copula

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See also:cópulaandcopulá

English

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EnglishWikipediahas an article on:
Wikipedia

Etymology

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Borrowed fromLatincopula(“connection, linking of words”),fromco-(“together”)+‎apere(“fasten”).Doubletofcouple.

Pronunciation

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Noun

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copula(pluralcopulasorcopulae)

Examples (grammar)

The night skyisblack.
Shewasa good teacher.
The burning logturnsblack.

  1. (linguistics,grammar)Aword,usually a verb, used to link thesubjectof a sentence with apredicate(usually a subjectcomplementor anadverbial), thatunitesor associates the subject with the predicate.
    • 1994,Randall Hendrick, “8: The Brythonic Celticcopulaand head raising”, in David Lightfoot, Norbert Hornstein, editors,Verb Movement,page163:
      I begin by arguing in section 2 that there are in fact at least two Celticcopulas,a grammaticalcopulathat simply spells out tense and agreement, and a substantivecopulaformed on a lexically listed verbal stem.
    • 2002,Quentin Smith,Language and Time,page189:
      The theory of conjunctively tensedcopulaewill be developed and stated with more precision in the following section.
    • 2003,Giuliano Bernini, “Thecopulain learner Italian: Finiteness and verbal inflection”, in Christine Dimroth, Marianne Starren, editors,Information Structure and the Dynamics of Language Acquisition,page159:
      This paper explores the position of thecopulain the development of the verb system in second language acquisition of Italian.
    • 2006,Christine Czinglar, Antigone Katiĉić, Katharina Köhler, Chris Schaner-Wolles, edited by Natalia Gagarina and Insa Gülzow,Strategies in the L1-Acquisition of Predication: TheCopulaConstruction in German and Croatian,page95:
      The present study focuses on the acquisition of a specific verbal element, namely thecopula,in predicative constructions in a cross-linguistic perspective (English, German, Croatian).
  2. Thebondorrelationshipby which two things are combined into a unity.
    • 1912,Emanuel Swedenborg, ‎Alfred Acton,The Animal Kingdom,page345:
      The fact that in milk thecopulaor bond is exceedingly slight is evident from the spontaneous resolution of milk when left in a vessel, its resolution, namely, into cream—a white substance of comparative consistency,—and a sourish fluid; also from its ready resolution when, merely by motion, it is turned into butter, or, by heat, into various kinds of curds.
    • 2019,Ahti-Veikko Pietarinen,History and Applications,page401:
      I quite correctly defined logical copulation by means [of] the copula of inclusion.
  3. (statistics)Afunctionthat represents theassociationbetween two or morevariables,independentof theindividualmarginaldistributionsof the variables.
    • 2009March 10, Dennis Overbye, “Mathematical Model and the Mortgage Mess”, inNew York Times‎[1]:
      In 2000, David X. Li, a banker with a doctorate in statistics who was then at RiskMetrics, part of J. P. Morgan Chase, began using mathematical functions called Gaussiancopulasto estimate the likelihood of corporations’ dying in unison.
    • 2009,N. Balakrishnan, Chin-Diew Lai,Continuous Bivariate Distributions,page59:
      There is little statistical theoretical theory forcopulas.Sensitivity studies of estimation procedures and goodness-of-fit tests forcopulasare unknown.
    • 2011,Julian Shaw, “Chapter 16: Julian Shaw”, in Richard R. Lindsey, Barry Schachter, editors,How I Became a Quant: Insights from 25 of Wall Street's Elite,page240:
      Copulasprovide an example of the haphazard evolution of quantitative finance. The key result is Sklar's theorem, which says that one can characterize any multivariate probability distribution by itscopula(which specifies the correlation structure) and its marginal distributions (the conditional one dimensional distributions). Thus one can create multivariate distributions by mixing and matchingcopulasand marginal distributions.
    • 2011,Ostap Okhrin, “Chapter 17: Fitting High-DimensionalCopulaeto Data”, in Jin-Chuan Duan, Wolfgang Karl Härdle, James E. Gentle, editors,Handbook of Computational Finance,page482:
      A recently developed flexible method is provided by hierarchical Archimedeancopulae(HAC).
  4. (music)A device thatconnectstwo or morekeyboardsof anorgan.
  5. (biology)The act ofcopulation;mating.

Synonyms

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Derived terms

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Translations

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See also

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References

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Anagrams

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Catalan

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Verb

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copula

  1. inflection ofcopular:
    1. third-personsingularpresentindicative
    2. second-personsingularimperative

Dutch

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Etymology

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Ultimately fromLatincopula.Thisetymologyis incomplete. You can help Wiktionary by elaborating on the origins of this term.

Pronunciation

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  • IPA(key):/ˈkoː.py.laː/
  • Audio:(file)
  • Hyphenation:co‧pu‧la

Noun

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copulaf(pluralcopula'sorcopulae)

  1. (grammar)copula
  2. (ichthyology,dated)aconnectivesegmentor piece oftissue,usually ofcartilage,chiefly infish

Derived terms

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Descendants

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  • →Indonesian:kopula

French

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Pronunciation

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Verb

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copula

  1. third-personsingularpast historic ofcopuler

Italian

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Pronunciation

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Etymology 1

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BorrowedfromLatincōpula,contraction of an earlier form*coapula.Doubletofcoppia,which was inherited.

Noun

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copulaf(pluralcopule)

  1. copula
  2. conjunction
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Etymology 2

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See the etymology of the correspondinglemmaform.

Verb

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copula

  1. inflection ofcopulare:
    1. third-personsingularpresentindicative
    2. second-personsingularimperative

Further reading

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  • copulain Treccani.it –Vocabolario Treccani on line,Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana

Anagrams

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Latin

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Etymology

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Contraction of*coapula,fromcon-(“together”)+‎apō(“to join”)+‎-ula.

Pronunciation

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Noun

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cōpulaf(genitivecōpulae);first declension

  1. abond,tie,bandor otherconnectingitem.
  2. aleash

Declension

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First-declensionnoun.

Case Singular Plural
Nominative cōpula cōpulae
Genitive cōpulae cōpulārum
Dative cōpulae cōpulīs
Accusative cōpulam cōpulās
Ablative cōpulā cōpulīs
Vocative cōpula cōpulae

Derived terms

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Descendants

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References

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  • “copula”,inCharlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879)A Latin Dictionary,Oxford: Clarendon Press
  • “copula”,inCharlton T. Lewis (1891)An Elementary Latin Dictionary,New York: Harper & Brothers
  • copulain Charles du Fresne du Cange’sGlossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis(augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)

Portuguese

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Verb

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copula

  1. inflection ofcopular:
    1. third-personsingularpresentindicative
    2. second-personsingularimperative

Spanish

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Pronunciation

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  • IPA(key):/koˈpula/[koˈpu.la]
  • Rhymes:-ula
  • Syllabification:co‧pu‧la

Verb

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copula

  1. inflection ofcopular:
    1. third-personsingularpresentindicative
    2. second-personsingularimperative
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