	plural
direct	تود (tod)	تاودۀ (tâwdë)		توده (tëwda)	تودې (tëwde)
oblique	تاودۀ (tâwdë)	تودو (tëwdo)		تودې (tëwde)	تودو (tëwdo)
vocative	توده (toda)	تودو (tëwdo)		تودې (tëwde)	تودو (tëwdo)

Persian

Etymology

FromProto-Iranian*taw(H)táH,fromProto-Indo-Iranian*taw(H)táH(“people, folk, crowd”),fromProto-Indo-European*tew(H)téh₂(“people, tribe, men-at-arms”).

Cognate withNorthern Kurdishtûde,Sogdian𐫤𐫇𐫔𐫏𐫍(twδyh/⁠tūδē⁠/).More distantly related toLatintōtus,Latviantàuta,Lithuaniantautà,Irishtuath,Welshtud,Gothic𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰(þiuda),Middle EnglishthedeandTeuton.

Pronunciation

• (Classical Persian)IPA^(key):[toː.ða]

• (Dari, formal)IPA^(key):[t̪ʰoː.d̪ä]

• (Dari, formal)IPA^(key):[t̪ʰoː.d̪ä]
  • (Kabuli)IPA^(key):[t̪ʰoː.d̪ä]
  • (Hazaragi)IPA^(key):[t̪ʰʊː.d̪ä]

• (Iran, formal)IPA^(key):[t̪ʰuː.d̪e]

• (Tajik, formal)IPA^(key):[t̪ʰɵ.d̪ä]

Readings
Classical reading?	tōḏa
Dari reading?	tōda
Iranian reading?	tude
Tajik reading?	tüda

Noun

توده•(tude) (pluralتودهها(tude-hâ))

1. heap,pile,mass
2. people,folk,masses

Descendants

• →Ottoman Turkish:توده(tude)
• →Urdu:تودہ(tōda, tūda)