-tu

See also:Appendix:Variations of "tu"

Afar

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key):/-tu/ [-tʊ]

Suffix

-tu

1. Form of-ytuused after nouns ending in consonants.

Declension

Declension of-tu
absolutive	-tu
predicative	-tu
subjective	-tí
genitive	-tí
Postpositioned forms l-case -tul k-case -tuk t-case -tut h-case -tuh

References

• E. M. Parker, R. J. Hayward (1985)An Afar-English-French dictionary (with Grammatical Notes in English),University of London,→ISBN,page228
• Mohamed Hassan Kamil (2015)L’afar: description grammaticale d’une langue couchitique (Djibouti, Erythrée et Ethiopie)‎^[1],Paris: Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (doctoral thesis)

Basque

Alternative forms

• -du(see usage notes)

Etymology

FromLatin-tum,a past participle forming suffix. Basque borrowed Latin verbs in their participle form (for example,aditu(“to hear”)fromaudītum,neuter perfect passive participle ofaudiō(“I hear”)), with the ending being reinterpreted as a new verb forming suffix.

Suffix

-tu

1. A verb-forming suffix.

   ‎euskara(“Basque”)+ ‎-tu→ ‎euskaratu(“to translate into Basque”)

   ‎ohera(“to, towards bed”)+ ‎-tu→ ‎oheratu(“to go to bed”)

   ‎gehi(“plus”)+ ‎-tu→ ‎gehitu(“to add”)

2. Used to formadjectives,roughly corresponding to the English past participle forming suffix-ed.

   ‎gehi(“plus”)+ ‎-tu→ ‎gehitu(“augmented”)

Usage notes

• Takes the form-duafter words ending in/l/or/n/:

  ‎lagun(“friend”)+ ‎-tu→ ‎lagundu(“to help”)

• This is the only productive verb-forming suffix in modern Basque, having displaced the native suffix-i.
• Verbs taking this suffix have no synthetic forms (with the exception ofezagutu(“to know”)).

Derived terms

Basque terms suffixed with -tu

Estonian

Etymology

FromProto-Finnic*-t'oin.Cognate withFinnish-ton/-tön.

Suffix

-tu(genitive-tu,partitive-tut,comparative-tum,superlativekõige -tum)

1. -less

Inflection

Declension of-tu(ÕS type1/ohutu,no gradation)
		singular	plural
nominative		-tu	-tud
accusative	nom.
	gen.	-tu
genitive			-tute
partitive		-tut	-tuid
illative		-tusse	-tutesse -tuisse
inessive		-tus	-tutes -tuis
elative		-tust	-tutest -tuist
allative		-tule	-tutele -tuile
adessive		-tul	-tutel -tuil
ablative		-tult	-tutelt -tuilt
translative		-tuks	-tuteks -tuiks
terminative		-tuni	-tuteni
essive		-tuna	-tutena
abessive		-tuta	-tuteta
comitative		-tuga	-tutega

Derived terms

Estonian terms suffixed with -tu

Finnish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key):/-tu(ˣ)/,[-t̪u(ʔ)]

Suffix

-tu(front vowel harmony variant-ty,linguistic notation-tU)

1. Alternative form of-ttu

Anagrams

• -ut

Franco-Provençal

Pronoun

-tu

1. postpositive form ofte

Garifuna

Suffix

-tu

1. nominalizing suffix deriving agent nouns of feminine gender(see-tifor masculine).

   Abuwagu―to cook

   Abuwagutu―chef (female)

Latin

Suffix

-tū

1. ablativesingularof-tus

Old Irish

Alternative forms

• -atu,-etu,-thu,-tiu

Etymology

FromProto-Celtic*-tūts(stem*-tūt-;compareWelsh-tid), fromProto-Indo-European*-tuHts(whenceLatin-tūsandGothic-𐌳𐌿𐌸𐍃(-dūþs)).

Suffix

-tum

1. -ness,-ity

Inflection

Masculine t-stem
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	-tu	—	—
Vocative	-tu	—	—
Accusative	-taidN	—	—
Genitive	-tad	—	—
Dative	-taidL	—	—
Initial mutations of a following adjective: H= triggers aspiration L= triggers lenition N= triggers nasalization

Derived terms

Old Irish terms suffixed with -tu

Further reading

• Thurneysen, Rudolf(1940, reprinted 2017)D. A. BinchyandOsborn Bergin,transl.,A Grammar of Old Irish,Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies,→ISBN,§ 258,pages165–66

Old Norse

Alternative forms

• þú
• -du,-ðu

Pronoun

-tu(enclitic)

1. enclitic form ofþú
   • Haralds saga hins hárfagra 41.

     Nú tóktusvá við sem várr konungr vildi.

   • Lokasenna 24.

     En þik síða kóðu / Samseyju í / ok draptuá vétt sem vǫlur / vitka líki / fórtuverþjóð yfir / ok hugða ek þat args aðal

   ‎skalt(“shalt”)+ ‎þú→ ‎skaltu(“shalt thou”)

   ‎lát(“let (impr.)”)+ ‎þú→ ‎láttu(“let (impr.)”)

Usage notes

For reasons related to syntax, as well as Old Norse often explicitly stating the subject of verbs in the imperative, the verb is often followed by the subject pronoun. Forþú,this is when it may take on an enclitic form. This is not to say, however, that wheneverþúcomes after a verb, it will always take an enclitic form. It could well stay separate for the sake of emphasis.

Which one of the variants-du,-ðuand-tuto use, is decided by the same rules that decide which dental suffix to take in the type 1 weak verbs. This form is used after hard consonants.

Descendants

This feature is also present in modern Icelandic verb conjugation, with its imperative forms with appended personal pronouns (though only in the second person).

See also

• -k

Turkish

preceding vowel
A / I	E / İ	O / U	Ö / Ü
-tı	-ti	-tu	-tü

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key):/tu/

Suffix

-tu

1. Form of-tıafter the vowels O / U.

   ‎al-(“to take”)+ ‎-ın(“to take offense”)+ ‎-tı→ ‎alıntı(“quotation, citation”)

   ‎ak-(“to flow”)+ ‎-ın+ ‎-tı→ ‎akıntı(“flow, current, stream”)

   ‎çıt(“click or crack sound”)+ ‎-ır+ ‎-tı→ ‎çıtırtı(“clicking, cracking”)

   ‎mor(“purple”)+ ‎-ar(“to turn purple”)+ ‎-tı→ ‎morartı(“bruise, a purplish spot”)