il

See also:Appendix:Variations of "il"

Translingual

Alternative forms

• IL,XLIX,xlix

Numeral

il

1. (informal)ARoman numeralrepresentingforty-nine(49).

See also

• Previous:iil(forty-eight,48)
• Next:l(fifty,50)

Akatek

Etymology

FromProto-Mayan*il- Compare withAchiilonik

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key):/ʔil/

Verb

il

1. (transitive)tosee,towatch,lookat

References

Preliminary Classic Maya ‐ English, English ‐ Classic Maya Vocabulary of Hieroglyphic Readings by Erik Boot

2022. Akateko Living Dictionary. Living Tongues Institute for Endangered Languages. ( look "ʔil" wav recording )

Azerbaijani

Other scripts

Cyrillic		ил
Abjad		ایل

Etymology

FromProto-Turkic*yïl(“year”).Cognate withOld Turkic𐰘𐰃𐰞(yïl).

Pronunciation

• Audio:

  (file)

Noun

il(definite accusativeili,pluralillər)

1. year

   Synonyms:sənə,(Classical Azerbaijani)sal,(Classical Azerbaijani)am

   uzunillər―manyyears(literally, “longyears”)

   Mənonildirkiməktəbibitirmişəm.

   It's been tenyearssince I finished school.

Declension

Declension ofil
	singular	plural
nominative	il	illər
definite accusative	ili	illəri
dative	ilə	illərə
locative	ildə	illərdə
ablative	ildən	illərdən
definite genitive	ilin	illərin

Possessive forms ofil
	nominative
	singular	plural
mənim(“my”)	ilim	illərim
sənin(“your”)	ilin	illərin
onun(“his/her/its”)	ili	illəri
bizim(“our”)	ilimiz	illərimiz
sizin(“your”)	iliniz	illəriniz
onların(“their”)	iliorilləri	illəri
	accusative
	singular	plural
mənim(“my”)	ilimi	illərimi
sənin(“your”)	ilini	illərini
onun(“his/her/its”)	ilini	illərini
bizim(“our”)	ilimizi	illərimizi
sizin(“your”)	ilinizi	illərinizi
onların(“their”)	iliniorillərini	illərini
	dative
	singular	plural
mənim(“my”)	ilimə	illərimə
sənin(“your”)	ilinə	illərinə
onun(“his/her/its”)	ilinə	illərinə
bizim(“our”)	ilimizə	illərimizə
sizin(“your”)	ilinizə	illərinizə
onların(“their”)	ilinəorillərinə	illərinə
	locative
	singular	plural
mənim(“my”)	ilimdə	illərimdə
sənin(“your”)	ilində	illərində
onun(“his/her/its”)	ilində	illərində
bizim(“our”)	ilimizdə	illərimizdə
sizin(“your”)	ilinizdə	illərinizdə
onların(“their”)	ilindəorillərində	illərində
	ablative
	singular	plural
mənim(“my”)	ilimdən	illərimdən
sənin(“your”)	ilindən	illərindən
onun(“his/her/its”)	ilindən	illərindən
bizim(“our”)	ilimizdən	illərimizdən
sizin(“your”)	ilinizdən	illərinizdən
onların(“their”)	ilindənorillərindən	illərindən
	genitive
	singular	plural
mənim(“my”)	ilimin	illərimin
sənin(“your”)	ilinin	illərinin
onun(“his/her/its”)	ilinin	illərinin
bizim(“our”)	ilimizin	illərimizin
sizin(“your”)	ilinizin	illərinizin
onların(“their”)	ilininorillərinin	illərinin

Derived terms

• ildönümü(“anniversary”)
• onillik(“decade”)

Bunak

Noun

il

1. water

Further reading

• A. Schapper, J. Huber, A. van Engelenhoven,The Historical Relation of the Papuan Languages of Timor and Kisar,Language and Linguistics in Melnesia, Special Issue: On the History, Contact and Classification of Papuan languages(2012) pp. 194-242

Danish

Noun

ilc

1. (rare)haste,speed

Verb

il

1. imperativeofile

Epigraphic Mayan

Etymology

FromProto-Mayan*il-.

Verb

il

1. tosee

Faroese

Iljar(“soles”).

Etymology

FromOld Norseil.

Noun

ilf(genitive singulariljar,pluraliljar)

1. thesoleof thefoot

f8	Singular		Plural
	Indefinite	Definite	Indefinite	Definite
Nominative	il	ilin	iljar	iljarnar
Accusative	il	ilina	iljar	iljarnar
Dative	il	ilini	iljum	iljunum
Genitive	iljar	iljarinnar	ilja	iljanna

Franco-Provençal

Etymology

InheritedfromLate LatinillīandLatinille.

Pronoun

ilm(postpositive-il)(ORB, broad)

1. he,it(third-person singular masculine nominative)
2. it(impersonal)

   Synonym:o

Derived terms

• ils

See also

Franco-Provençal personal pronouns

singular	nominative	accusative	dative	tonic1	possessive2
1stperson	jo	mè			min
2ndperson	te	tè			tin
3rdperson masculine	il	lo/le	lui		sin
3rdperson feminine	el	la	lyé
3rdperson neuter	o		y	—
3rdperson reflexive	—	sè
plural	nominative	accusative	dative	tonic1	possessive2
1stperson	nos				noutro
2ndperson	vos				voutro
3rdperson masculine	ils	los/les	lor		lor
3rdperson feminine	els	les	lor/lyés
3rdperson reflexive	—	sè
1Disjunctive or object of a preposition.		2Generally preceded by a definite article.

References

• ilin DicoFranPro:Dictionnaire Français/Francoprovençal– ondicofranpro.llm.umontreal.ca
• ilin Lo trèsor Arpitan – onarpitan.eu

French

Etymology

FromMiddle Frenchil,fromOld Frenchil,fromLate Latinillī.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key):/il/IPA^(key):(informal)/i/
• (Quebec,informal)IPA^(key):(preconsonantal)/i/,(prevocalic)/j/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Homophones:ils,île,îles,y
• Rhymes:-il

Pronoun

ilm(third-person singular,pluralils,accusativele,dativelui,emphaticlui,possessive determinerson)

1. he(third-person singular masculine subject pronoun for human subject)

   Ilest parti.

   Heleft.

2. it(third-person singular subject pronoun for grammatically masculine objects)

   Je cherche mon livre. Où est-il?

   I'm looking for my book. Where isit?

3. (impersonal pronoun)Impersonal subject;it

   Ilpleut.

   It’s raining.

Related terms

French personal pronouns

Number	Person	Gender	Nominative (subject)	Accusative (direct complement)	Dative (indirect complement)	Locative (at)	Genitive (of)	Disjunctive (tonic)
Singular	First	—	je,j’	me,m’		—	—	moi
	Second	—	tu	te,t’		—	—	toi
	Third	Masculine	il	le,l’	lui	y	en	lui
		Feminine	elle	la,l’				elle
		Indeterminate	on1	—	—	—	—	—
		Reflexive	—	se,s’4		—	—	soi4
Plural	First	—	nous	nous		—	—	nous
	Second	—	vous2	vous2,3		—	—	vous2
	Third	Masculine	ils3	les	leur	y	en	eux3
		Feminine	elles					elles

¹Also used as the first person plural.

²Also used as the polite singular form.

³Also used when a group has both men and women.

⁴Also used as third person plural reflexive.

Further reading

• “il”,inTrésor de la langue française informatisé[Digitized Treasury of the French Language],2012.

Anagrams

• li

Friulian

Friulian Definite Articles
	singular	plural
masculine	il l'	i
feminine	la l'	lis

Alternative forms

• al(Western and Southern Friulian)
• el(Northern Friulian)

Etymology

FromLatinillum,ultimately fromille.

Article

ilmsg(plurali)

1. the

See also

• i,la

Haitian Creole

Etymology

FromFrenchîle.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key):/il/

Noun

il

1. island

Icelandic

Iljar(“soles”).

Etymology

FromOld Norseil,fromProto-Germanic*iljō.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key):/ɪːl/
• Rhymes:-ɪːl

Noun

ilf(genitive singulariljar,nominative pluraliljar)

1. thesoleof thefoot

   Honum sagðist vera illt íilinni.―He said hissolehurt.

Derived terms

• frá hvirfli til ilja

Ido

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key):/il/

Pronoun

il(pluralili,possessiveilua,possessive pluralilui)

1. Apocopicform ofilu;he,him

See also

Personal pronouns inIdo

		Singular			Plural
		Nominative	Possessive		Nominative	Possessive
			Singular	Plural		Singular	Plural
First person		me	mea	mei	ni	nia	nii
Second person	Formal	vu	vua	vui	vi	via	vii
	Familiar	tu	tua	tui
Third person	Masculine	ilu,il	ilua	ilui	ili	ilia	ilii
	Feminine	elu,el	elua	elui	eli	elia	elii
	Neuter	olu,ol	olua	olui	oli	olia	olii
	Common	lu	lua	lui	li	lia	lii
	Reflexive	su	sua	sui	su	sua	sui
Indefinite		onu,on	onua	onui	onu,on	onua	onui
Notes
The possessive plurals are seldom used.
The shortened forms are preferred.
The pangendered forms are preferred to the gendered or neuter forms in most scenarios.

Interlingua

Pronoun

il

1. personal pronoun used with impersonal verbs

   Ilha multe arbores illac.

   Thereare many trees there.

Usage notes

Optional.

Irish

Etymology 1

FromOld Irishil,fromProto-Celtic*ɸilus,fromProto-Indo-European*pélh₁us,fromProto-Indo-European*pelh₁-.

Adjective

il(genitive singular masculineil,genitive singular feminineile,pluralile,comparativeile)

1. (literary)many

Derived terms

• il-

Etymology 2

Adjective

il(genitive singular masculineil,genitive singular feminineile,pluralile,comparativeile)

1. Alternative form ofoll(“great; huge, vast, immense”)

Declension

Declensionofil

	Singular		Plural (m/f)
Positive	Masculine	Feminine	(strong noun)	(weak noun)
Nominative	il	il	ile
Vocative	il		ile
Genitive		ile	ile	il
Dative	il	il	ile
Comparative	níosile
Superlative	isile

Mutation

Irish mutation
Radical	Eclipsis	withh-prothesis	witht-prothesis
il	n-il	hil	not applicable
Note:Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

Further reading

• Ó Dónaill, Niall(1977) “il”,inFoclóir Gaeilge–Béarla,Dublin: An Gúm,→ISBN
• de Bhaldraithe, Tomás(1959) “il”,inEnglish-Irish Dictionary,An Gúm
• “il”,inNew English-Irish Dictionary,Foras na Gaeilge,2013-2024

Italian

Alternative forms

• el(archaic or regional)
• 'l(archaic or pronunciation spelling)
• i'(Tuscan pronunciation spelling)

Etymology

From earlier*ille,*elle,fromLatinillum(andillud), ultimately fromille.The final vowel fell by apocope, and the/e/(< Latin ⟨ē ĭ⟩) in monosyllable particles shifted to/i/in Tuscan, comparein,di,ri-,mi.The formelis found in older texts and can still be heard regionally.

Patota claims this to be from the older formlo(from the same source), via an intermediate forml.The initialiwould be asvarabhaktivowel added to the formlin order to make the pronunciation easier.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key):/il/

  • Audio:

    (file)

  • (after vowels)IPA^(key):/‿jl/,/‿l/
• (regional,Tuscany)IPA^(key):/i/^*

Article

Italian Definite Articles
	singular	plural
masculine	il lo/l'	i gli
feminine	la/l'	le

ilmsg(plurali)

1. the

Anagrams

• -li,li,lì

Middle French

Etymology

FromOld Frenchil.

Pronoun

ilm

1. he
2. it(impersonal, or referring to an unknown person)

Descendants

• French:il

Norwegian Bokmål

Noun

ilform(definite singularilaorilen,indefinite pluraliler,definite pluralilene)

1. soleof thefoot

   Synonym:fotsåle

Norwegian Nynorsk

Etymology

FromOld Norseilf,fromProto-Germanic*iljōf,*ilin.

Noun

ilf(definite singularila,indefinite pluraliler,definite pluralilene)

1. soleof thefoot,especially the middle part

   Synonym:fotsole

Inflection

Historical inflection ofil indefinite singular definite singular indefinite plural definite plural Aasen1 Il Ili Iljar Iljarna 1901 iljarne(iljane) 1917 ila,ili iljane 1938 ila [ili] 1959 iljar[iler] iljane[ilene] 2012(current) il ila iler ilene Forms initalicsare currently considered non-standard. Forms in [brackets] were official, but considered second-tier. Forms in (parentheses) were allowed underMidlandsnormalen.1Nouns were capitalised for most of the 19th century. Likeil,see alsofetandhes.

Related terms

• ilk
• ilke

References

• “il”inThe Nynorsk Dictionary.

Old English

Noun

īlm

1. Alternative form ofiġil

Old French

Etymology 1

InheritedfromLate Latinillī.

Pronoun

ilmsg(feminineele)

1. he(third-person masculine singular subject pronoun)

Descendants

• Middle French:il
  • French:il

Etymology 2

InheritedfromLatinillī.

Alternative forms

• ils(late, analogical)

Pronoun

ilmpl(feminineeles)

1. they(third-person masculine plural subject pronoun)
   • c.1170,Wace,Le Roman de Rou:

     S'ilvos poent ataindre, ja vos areient tué.

     If they could range you, they would have already killed you.

Descendants

• Middle French:ils
  • French:ils

Old Irish

Alternative forms

• hil

Etymology

FromProto-Celtic*ɸelus,fromProto-Indo-European*pélh₁us,fromProto-Indo-European*pelh₁-.Cognate withGothic𐍆𐌹𐌻𐌿(filu,“much”),Ancient Greekπολύς(polús,“much”),Sanskritपुरु(puru,“much”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key):/il/

Adjective

il(equativelir,comparativelia)

1. much,many(usually as the first member of a compound, usually governs a plural noun)

   cosin taidbseil―with much ostentation

   Is amlid do·rigéni Dia corp duini óil-ballaib.―Thus God has made man's body of many members.

   Is ferr precept oldaas labradil-béelre.―Preaching is better than speaking many languages.

   • c.800,Würzburg Glosses on the Pauline Epistles, published inThesaurus Palaeohibernicus(reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 499–712, Wb.4^d15

     In Belzefuth: is béss didu ind lïacc beniril-béim friss, et intí do·thuit foir ɔ·boing a chnámi, intí fora tuit-som immurgu at·bail-side.

     The Beelzebub: it is the custom, then, of the stone that many blows are hit on it, and he who falls upon it breaks his bones; however, he whom it falls on perishes

   • c.845,St Gall Glosses on Priscian, published inThesaurus Palaeohibernicus(reprinted 1975, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. II, pp. 49–224, Sg. 26^b7

     De dliguth trá innan-il-toimdden sin, is de gaibthi “igitur”;quasi dixisset“Ní fail ní nád taí mo dligeth-sa fair i ndegaid na comroircnech.”

     Of the law then, of thosemanyopinions, it is thereof that he recites “igitur”;as if he had said, “There is nothing which my law does not touch upon after the erroneous ones.

Inflection

As a preposed adjective, usually uninflected, but the following forms are found occasionally:

• Nominative/accusative plural:ili
• Dative plural:ilib

Derived terms

• ilaigidir
• ilar
• ildae

Descendants

• Irish:il
• Manx:yl

Mutation

Old Irish mutation
Radical	Lenition	Nasalization
il (pronounced with/h/inh-prothesis environments)	unchanged	n-il
Note:Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

Further reading

• Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “1 il”,ineDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

Old Norse

Etymology

FromProto-Germanic*iljō,*ili(“sole”).

Noun

ilf(genitiveiljar,pluraliljar)

1. thesoleof thefoot

Declension

Declension ofil(strongjō-stem)

feminine	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	il	ilin	iljar	iljarnar
accusative	il	ilina	iljar	iljarnar
dative	il	ilinni	iljum	iljunum
genitive	iljar	iljarinnar	ilja	iljanna

Descendants

• Icelandic:il
• Faroese:il
• Norwegian Nynorsk:il
• Norwegian Bokmål:il
• Old Swedish:il

References

“il”,inGeir T. Zoëga (1910)A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic,Oxford: Clarendon Press

Somali

Etymology

FromProto-Cushitic*ʔil-.Cognates includeOromoija,SidamoilleandJiidduel.

Noun

il

1. eye

References

• “il” In: Abdullah Umar Mansur (1985)Qaamuska Afsoomaliga.

Swedish

Etymology 1

InheritedfromOld Swedishīl(“squall; sudden storm”),ultimate origin disputed. Cognate ofIcelandicél(“hailstorm”).

Noun

ilc

1. (archaic)agust;a strong, abrupt rush of wind
2. (archaic)Synonym ofilning

Declension

Declension ofil

		nominative	genitive
singular	indefinite	il	ils
	definite	ilen	ilens
plural	indefinite	ilar	ilars
	definite	ilarna	ilarnas

Derived terms

• vindil

Etymology 2

Deverbalfromila(“to hurry”).

Noun

ilc

1. (archaic)hurry

Declension

Declension ofil

		nominative	genitive
singular	indefinite	il	ils
	definite	ilen	ilens
plural	indefinite	ilar	ilars
	definite	ilarna	ilarnas

References

• ilinSvensk ordbok(SO)
• ilinSvenska Akademiens ordlista(SAOL)
• ilinSvenska Akademiens ordbok(SAOB)
• ilin Elof Hellquist,Svensk etymologisk ordbok(1st ed., 1922)

Turkish

Etymology

FromOttoman Turkishایل(il),fromProto-Turkic*ēl(“realm”).Doubletofel.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key):/il/

Noun

il(definite accusativeili,pluraliller)

1. province

Declension

Inflection
Nominative	il
Definite accusative	ili
	Singular	Plural
Nominative	il	iller
Definite accusative	ili	illeri
Dative	ile	illere
Locative	ilde	illerde
Ablative	ilden	illerden
Genitive	ilin	illerin

Tzotzil

Alternative forms

• 'il

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key):/ʔil/

Verb

il

1. (transitive)tosee

References

• Laughlin, Robert M. [et al.] (1988)The Great Tzotzil Dictionary of Santo Domingo Zinacantán,vol. I.Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press.

Yucatec Maya

Verb

il(transitive)

1. tosee
2. tovisit

Conjugation

conjugation ofil

	singular			plural
	1stperson	2ndperson	3rdperson	1stperson	2ndperson	3rdperson
imperfective	kin wilik	ka wilik	ku yilik	k ilik	ka wilikeʼex	ku yilikoʼob
perfective	tin wilaj	ta wilaj	tu yilaj	t k ilaj	ta wilajeʼex	tu yilajoʼob
subjunctive	ka in wilej	ka a wilej	ka u yilej	ka k ilej	ka a wileʼex	ka u yiloʼob
imperative	-	ilej	-	-	ileʼex	-