jo

See also:Appendix:Variations of "jo"

Languages (46)

English

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Albanian•Basque•Bavarian•Catalan•Czech•Dalmatian•Danish•Dutch•Esperanto•Finnish•Friulian•German•Ingrian•Italian•Japanese•Karelian•Kashubian•Konabéré•Lashi•Latvian•Lithuanian•Livonian•Lower Sorbian•Luxembourgish•Murui Huitoto•North Frisian•Northern Sami•Norwegian Bokmål•Norwegian Nynorsk•Occitan•Old French•Old Frisian•Plautdietsch•Polabian•Polish•Saterland Frisian•Slovincian•Spanish•Swahili•Swedish•Veps•Votic•West Frisian•Ye'kwana•Yoruba

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Page categories

English

Pronunciation

• (Scotland)IPA^(key):/d͡ʒoː/

• Audio(Southern England):

  (file)

• Rhymes:-oː

Etymology 1

FromScotsjo(“joy”),fromMiddle Englishjoye,fromOld Frenchjoie,fromLate Latingaudia,neuter plural (mistaken as feminine singular) ofLatingaudium(“joy”),fromgaudēre(“to be glad, rejoice”).Doubletofjoyandgaudy(“Oxford college reunion”).

Noun

jo(pluraljos)

1. (Scotland)Darling,sweetheart.
   • 1711,traditional, published by James Watson,Old Long Syne:

     On Old long syne myJo,
     on Old long syne,
     That thou canst never once reflect,
     on Old long syne.

   • My Jo Janet(traditional Scottish song)

     Keek into the draw-well, Janet, Janet;
     There ye'll see your bonnie sel',
     Myjo,Janet.

Alternative forms

• joe

Etymology 2

BorrowedfromJapaneseTrượng.

Noun

jo(pluraljo)

1. Thestaffused in theJapanesemartial artofjodoorjojutsu.

Anagrams

• OJ

Albanian

Etymology

Likely ababble word,compareTurkishyok(“no”),and its derivates in other Balkanic languages such asRomanianioc,Macedonianјок(jok).Comparison withGermanja(“yes”)is semantically hard to explain.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key):/jɔ/

• Audio:

  (file)

Determiner

jo

1. negates non-verbal phrases:no,not

Synonyms

• nauk(Tetova)
• nouk(Gostivar)

See also

• mos
• nuk
• s'

Basque

Etymology

Unknown.

Pronunciation

• Audio:

  (file)

• IPA^(key):(Navarro-Lapurdian)/ɟo/[ɟo]

• IPA^(key):(Southern)/xo/[xo]

• IPA^(key):(Gipuzkoan)/xo/[xo]
• IPA^(key):(Biscayan)/d͡ʒo/[d͡ʒo]
• IPA^(key):(Navarrese)/jo/[jo]

• Rhymes:-o
• Hyphenation:jo

Verb

jodu(imperfect participlejotzen,future participlejoko,short formjo,verbal nounjotze)

1. tohit,strike,punch
2. (music)toplay

   Gitarrajonahi dut.―I want to play the guitar.

3. toknock,rap

   Gizon itsusi batek etxeko ateajodu.―An ugly man knocked on the door.

4. tocrash
5. tohead,go
6. toblow(the wind)

   Synonym:ibili

Further reading

• “jo”,inEuskaltzaindiaren Hiztegia[Dictionary of the Basque Academy],Euskaltzaindia
• “jo”,inOrotariko Euskal Hiztegia[General Basque Dictionary],Euskaltzaindia,1987–2005

Bavarian

Etymology

Cognate withIcelandicjú,Swedishjo.Equivalent to standard High Germandoch.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key):/joː/

Particle

jo

1. yes(in response to a negative question).

   Woids es ned na fuat heid?Jo,owa's wedda is a weng schlecht.

   Wolltet ihr nicht noch heute furt?Doch,aber das Wetter is etwas schlecht.

Catalan

Etymology

InheritedfromOld Catalanjo~io~yo,fromVulgar Latineō(attested from the sixth century), fromLatinego,fromProto-Italic*egō,fromProto-Indo-European*éǵh₂;akin toGreekεγώ(egó),Sanskritअहम्(aham),all fromProto-Indo-European*éǵh₂.CompareOccitanjo,Spanishyo,Frenchje,Italianio.

Pronunciation

• (Central)IPA^(key):/ˈʒɔ/,/ˈjɔ/
• (Valencia)IPA^(key):/ˈjo/,/ˈjɔ/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes:-o,-ɔ

Pronoun

jo(strong)

1. I
2. (after certain prepositions)me

Declension

Catalan personal pronouns and clitics

	strong/subject	weak (direct object)		weak (indirect object)		possessive
singular		proclitic	enclitic	proclitic	enclitic
1st person	jo,mi3	em,m’	-me,’m	em,m’	-me,’m	meu
1st personmajestic1	nós	ens	-nos,’ns	ens	-nos,’ns	nostre
2nd person	tu	et,t’	-te,’t	et,t’	-te,’t	teu
2nd personformal1	vós	us	-vos,-us	us	-vos,-us	vostre
2nd personveryformal2	vostè	el,l’	-lo,’l	li	-li	seu
3rd personmasculine	ell	el,l’	-lo,’l	li	-li	seu
3rd personfeminine	ella	la,l’4	-la	li	-li	seu
3rd personneuter		ho	-ho	li	-li	seu
3rd personreflexive	si	es,s’	-se,’s	es,s’	-se,’s	seu
plural
1st person	nosaltres	ens	-nos,’ns	ens	-nos,’ns	nostre
2nd person	vosaltres	us	-vos,-us	us	-vos,-us	vostre
2nd personformal2	vostès	els	-los,’ls	els	-los,’ls	seu
3rd personmasculine	ells	els	-los,’ls	els	-los,’ls	seu
3rd personfeminine	elles	les	-les	els	-los,’ls	seu
3rd personreflexive	si	es,s’	-se,’s	es,s’	-se,’s	seu
adverbial
ablative/genitive		en,n’	-ne,’n
locative		hi	-hi
1)Behaves grammatically as plural. 2)Behaves grammatically as third person.			3)Only as object of a preposition. 4)Not before unstressed (h)i-, (h)u-.

Synonyms

• mi(after most prepositions)

Noun

jom(uncountable)

1. ego(the self)

   Synonym:ego

References

• “jo”inDiccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició,Institut d’Estudis Catalans.
• “jo”,inGran Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana,Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana,2024
• “jo”inDiccionari normatiu valencià,Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua.
• “jo”inDiccionari català-valencià-balear,Antoni Maria Alcover and Francesc de Borja Moll, 1962.

Czech

Etymology

ComparePolishjo.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key):[ˈjo]

• Audio:

  (file)

Particle

jo

1. (colloquial)yeah,yep

   Synonym:ano

   Antonym:ne

Further reading

• “jo”,inPříruční slovník jazyka českého(in Czech),1935–1957
• “jo”,inSlovník spisovného jazyka českého(in Czech),1960–1971, 1989

Dalmatian

Alternative forms

• io

Etymology

FromLatinubi.CompareRomanianiuo,Italianove,Frenchoù,Old Spanisho.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key):/jo/

Adverb

jo

1. where

Danish

Etymology 1

Borrowed fromMiddle Low Germanjo.Used likeSwedishju,Germanja(adverb) /je(conjunction).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key):[jo](unstressed in context)

Adverb

jo

1. as you know or should know; sometimes vaguely translatable asafter allorobviously
   • 2015,Henriette E. Møller,Jelne,Gyldendal A/S,→ISBN:

     Jeg ved ikke, hvad de talte om, hendes sind blev så mørkt, jeg kunnejoikke rigtigt snakke med hende.

     I do not know of what they spoke, her mind became so dark, I could not really talk with her,as you should be able to see.

   • 2009,Sven Arvid Birkeland,I krigens kølvand: danske skæbner efter 2. verdenskrig,Gyldendal A/S,→ISBN,page479:

     Han gikjoikke i krig i håb om, at det skulle blive den store sejr

     After all,he did not go to war in the hopes of achieving great victory.

   • 2016,Anita Krumbach, Dorte Lilmose, Hanne Kvist, Helle Perrier, Iben Mondrup, Louis Jensen, Ronnie Andersen, Sissel Bergfjord, Svend Åge Madsen, Tomas Lagermand Lundme,Det du ikke ved: Noveller for unge,Gyldendal A/S,→ISBN:

     Jeg mener, at selv ens eget navn eller alder KAN manjoikke være 100 procent sikker på er Dennis/17, vel?

     I mean, oneobviouslycannot even be 100% sure that one's own name or age are Dennis and 17, can one?

Conjunction

jo

1. the

   Jomere jeg løber, desto trættere bliver jeg.

   Themore I run, the more tired I become.

Usage notes

jo... desto...,jo... des...are common constructions.

Etymology 2

FromOld Norsejaur.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key):[ˈjɔʊ̯ˀ]

Interjection

jo

1. yes(used to contradict a negative statement or negatively phrased question)(often followed byI do,he is,etc. in English to indicate contradiction rather than affirmation); identical in usage to the Frenchsi.Contrasts withjawhich confirms positive statements or positively phrased questions.

   Du elsker mig ikke, gør du vel? —Jo!

   You don't love me, do you? —Yes, I do!

   Jeg har ikke gjort noget! —Jo!

   I didn't do anything! —Yes, you did!

Usage notes

Negatively phrased questions likeKommer du ikke?,Du kommer ikke, vel?,Du kommer ikke?( "Are you not coming?", "You are not coming, are you?", "You are not coming?" ) must be answered withjoto indicate that the speaker is, in fact, coming; they cannot be answered withja( "yes" ).

References

• “jo”inDen Danske Ordbog

Dutch

Etymology

FromEnglishyo.

Interjection

jo

1. hi

   Ey! - Jo!- Hey! - Hi!

2. bye

   Later! - Jo!- Later! - Bye!

3. youtoo

   Fijn weekend! - Jo!- Have a nice weekend! - You too!

Esperanto

Pronunciation

• Audio:

  (file)

• IPA^(key):[jo]
• Hyphenation: jo

Noun

jo(accusative singularjo-on,pluraljo-oj,accusative pluraljo-ojn)

1. The name of theLatin-scriptletterJ/j.

See also

• (Latin-script letter names)litero;a,bo,co,ĉo,do,e,fo,go,ĝo,ho,ĥo,i,jo,ĵo,ko,lo,mo,no,o,po,ro,so,ŝo,to,u,ŭo,vo,zo

Finnish

Etymology

FromProto-Finnic*jo,borrowed fromProto-Germanic*ju,compareGothic𐌾𐌿(ju,“already”),Old High Germanju(“already”).Cognates includeEstonianju,Voticjo,Vepsjo,Ingrianjo,Karelianjo.(“ju”,in[ETY]Eesti etümoloogiasõnaraamat[Estonian Etymological Dictionary] (in Estonian) (online version), Tallinn: Eesti Keele Sihtasutus (Estonian Language Foundation),2012).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key):/ˈjo/,[ˈjo̞]
• Rhymes:-o
• Syllabification^(key):jo

Adverb

jo

1. already(prior to some time; so soon)

   Luin kirjanjoloppuun.

   Ialreadyfinished the book.

2. now,already(emphasizing word)

   Tulejo!(impatiently)

   Comenow!

Derived terms

• jopa
• joko
• johan

Further reading

• “jo”,inKielitoimiston sanakirja[Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish]‎^[1](in Finnish) (online dictionary, continuously updated), Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35, Helsinki:Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus(Institute for the Languages of Finland),2004–,retrieved2023-07-02

Friulian

Etymology

InheritedfromLate Latineo,fromClassical Latinegō̆.

Pronoun

jo

1. I

See also

Friulian personal pronouns

		singular	plural
1st person		jo	nô
2nd person	familiar	tu	vô
	polite	lui,jê	lôr
3rd person	m	lui,	lôr
	f	jê	lôr

German

Alternative forms

• joa,jö

Etymology 1

Alteration ofja(“yes”)or the respective dialectalcognates.CompareEnglishyo.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key):/jɔː/

Interjection

jo

1. (colloquial,dialectal)yes,yeah,well;expresses agreement in a hesitant or ponderous manner.

Etymology 2

From the respective dialectal words foryesin about half of Northern and Central Germany and all of Western Germany (compareLow Germanja,jo). Possibly fromProto-Germanic*ja(“yes, thus, so”),possibly from an unrecorded root. The form with /oː/ must have existed in theMiddle Agesalready, since the word often partakes in the same sound shifts as words with /oː/ from other sources, cf.Swedishjo,Middle Englishyo(>Englishyo).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key):/joː/

Interjection

jo

1. (colloquial)yes;expresses firm agreement.

Derived terms

• johlen

Ingrian

Etymology

FromProto-Finnic*jo.Cognates includeFinnishjoandEstonianju.

Pronunciation

• (Ala-Laukaa)IPA^(key):/ˈjo/,[ˈjo̞]
• (Soikkola)IPA^(key):/ˈjo/,[ˈjo̞]
• Rhymes:-o
• Hyphenation:jo

Adverb

jo

1. already
   • 1936,N. A. Iljin and V. I. Junus,Bukvari iƶoroin șkouluja vart,Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page25:

     Kiko ja Mikojouijuut.

     Kiko and Miko arealreadyswimming.

2. Emphasises the sentence.
   • 1936,N. A. Iljin and V. I. Junus,Bukvari iƶoroin șkouluja vart,Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page64:

     Jonyt mahan lukkia.

     Now I can read.

References

• Ruben E. Nirvi (1971)Inkeroismurteiden Sanakirja,Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, page105

Italian

Pronoun

jo

1. (obsolete)Alternative form ofio

Japanese

Romanization

jo

1. Thehiraganasyllableじょ(jo)or thekatakanasyllableジョ(jo)inHepburnromanization.
2. Thehiraganasyllableぢょ(jo)or thekatakanasyllableヂョ(jo)inHepburnromanization.

Karelian

Regional variants ofjo

North Karelian (Viena)	jo
South Karelian (Tver)	jo

Etymology

FromProto-Finnic*jo.Cognates includeFinnishjoandVepsjo.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key):/ˈjo/
• Hyphenation:jo

Adverb

jo

1. already

Interjection

jo

1. (North Karelian)yes

Synonyms

• (yes):(North Karelian)kyllä,(South Karelian)da

References

• A. V. Punzhina (1994) “jo”,inСловарь карельского языка (тверские говоры)[Dictionary of the Karelian language (Tver dialects)],→ISBN
• Pertti Virtaranta, Raija Koponen (2009) “jo”, in Marja Torikka, editor,Karjalan kielen sanakirja‎^[2],Helsinki: Kotus,→ISSN
• P. M. Zaykov et al. (2015)Venäjä-Viena Šanakirja[Russian-Viena Karelian Dictionary],→ISBN

Kashubian

Etymology

BorrowedfromGermanjo.CompareSlovincianjo(“yes”),Silesianja(“yes”),regionalPolishja(“yes”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key):/ˈjɔ/
• Rhymes:-ɔ
• Syllabification:jo

Particle

jo

1. yes

   Synonym:tak

   Jo,mògã to zrobic.―Yes, I can do it.

   Jo,jô jem tam béł.―Yes, I have been there.

Further reading

• “jo”,inInternetowi Słowôrz Kaszëbsczégò Jãzëka[Internet Dictionary of the Kashubian Language], Fundacja Kaszuby,2022
• Eùgeniusz Gòłąbk (2011) “tak”, inSłownik Polsko-Kaszubski / Słowôrz Pòlskò-Kaszëbsczi‎^[3]

Konabéré

Pronunciation

• (Kouka)IPA^(key):/ɟō/
• (Tansilla Toma)IPA^(key):/ɟû/

Noun

jo

1. water

Alternative forms

• zo

Further reading

• Beatrice Tiendrébéogo,Rapport Sociolinguistique sur la Langue Bobo Madaré(SIL Electronic Survey Reports 2007-005: 55), page 44
• Chiara Alfieri, Bernard Taverne,Ethnophysiologie, règles et précautions chez les Bobo Madare et les Mossi

Lashi

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key):/d͡ʑo/,/d͡ʑɔ/

Verb

jo

1. tobe
2. toexist

References

• Hkaw Luk (2017)A grammatical sketch of Lacid‎^[4],Chiang Mai: Payap University (master thesis)

Latvian

Conjunction

jo

1. because
2. for

Particle

jo

1. the...the...

   jovairāk naudas,jolabāk―themore moneythebetter

Lithuanian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key):[jo]

Etymology 1

Determiner

jo

1. his(3rd person singular masculine possessive)

Pronoun

jom

1. third-personsingulargenitiveofjis
2. Alternative form ofjuo

Etymology 2

FromMiddle High Germanja,possibly viaYiddishיאָ(yo).CompareLatvianjā.

Particle

jo

1. (colloquial)yeah

   Synonym:(standard term)taip

Usage notes

• Formerly considered obsolete, but seems to have been revived, possibly by influence ofEnglishyeah.
• Usage discouraged by theVLKK.

References

• “jo”,inLietuvių kalbos žodynas[Dictionary of the Lithuanian language], lkz.lt,1941–2024

Livonian

Alternative forms

• juo

Etymology 1

Perhaps borrowed fromLatvianjo(“because, yet (more)”),/juo/.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key):/jo/

Preposition

jo

1. more;used with adjectives to formcomparatives
   • Tiit-Rein Viitso, Valts Ernštreits (2012–2013),Līvõkīel-ēstikīel-lețkīel sõnārōntõz,Tartu, Rīga: TÜ, LVA

     pitkā,jopitkā

     long, longer

Etymology 2

Perhaps borrowed fromLatvianjau(“yet, already, after all”).However, compare alsoFinnishjo(“already”),thus ultimately a common Finnic borrowing fromProto-Germanic*juthat has likely beencontaminatedby the more figurative senses of Latvianjau,with the latter ultimately a distant cognate of the initial Germanic borrowing.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key):/jo/

Preposition

jo

1. yet,already,after all
   • Tiit-Rein Viitso, Valts Ernštreits (2012–2013),Līvõkīel-ēstikīel-lețkīel sõnārōntõz,Tartu, Rīga: TÜ, LVA

     mōnigļikizt, nejolǟbõd mōzõ

     bumblebees, they arealreadymigrating to their burrows (lit. "going inside of earth" )

     amādjoītist äb peļļõt

     not everyone makes the same [amount of money] (lit. "everyoneafter alldoesn't earn the same ")

Usage notes

• LĒLonly listsjowithout listing any instances ofjuo.Livonian-Latvian-Livoniandictionary, in turn, only listsjuofor the comparative forming preposition sense.
• LĒL doesn't explicitly list the second sense that seems to exactly mirror Latvianjau(including the more figurative applications.) Such a function, however, is inferred from the many usage examples available in the dictionary. As a translation of Latvianjau(strictly in its temporal sense) LĒL listsjõbā(“already”),cf.Estonianjuba.

Lower Sorbian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key):[jɔ]

Particle

jo

1. yes(word used to show agreement or acceptance)

Verb

jo

1. third-personsingularpresentofbyś

Pronoun

jo

1. accusativeofwóno

Alternative forms

• njo(after preposition)

Further reading

• Muka, Arnošt(1921, 1928) “jo”,inSłownik dolnoserbskeje rěcy a jeje narěcow(in German), St. Petersburg, Prague:ОРЯС РАН,ČAVU;Reprinted Bautzen: Domowina-Verlag,2008
• Starosta, Manfred (1999) “jo”,inDolnoserbsko-nimski słownik / Niedersorbisch-deutsches Wörterbuch(in German), Bautzen: Domowina-Verlag

Luxembourgish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key):/jo/,[joː]
• Rhymes:-oː
• Homophone:Jo

• Audio:

  (file)

Adverb

jo

1. yes

See also

• dach

Verb

jo

1. second-personsingularimperativeofjoen

Murui Huitoto

Etymology

Cognates includeMinica HuitotojoandNüpode Huitotojo.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key):[ˈhɔ]
• Hyphenation:jo

Root

jo

1. house

Derived terms

• jofo

References

• Katarzyna Izabela Wojtylak (2017)A grammar of Murui (Bue): a Witotoan language of Northwest Amazonia.‎^[5],Townsville: James Cook University press (PhD thesis), page127

North Frisian

Etymology

CompareWest Frisianhja.

Pronoun

jo(Föhr-Amrum)

1. third-person plural personal pronoun
   1. they(subject case)
   2. them,themselves(object case)

Alternative forms

• 's(reduced form)
• ja,jam(Mooring,Sylt)
• djo(Heligoland),jä(Halligen,Wiedingharde,Hoorning)

See also

Personal and possessive pronouns (Föhr-Amrumdialect)

		personal				possessive
		subject case		object case		masculine referent	feminine / neuter referent	plural referent
		full	reduced	full	reduced			attributive	independent
singular	1st	ik	'k	mi		man	min		minen
	2nd	dü	–	di		dan	din		dinen
	3rd m.	hi	'r	ham	'n	san	sin		sinen
	3rd f. / n.	hat	at,'t		at,'t
plural	1st	wi	'f	üs		üüs			üüsen
						üsens
	2nd	jam	'm	jam		jau			jauen
						jamens
	3rd	jo	's	jo	's	hör			hören
						hörens
notes		The reduced forms with an apostrophe areenclitic;they immediately follow verbs or conjunctions.Düis deleted altogether in such contexts.Atis not enclitic; it can stand in any unstressed position and refers mostly to things. Inreflexiveuse, only full object forms occur. Dual formswat / onkandjat / jonkare obsolete, as is femininejü / hör. Independent possessives are distinguished from attributive ones only with plural referents. The formsüsens,jamens,hörensare used optionally (and decreasingly) when the possessor is a larger community, such as a village, city or nation.

Northern Sami

Etymology

(Thisetymologyis missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at theEtymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation

• (Kautokeino)IPA^(key):/ˈjo/

Adverb

jo

1. already
2. now

Further reading

• Koponen, Eino, Ruppel, Klaas, Aapala, Kirsti, editors (2002–2008),Álgu database: Etymological database of the Saami languages‎^[6],Helsinki: Research Institute for the Languages of Finland

Norwegian Bokmål

Pronunciation

• Audio:

  (file)

Etymology 1

FromOld Norsejaur.

Adverb

jo

1. yes;in disagreement with the last speaker's negative statement.

   Du har ikke pusset tennene vel? -Jo,det har jeg.

   You haven't brushed your teeth, have you? -Yes,I have.

2. yes or no; expressing doubt. (colloquial)

   Vil du være med? -Jo...

   Do you want to join? -I'm not sure...

Usage notes

Jacan be interpreted as an agreement with the person replied to.Jois used instead ofjaif this agreement could cause ambiguity. In example 1, agreement with the person asking the question would be the opposite of a confirmation that one actually did brush the teeth. As suchjawould be ambiguous. The answerjoremoves the possibility of agreement with the speaker.

Related terms

• jojo
• joda

Etymology 2

FromOld Norsegjóðr.

Noun

jom(definite singularjoen,indefinite pluraljoer,definite pluraljoene)

1. askua,seabird of familyStercorariidae.

Derived terms

• storjo

References

• “jo”inThe Bokmål Dictionary.
• “jo_1”inDet Norske Akademis ordbok(NAOB).
• “jo_2”inDet Norske Akademis ordbok(NAOB).

Norwegian Nynorsk

Etymology 1

FromOld Norsejór,fromProto-Germanic*ehwaz.

Noun

jom(definite singularjoen,indefinite pluraljoar,definite pluraljoane)

1. ahorse(only used in given names)

Related terms

Male given names:

• Jo
• Joalv
• Joar
• Jobjørn
• Jofast
• Jofrød
• Jofrøy
• Jogeir
• Jogrim
• Johamar
• Jokjell
• Jole
• Jolv,Julv
• Jomar
• Jorek
• Jostein

Female given names:

• Jo
• Jodis
• Jofrid,Jorid
• Jogjerd
• Joreid

Etymology 2

FromOld Norsegjóðr.

Alternative forms

• gjod(alternative spelling)

Noun

jom(definite singularjoen,indefinite pluraljoar,definite pluraljoane)

1. askua,seabird of familyStercorariidae.

Derived terms

• storjo

Etymology 3

FromNorwegian Bokmåljo,fromDanishjo.

Adverb

jo

1. Alternative form ofjau

Etymology 4

CompareSwedishju.

Adverb

jo

1. Used to indicate an expectation of common understanding, or that what is said is an obvious fact – “as you well know,” “of course.”

   Synonym:no

   Han komjoaldri

   Buthe never camethough

   Ikkje rart at du fekk ølskummet over heile golvet. Ein skaljoikkje slå på ølboksen fyri ein opnar den!

   It’s not weird that you’ve got the beer foam all-over the floor. You shouldn’t punch the beer can before you open it,y’know!

References

• “jo”inThe Nynorsk Dictionary.

Occitan

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key):/ʒu/,/ju/

Etymology 1

InheritedfromLate Latineo,fromClassical Latinegō̆.

Pronoun

jo(Gascony)

1. I

Etymology 2

InheritedfromLatiniugum.

Noun

jom

1. yoke

Old French

Pronoun

jo

1. (Old Northern French)Alternative form ofje
   • c.1170,Wace,Le Roman de Rou:

     Jodi e dirai kejosui

     I say and will say that I am

Old Frisian

Pronoun

jō

1. Alternative form ofjū,accusative/dativeofjī

Inflection

Old Frisian personal pronoun declensions

	singular					plural
	1st	2nd	3rdm	3rdf	3rdn	1st	2nd	3rd
nominative	ik	thū	hī	hiū,hiō	hit	wī	jī	hiā
accusative	mī	thī	hine	hiā	hit	ūs	jū,jō	hiā
dative	mī	thī	him	hire,hiāre	him	ūs	jū,jō	him,hirem,hiārem
genitive	mīn	thīn	sīn	hire,hiāre	sīn	ūser	jūwer	hira,hiāra

Plautdietsch

Adverb

jo

1. yes

Polabian

Alternative forms

• joz

Etymology

InheritedfromProto-Slavic*(j)azъ.

Pronoun

jo

1. first-person pronoun;I

References

• Polański, Kazimierz(1971) “jo”,inSłownik etymologiczny języka Drzewian połabskich[Etymological Dictionary of the Polabian Drevani Language] (in Polish), number 2 (ďüzd – ľotü), Wrocław, Warszawa etc.: Ossolineum, page225
• Polański, Kazimierz,James Allen Sehnert (1967) “jo”, inPolabian-English Dictionary,The Hague, Paris: Mouton & Co, page75
• Olesch, Reinhold(1962) “Je”,inThesaurus Linguae Dravaenopolabicae[Thesaurus of the Drevani language] (in German), volumes1: A – O,Cologne, Vienna: Böhlau Verlag,→ISBN,page374

Polish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key):/ˈjɔ/

• (Greater Poland):
  • (Chełmno-Dobrzyń)IPA^(key):/ˈjɔ/

• Rhymes:-ɔ
• Syllabification:jo

Etymology 1

InheritedfromProto-Slavic*(j)azъ.

Pronoun

jo

1. (dialectal)Alternative form ofja(“I”)

Etymology 2

BorrowedfromGermanjo.

Particle

jo

1. (colloquialordialectal,Chełmno-Dobrzyń)yeah,yep

   Synonyms:tak,ano,no,hej

   Antonym:nie

Further reading

• join Polish dictionaries at PWN
• Antoni Krasnowolski (1879) “jo”,inAlbum uczącéj się młodzieży polskiéj poświęcone Józefowi Ignacemu Kraszewskiemu z powodu jubileuszu jego pięćdziesięcioletniéj działalności literackiéj(in Polish), Lviv: Czytelni Akademickiéj Lwowskiéj; "Gaz. Narod." J. Dobrzańskiego i K. Gromana, Słowniczek prowincjalizmów zebranych w ziemi chełmińskiej i świeckiej, page303

Saterland Frisian

Etymology

FromOld Frisianhiā.Cognates includeWest FrisianhjaandNorth Frisianjo.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key):/joː/
• Hyphenation:jo
• Rhymes:-oː

Pronoun

jo(obliquehier)

1. they

See also

Saterland Frisian personal pronouns

	singular					plural
	1st	2nd	3rdm	3rdf	3rdn	1st	2nd	3rd
stressed	iek	du	hie	ju	dät	wie	jie	jo
unstressed			er	ze	et			ze
objective	mie	die	him	hier	dät	uus	jou	hier

References

• Marron C. Fort (2015) “jo”,inSaterfriesisches Wörterbuch mit einer phonologischen und grammatischen Übersicht,Buske,→ISBN

Slovincian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key):/ˈjɔ/
• Rhymes:-ɔ
• Syllabification:jo

Etymology 1

InheritedfromProto-Slavic*(j)azъ.

Pronoun

jo

1. I(first-person pronoun)

Etymology 2

BorrowedfromGermanja(“yes;yes!”).CompareKashubianjo(“yes”),Silesianja(“yes”),regionalPolishja(“yes”).

Particle

jo

1. yes

References

• Lorentz, Friedrich(1908) “jǻu̯”, inSlovinzisches Wörterbuch‎^[7](in German), volume 1, Saint Petersburg:ОРЯС ИАН,page389
• Lorentz, Friedrich(1908) “jǻu̯!”, inSlovinzisches Wörterbuch‎^[8](in German), volume 1, Saint Petersburg:ОРЯС ИАН,page389

Spanish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key):/ˈxo/[ˈxo]
• Rhymes:-o
• Syllabification:jo

Etymology 1

Interjection

¡jo!

1. stop,whoa(especially whencommandingahorseor imitative thereof)

Derived terms

• jo, jo, jo

Etymology 2

Euphemisticclippingofjoder(“fuck”).

Interjection

¡jo!

1. (euphemistic)Used to expresssurprise,amazement,orconfusion

   ¡Jo!―I never heard anything like that before. / Are you serious? / Boy!

Further reading

• “jo”,inDiccionario de la lengua española,Vigésima tercera edición,Real Academia Española,2014

Swahili

Etymology

Possibly fromEnglishyo.

Pronunciation

• Audio(Kenya):

  (file)

Interjection

jo

1. (Sheng)added foremphasisto the end of a sentence

   Manze jo!―Oh man!

Swedish

Etymology

FromOld Swedishiū,fromOld Norsejaur.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key):/juː/

Interjection

jo

1. yes;used as a disagreement to a negative statement or a negatively phrased question.

   Du har inte borstat tänderna, eller hur? -Jo,det har jag.

   You haven't brushed your teeth, have you? -Yes,I have.

2. yes(more generally, in a similar vein tojodå– see its usage notes)

   – Är det du som är han? –Jo,det är jag.

   – Are you that guy? –Yep,that's me.

   1. yeah

      Ah,jo,det stämmer nog när jag tänker efter

      Ah,yeah,that's probably correct when I think about it

3. (with an excited, rising tone)Expresses having an insight;oh

   Jo(ooo)!Nu kom jag på hur man löser pusslet.

   O(ooo)h!I figured out how to solve the puzzle now.

4. A filler, at the start of an utterance (to get someone's attention);listen,so,hey,etc. (compare "yeah" )

   Jo,det är så att det är en grej som jag måste berätta för er

   So,there is something that I have to tell you ( "So, it is such that there is a thing that I have to tell you," with some common stalling wording)

Usage notes

Ja(“yes”)can be interpreted as an agreement with the person replied to.Jois used instead ofjaif this agreement could cause ambiguity. In the example above agreement with the person asking the question would be the opposite of a confirmation that one actually did brush the teeth. As suchjawould be ambiguous. The answerjoremoves the possibility of agreement with the speaker. In Swedish dialects spoken in northern Sweden and Finland, it is however not uncommon for the wordjoto be used in place ofjain all cases, at least in spoken language.

Related terms

• inandnings-jo
• jodå
• jojo
• jovars

References

• joinSvensk ordbok(SO)
• joinSvenska Akademiens ordlista(SAOL)
• joinSvenska Akademiens ordbok(SAOB)

Anagrams

• oj

Veps

Etymology

FromProto-Finnic*jo.

Adverb

jo

1. already

References

• Zajceva, N. G., Mullonen, M. I. (2007) “уж,уже”,inUz’ venä-vepsläine vajehnik / Novyj russko-vepsskij slovarʹ[New Russian–Veps Dictionary]‎^[9],Petrozavodsk: Periodika

Votic

Etymology

FromProto-Finnic*jo.

Pronunciation

• (Luutsa, Liivtšülä)IPA^(key):/ˈjo/,[ˈʝo]
• Rhymes:-o
• Hyphenation:jo

Adverb

jo

1. already
2. (with negative)any more

Particle

jo

1. An emphatic intensifying particle.

References

• Hallap, V., Adler, E., Grünberg, S., Leppik, M. (2012) “jo”,inVadja keele sõnaraamat[A dictionary of the Votic language], 2nd edition, Tallinn

West Frisian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key):/joː/
• (unstressed)IPA^(key):/jə/

Etymology 1

FromOld Frisianjū,fromProto-West Germanic*iwwiz,fromProto-Germanic*izwiz,dative/accusative of*jūz,fromProto-Indo-European*yū́.

Pronoun

jo

1. you(second person singular nominative formal pronoun)

Usage notes

Though it is a singular pronoun,jotakes the plural conjugation of verbs.

Inflection

West Frisian personal pronouns

Number	Person		Nominative	Objective		Possessive
				Normal	Reflexive	Determiner	Pronoun
Singular	First		ik	my	mysels	myn	mines
	Second	Informal	do/dû1	dy	dysels	dyn	dines
		Formal	jo	jo	josels	jo	jowes
	Third	Masculine	hy	him	himsels	syn	sines
		Feminine	sy/hja1	har	harsels	har	harres
		Neuter	it	it	himsels	syn	sines
Plural	First		wy	ús	ússels	ús	uzes
	Second		jim(me)	jim(me)	jimsels/jinsels	jim(me)	jimmes
	Third		sy/hja1	har(ren)	harsels	har(ren)	harres
1.Now mostly archaic and unused

Further reading

• “jo”,inWurdboek fan de Fryske taal(in Dutch),2011

Etymology 2

(Thisetymologyis missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at theEtymology scriptorium.)

Determiner

jo

1. your(second-person singular formal possessive determiner)

Further reading

• “jo”,inWurdboek fan de Fryske taal(in Dutch),2011

Ye'kwana

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key):[hʷo]

Postposition

jo

1. (with following directional suffix-nno)indicates a point of origin

Usage notes

This postposition also infrequently occurs without-nno,in which case it is not clear whether it inflects at all and its meaning is difficult to determine.

References

• Cáceres, Natalia (2011)Grammaire Fonctionnelle-Typologique du Ye’kwana‎^[10],Lyon, pages277–278

Yoruba

Etymology 1

Proposed to be derived fromProto-Yoruboid*jó,compare withIgalajó

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key):/d͡ʒó/

Verb

jó

1. (intransitive)todance

Derived terms

• ijó(“dance”)
• jójó(“to dance [a dance]”)
• àlùjó

Etymology 2

Possibly fromProto-Yoruboid*jó,cognate withIgalajó

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key):/d͡ʒó/

Verb

jó

1. (ergative)toburn
2. (transitive)tosting;toirritate

Etymology 3

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key):/d͡ʒò/

Verb

jò

1. todrip

Derived terms

• jíjò(“leaking”)
• ìjòdànù(“leakage”)
• òjò(“rain”)