tw.k
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Egyptian
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Loprieno suggests an origin fromtj(“while”)+ṯw(second-person masculine dependent pronoun),withtjfrom earlier(j)sṯ,from Old Egyptian(j)sk.[1]Stauder argues against this hypothesis and instead proposes a development fromntt(complementizer)+.k(second-person masculine suffix pronoun)with subsequent reanalysis.[2]Regardless of origin, later reinterpreted as an elementtw+ the suffix pronoun.k.
Pronunciation
[edit]- (modern Egyptological)IPA(key):/tuːʔɛk/
- Conventional anglicization:tu.ek
Pronoun
[edit]
|
msg2.proclitic (‘subject form’) pronoun
- you[since the 17th Dynasty]
Usage notes
[edit]This form of pronoun is aprocliticthat must stand at the beginning of a sentence (generally adverbial) and cannot come after any particles. It always indicates the subject of the sentence.
Inflection
[edit]Old Egyptian personal pronouns
| number | first person | second person | third person | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| masculine | feminine | masculine | feminine | |||
| suffix pronouns | singular | ∅,.j |
.k,.kj1 |
.ṯ,.ṯn |
.f,.fj1 |
.s,.sj1 |
| dual | .nj |
.ṯnj |
.snj | |||
| plural | .n |
.ṯn |
.sn | |||
| enclitic (‘dependent’) pronouns | singular | w,wj,wy |
kw,k,ṯw,ṯ |
ṯm,ṯn |
sw,s |
s |
| dual | — |
ṯnj |
snj | |||
| plural | n |
ṯn |
sn | |||
| stressed (‘independent’) pronouns | singular | jnk |
ṯwt |
ṯmt |
swt |
stt |
| dual | — |
— |
ntsnj | |||
| plural | — |
ntṯn |
ntsn,jntsn | |||
| stative (‘pseudoparticiple’) endings | singular | .kj,.k |
.tj,.t |
∅,.j |
.tj,.t | |
| dual | — | .tjwn |
.wy,.wj |
.ty | ||
| plural | .wn,.nw |
∅,.w,.y,.wy |
.tj,.t | |||
| ||||||
Middle Egyptian personal pronouns
| number | first person | second person | third person | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| masculine | feminine | masculine | feminine | |||
| suffix pronouns | singular | ∅,.j |
.k,.kj1 |
.ṯ,.t |
.f,.fj1 |
.s,.sj1 |
| dual2 | .nj |
.ṯnj,.tnj |
.snj | |||
| plural | .n |
.ṯn,.tn |
.sn,.w3 | |||
| enclitic (‘dependent’) pronouns | singular | wj,w |
ṯw,tw |
ṯn,tn |
sw,st |
sj,s,st |
| plural | n |
ṯn,tn |
sn,st | |||
| stressed (‘independent’) pronouns | singular | jnk |
ntk,ṯwt2 |
ntṯ,ntt,ṯwt2 |
ntf,swt2 |
nts,swt2 |
| plural | jnn3 |
ntṯn,nttn |
ntsn | |||
| stative (‘pseudoparticiple’) endings | singular | .kw |
.tj,.t,.tw3 |
∅,.w |
.tj,.t,.tw3 | |
| plural | .wn,.wjn |
.tjwn,.tjwnj |
∅,.w,.y | |||
| proclitic (‘subject form’) pronouns3 | singular | tw.j |
tw.k |
tw.t |
sw |
sj,st |
| plural | tw.n |
tw.tn |
st | |||
| ||||||
Late Egyptian personal pronouns
| number | first person | second person | third person | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| masculine | feminine | masculine | feminine | |||
| suffix pronouns | singular | ∅,.j |
.k,.kw |
.t |
.f,.fj |
.s,.st,.sw |
| plural | .n |
.tn,.twn |
.w,.sn1 | |||
| enclitic (‘dependent’) pronouns1 | singular | wj |
tw,tj |
sw,st | ||
| plural | n,wn |
twn |
sn,st | |||
| stressed (‘independent’) pronouns | singular | jnk |
mntk,mtwk |
mntt,mtwy |
mntf |
mntst,mntjst |
| plural | jnn |
mnttn |
mntw | |||
| stative (‘pseudoparticiple’) endings1 | singular | .kw,.k |
.tj,.tw |
∅,.w,.y |
.tj,.tw | |
| plural | .nw |
.tn |
∅,.w,.y | |||
| unmarked (later) | ∅,.tw | |||||
| proclitic (‘subject form’) pronouns | singular | tw.j |
tw.k |
tw.t |
sw |
st,sw |
| plural | tw.n |
tw.tn |
st,sw,swt | |||
| ||||||
References
[edit]- James P[eter] Allen(2010)Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs,2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,→ISBN,page116.