essere

See also: èssere

Afar

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /esːeˈre/ [ʔɛsːɛˈɾɛ]
Hyphenation: es‧se‧re

Verb

esseré

(transitive) ask
- Saytun Qhuraan kee kay maqnah tarjamaty Qafar afal tani‎^[3], Suurat Al-Faatica, verse 5:
  Diggah nanu Ni Rabbow koo inkittosnaah Qibaada dibuk koo caglisna, nanu ni-caagiidah inkih cato koo esserra.
  Our God, with strength we make you whole, only you we give [our] adoration, we as one ask you for help with our affairs.
(transitive) visit

Conjugation

Conjugation of essere (type II verb)

1st singular

2nd singular

3rd singular

1st plural

2nd plural

3rd plural

m

f

perfective

V-affirmative

N-affirmative

esseré

esseré

negative

imperfective

V-affirmative

N-affirmative

negative

prospective

V-affirmative

esseréliyoh
esseréyyoh

esserélitoh
esseréttoh

esseréleh

esserélinoh
esserénnoh

esserélitoonuh
esseréttoonuh

N-affirmative

esseréliton
esserétton

esserélon

conjunctive I

V-affirmative

N-affirmative

negative

esseré wáyuh

esseré wáytuh

esseré wáyuh

esseré wáytuh

esseré wáynuh

esseré waytóonuh

esseré wóonuh

conjunctive II

V-affirmative

N-affirmative

negative

esseré wáankeh

esseré waytánkeh

esseré wáankeh

esseré waytánkeh

esseré waynánkeh

esseré waytaanánkeh

esseré wáankeh

jussive

affirmative

negative

esseré wáay

esseré wáytay

esseré wáay

esseré wáytay

esseré wáynay

esseré waytóonay

esseré wóonay

past
conditional

affirmative

negative

esseré wanniyóy

esseré wannitóy

esseré wannáy

esseré wanninóy

esseré wannitoonúy

esseré wanninoonúy

present
conditional I

affirmative

negative

esseré wéek

esseré wayték

esseré wéek

esseré wayték

esseré waynék

esseré wayteeník

esseré weeník

singular

plural

singular

plural

consultative

affirmative

esseróo

esserróo

imperative

affirmative

negative

negative

-h converb

-i form

-k converb

-in(n)uh converb

-innuk converb

infinitive

indefinite participle

V-focus

N-focus

Compound tenses
past perfect		affirmative perfective + perfective of én or *sugé*
present perfect		affirmative perfective + imperfective of én
future perfect		affirmative perfective + prospective of *sugé*
past progressive		-k converb + imperfective of én or *sugé*
present progressive		affirmative imperfect + imperfective of én
future progressive		-k converb + prospective of *sugé*
immediate future		affirmative conjunctive I + imperfective of *wée*
imperfect potential I		affirmative conjunctive I + imperfective of *takké*
imperfect potential II	affirmative	imperfective + -m + *takké*
imperfect potential II	negative	esseré + imperfective of *wée* + -m + *takké*
perfect potential	affirmative	perfective + -m + *takké*
perfect potential	negative	esseré + perfective of *wée* + -m + *takké*
present conditional II	affirmative	imperfective + object pronoun + *tekkék*
present conditional II	negative	esseré + perfective of *wée* + object pronoun + *tekkék*
perfect conditional	affirmative	perfective + imperfective of *sugé* + -k
perfect conditional	negative	perfective + *sugé* + imperfective of *wée* -k
irrealis		esseré + perfective of *xaaxé* or *raaré*

References

E. M. Parker, R. J. Hayward (1985) “essere”, in An Afar-English-French dictionary (with Grammatical Notes in English), University of London, →ISBN

Italian

Etymology

Inherited from Early Medieval Latin essere, from Latin esse. The past participle stato is from Latin stātus.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈɛs.se.re/
Audio: (file)
Rhymes: -ɛssere
Hyphenation: ès‧se‧re

Verb

èssere (first-person singular present sóno, first-person singular past historic fùi, past participle stàto, first-person singular imperfect èro, first-person singular future sarò, first-person singular subjunctive sìa, first-person singular imperfect subjunctive fóssi, second-person singular imperative sìi, auxiliary èssere)

(auxiliary, the non-perfect forms followed by a past participle, used to form composite (perfect) tenses of passive intransitive verbs and of their reflexive forms) to have (done something); to be in the state of having (done something); See Category:Italian verbs taking essere as auxiliary.
Essendo partito e non essendosi ancora fermato, lui è tutt’ora in movimento.
Being started and not having stopped yet, he is still moving.
(literally, “Being started and not having stopped yet, he is all now in movement.”)

(io) sono
(io) sono stato
I am
I (have) been

(io) sto
(io) sono stato
I stay
I (have) stayed

(io) mi fermo
(io) mi sono fermato
I stop me/myself
I (have) stopped myself

(tu) ti fermi
(tu) ti sei fermato
you stop yourself
you (have) stopped yourself

(lui/lei/egli/ella/esso/essa) si ferma
(lui/lei/egli/ella/esso/essa) si è fermato
he/she/it stops himself/herself/itself
he/she/it (has) stopped himself/herself/itself

(noi) ci fermiamo
(noi) ci siamo fermati
we stop ourselves
we (have) stopped ourselves

(voi) vi fermate
(voi) vi siete fermati
you stop yourselves
you (have) stopped yourselves

(loro/essi/esse) si fermano
(loro/essi/esse) si sono fermati
they stop themselves
they (have) stopped themselves

accade
è accaduto
it happens
it (has) happened

(io) vado
(io) sono andato
I go
I (have) gone
(auxiliary, the non-perfect forms followed by a past participle, used to form composite (perfect) tenses of reflexive forms of transitive verbs) to have (done something to oneself/oneselves); to be in the state of having (done something to oneself/oneselves); See Category:Italian reflexive verbs.
Lui guardando verso lo specchio si era visto. ― He, looking towards the mirror, (had) seen himself.

(io) mi ho
(io) mi sono avuto
I have me/myself
I (have) had me/myself

(io) mi faccio […]
(io) mi sono fatto […]
I make myself [...]
I (have) made myself […]
(auxiliary, both non-perfect and perfect forms followed by a past participle, used to form the passive forms of transitive verbs) to be (done something); to be in the state of being (done something); See Category:Italian transitive verbs.
Lui è amato da lei. ― He is loved by her.

Lei era stata amata da lui. ― She had been loved by him.

(io) avevo/possedevo
(io) ero avuto/posseduto
(io) ero stato avuto/posseduto
I owned/possessed
I was owned/possessed
I had been owned/possessed

(io) amavo
(io) ero amato
(io) ero stato amato
I loved
I was loved
I had been loved
(intransitive, absolutive, as predicative verb, affirms the existence, the essence in itself, the pure act, without further determination) to be, to exist (regionally, chiefly in Tuscany, can be found in the singular also when referring to plural subjects)
Synonym: esistere

Dio è ― God exists

ci sono varie specie di rose ― there are various/many species of roses

discutere se vi siano il paradiso e l’inferno ― discuss whether there is heaven and hell/heaven and hell exist

Ci sono molti laureati in legge. ― There are many law graduates.
- 2008 [c. 600 BCE], chapter 1, in CEI 2008 (Bibbia)‎^[4], volume Genesi [Genesis] (religious text, creation myth), line 3:
  Dio disse: «Sia la luce!». E la luce fu.
  God said: «Let there be light», and the light was.
- 1314 (volume), 1321 (full book), Dante Alighieri, “III”, in Divina Commedia, volume Inferno [hell] (allegorical-didactic poem, lyric poetry), lines 7–8:
  Dinanzi a me non fuor cose create / se non etterne, […]
  Before me existed not created things / if not eternal, […]
  (literally, “Before me [there] weren’t created things / if not eternal, […]”)
- 1316 (volume), 1321 (full book), Dante Alighieri, “XVI”, in Divina Commedia, volume Purgatorio [Purgatory] (allegorical-didactic poem), line 97:
  Le leggi [ci] son, ma chi pon mano ad esse?
  The laws exist, but who put its hand on them?
  (literally, “The laws are [there], but who put its hand on them?”)
- 1840, Alessandro Manzoni, “II”, in I Promessi Sposi, 3rd: la Quarantana [the Forty] edition (novel, historical fiction), page 34:
  […] “E poi c’è degli imbrogli” / “Degl’imbrogli? Che imbrogli ci può essere?” […]
  […] “And then there are some entanglements” / “Some entanglements? What entanglements may exist?” […]
  (literally, “[…] “And then there is some cheats” / “Some cheats? What cheats may there be?” […]”)
(intransitive, also followed by presente) to be (present)
Il verbo “essere” è se stesso. ― The verb “to be” is itself.

(L’)iddio è (presente) dappertutto. ― (The) god is (present) everywhere.

Non c’erano persone lungo la strada. ― There were no (present) people along the road.

Siete già qui? ― Are you already here?

Sono io in carne ed ossa ― It’s me in person (literally, “It’s me in meat and bones.”)

Sono presente in carne ed ossa ― I am present in person (literally, “I am present in meat and bones.”)
- 1507–1566, Annibale Caro, (Please provide the book title or journal name):
  […] fate che al mio ritorno la scena sia in essere […]
  […] let the scene be ready at my return […]
- 1600–1602, William Shakespeare, Amleto (Tragedy), atto III, scena V, line 1:
  Essere, o non essere, questo è il dilemma: […]
  To be, or not to be, that is the problem: […]
- 1626–1697, Francesco Redi, (Please provide the book title or journal name):
  […] le sue lettere son tutte in essere […]
  […] his letters are all in existence […]
- 14–19 May 1835, Giacomo Leopardi, “Dialogo di un fisico e di un metafisico”, in Operette morali (collection of phylosophical novellas and dialogues), page 66:
  […] Ma se tu vuoi, prolungando la vita, giovare agli uomini veramente; trova un’arte per la quale sieno moltiplicate di numero e di gagliardia le sensazioni e le azioni loro. […]
  […] But if you want, prolonging life, to benefit men; find an art in which their sensations and actions are multiplied by number and vigor. […]
  (literally, “[…] But if you want, prolonging life, to benefit men; find an art in which are multiplied by number and vigor, sensations and actions of them. […]”)
- 1840, Alessandro Manzoni, “XII”, in I Promessi Sposi, 3rd: la Quarantana [the Forty] edition (novel, historical fiction), page 251:
  […] Spesso, in simili circostanze, l’annunzio d’una cosa la fa essere [presente]. […]
  […] Often, in similar circumstances, the announcement of a thing makes it present. […]
  (literally, “[…] Often, in similar circumstances, the announcement of a thing makes it to be [present]. […]”)
(intransitive, also followed by vero) to be true
è (proprio) così ― it is (just/exactly) that way

affermare ciò che (in realtà) non è (vero) ― affirm what (in realty) is not (true)

non può essere (vero) ― it can not be (true)
(intransitive, used to replace action verbs) to be
ero stato io (a dare/fare qualcosa) ― it had been me (who gave/did something) (which replace the clause l’avevo dato/fatto io)

l’avevo dato/fatto io ― it was given/done by me
(intransitive, impersonal, used to indicate a situation) to be
oggi (c’)è bel tempo ― today (the weather/it) is lovely

oggi (il clima) è freddo/caldo ― today (the climate/it) is cold/hot

oggi (il cielo) è già buio ― today (the sky/it) is already dark
(intransitive, impersonal, used to emphasize) to be
È a te che mi rivolgo. ― It is to you who I address (my speech).

È a te che rivolgo il mio discorso. ― It is to you who I address my speech.

È per questo che insisto. ― It is for this reason that I insist.

Quand’è che ci rivedremo? ― When will we meet again?
(intransitive) to exist
Synonyms: esistere, sussistere
- 1314 (volume), 1321 (full book), Dante Alighieri, quoting Virgilio [Virgil], “III”, in Divina Commedia, volume Inferno [Hell] (allegorical-didactic poem, lyric poetry), lines 49–51:
  […] Fama di loro il mondo esser non lassa; / misericordia e giustizia li sdegna: / non ragioniam di lor, ma guarda e passa.” […]
  […] Fame of them the world does not let exist; / mercy and justice disdains them: / do not reason about them, but look and pass.” […]
  (literally, “[…] Fame of them the world does not allow to be; / mercy and justice disdains them: / do not reason about them, but look and pass.” […]”)
(intransitive) to be, to consist, to stay, to lay
Synonyms: consistere, stare

in questo è la difficoltà ― the difficulty is/lies/consists in this

la vera felicità non è nel denaro ― true happiness is not/does not consist in money

tutta la sua gioia è nel lavoro ― all his joy is in (the) work
(intransitive) to live
Synonym: vivere

C’era una volta (ed ora non più) […] ― (It lived) once upon a time (and now no longer) […] (literally, “It was once (and now no longer) […]”)
- 1350–1353, Giovanni Boccaccio, “Giornata quinta”, in Decameron or Decamerone (collection of Novellas), Novella nona [Ninth novella], page 395:
  […] Dovete adunque sapere che Coppo di Borghese Domenichi, il quale fu nella nostra cittá, e forse è ancora, uomo di grande e di reverenda autoritá ne’ di nostri, […]
  […] You must therefore know that Coppo di Borghese Domenichi, who lived in our city, and maybe still lives there, was, and maybe still is, a man of great and reverend authority in our days […]
  (literally, “[…] You must therefore know that Coppo di Borghese Domenichi, who was in our city, and maybe still is, a man of great and reverend authority in of our […]”)
- 1821, Alessandro Manzoni, Il cinque maggio (poetry, ode), page 689, line 1:
  Ei fu. […]
  He lived. […]
  (literally, “He was. […]”)
(intransitive) to have life, to have origin
Synonyms: avere vita, avere origine

Di dove siete? ― From where are you?

Lui/Egli/Esso è di Milano/Napoli. ― He was born/lives in Milan/Naples.

Lei/Ella/Essa è di Milano/Napoli. ― She was born/lives in Milan/Naples.
- 1808, Niccolò (Ugo) Foscolo, Ippolito Pindemonte, Giovanni Torti, Vincenzo Monti, “Carme di Ugo Foscolo”, in Dei Sepolcri (poetry), page 12, lines 238–240:
  […], ed a Giove diè Dárdano figlio / Onde fur Troja e Assáraco e i cinquanta / Talami e il regno della Giulia gente. […]
  […], and to Jove gave Dardanus his son / Where Troy and Assaracus were born and the fifty / Marriage beds and the kingdom of the Julia people. […]
  (literally, “[…], and to Jove gave Dardanus his son / Where Troy and Assaracus were and the fifty / Thalamuses and the kingdom of the Julia people. […]”)
(intransitive) to occur, to happen, to take place
Synonyms: avvenire, accadere

Cos’è stato? ― What (has) happened?

Cosa sarà di noi? ― What will happen/occur to us?

Quel che è stato è stato. ― The thing which (has) happened it (has) happened. (literally, “What (has) happened (has) happened.”)
- 1516, Ludovico Ariosto, “Canto primo”, in Orlando furioso (poetry, chivalric romance), section 1, lines 2–4:
  [...], l’audaci imprese io canto, / che furo al tempo che passaro i Mori / d’Africa il mare, […]
  […], I sing the audacious enterprises, / which happened at the time the Moors / of Africa passed the sea, […]
  (literally, “[…], the audacious enterpsrises I sing, / which were at the time the Moors / of Africa passed the sea, […]”)
- 1911, Guido Gozzano, “Alle soglie”, in I colloqui (poetry), Cocotte, lines 27–29:
  […] Non amo che le cose / che potevano essere e non sono / state…. […]
  […] I do not like the things that / could happen but which did not / happened…. […]
  (literally, “[…] I do not like that the things that / could be and did not / been…. […]”)
(intransitive, followed by in, su or a, or a locative adverb or phrase, also figurative) to be in/at a place; to be in a particular place/position compared to someone/something else
Synonym: stare

essere in casa/nei campi/in ufficio ― to be at home/in the fields/in the office

essere a casa/a scuola/a letto ― to be at home/at school/in the bed

essere sulla strada di casa ― to be on the way home

essere sul posto ― to be on the spot

essere davanti a qualcuno/qualcosa ― to be in front of someone/something

essere dietro a qualcuno/qualcosa ― to be behind someone/something

essere sopra a qualcuno/qualcosa ― to be over someone/something

essere sotto a qualcuno/qualcosa ― to be under/below someone/something

essere dentro a qualcosa ― to be inside something

essere fuori da qualcosa ― to be outside something

la porta è lì ― the door is there

la collina è a(d) ovest ― the hill is to the west

(loro/essi/esse) erano tutti lì ad aspettarlo ― they were all there waiting for him

quand’ero in collegio ― when I was in college

essere in compagnia di qualcuno ― to be in someone’s company

essere fra/tra amici ― to be among friends

Ero già stato in quella città. ― I’ve (already) been to that city before.

Il nemico è alle porte. ― The enemy is at the door(s).

essere in guerra/pace ― to be at war/peace

essere al sicuro ― to be safe

essere in pericolo ― to be in danger

essere nei guai/pasticci ― to be in trouble

essere nel vero ― to be (in) true

essere in colpa ― to be at fault

essere in errore ― to be in error

essere all’oscuro di tutto ― to be in the dark about everything

essere agli ordini di qualcuno ― to be under someone’s orders

essere sotto il dominio di qualcuno ― to be under someone’s domain

essere sotto la protezione di qualcuno ― to be under someone’s protection

essere in agonia ― to be in agony

essere in lutto ― to be in mourning

essere in simpatia/odio a qualcuno ― to be in sympathy/have hatred for someone

essere in/nella grazia di dio/Dio ― to be in the grace of god/God

essere in collera per qualcosa ― to be angry at something

essere in pena/ansia per qualcosa ― to be worried/anxious about something
(intransitive, followed by in, su or a, or a locative adverb or phrase) to be in/at a place, to come to a place; to be in/at a particular place/position compared to someone/something else, to come to a particular place/position compared to someone/something else
Synonyms: giungere, venire

essere in/a casa/nei campi/in ufficio ― to be at home/in the fields/in the office

essere a scuola/a tavola/a letto ― to be at school/at the table/in bed

essere sulla via di/per casa/sul posto ― to be on the way home/on the spot

quando saremo (arrivati) a casa ― when we will have (arrived) at home

aspetta che sia vicino ― wait for it to be/come close
(intransitive, also figurative) to be (used in relation to the idea of motion)
essere in via (di arrivo) ― to be on the way

essere in via di partenza ― to be in the start

essere in cammino ― to be on the way

essere in viaggio ― to be travelling/traveling

essere in via di guarigione ― to be on the mend

essere al principio/alla fine ― to be at the beginning/end

essere avanti/indietro a fare qualcosa ― to be ahead/back doing something

essere a buon punto a fare qualcosa ― to be well advanced/on one’s way doing something

essere alla minestra/frutta ― to be at the soup/fruit (time)

l’acqua è a bollore ― the water is boiling

esserci (quasi) ― to be (almost) there

(noi) ci siamo quasi ― we are almost there

coraggio, ci siamo quasi ― courage, we are almost there
(intransitive) to be (used in reference to time)
è presto/tardi ― it is early/late

(Noi) siamo già a Natale. ― We are already at Christmas.

è di cinque mesi ― it is five months/five years old

era nato da cinque mesi ― it was born five months ago

è al quinto mese (di gravidanza) ― it is in the fifth months (of pregnancy)

sono le nove ― it’s nine o’clock

è il tempo di agire ― it’s time to act

è primavera ― It is spring

(noi) siamo in primavera ― we are in spring

(Egli) è sulla quarantina ― He is in his forties/He is about forty years old

È (da) un’ora (fa) che aspetto. ― It’s (from) an hour (ago) that I’m here.

(Io) l’avevo incontrato quindici giorni or sono ― I (had) met him fifteen days ago (literally, “I him had met fifteen days now are.”)
(intransitive) to be (used in reference to the spatial or temporal distance)
Synonyms: distare, mancare

Da qui al paese dovrebbero essere/esserci almeno 6 miglia. ― From here to the town there should be at least six miles.

C’è più di un’ora di cammino (ancora da percorrere) ― there is more than an hour of walk (still to go)

Quanti giorni ci sono (ancora) per arrivare a Pasqua? ― How many days are there (still) to get to Easter?
(intransitive, usually followed by the preposition di or a possessive adjective or pronoun) to be (of)
essere di buon appetito ― to be (of) good appetite

(esso/essa) è una persona di gusto ― he/she is a person of taste

il fatto è di natura diversa ― the fact is different in nature (literally, “the fact is of different nature”)

essere di buon umore ― to be in a good mood

essere d’aiuto ― to be helpful (literally, “to be of help”)

essere utile/d’utilità ― to be useful

essere di conforto ― to be of comfort/consolation/support

essere di servizio ― to be of service

essere di guardia ― to be on guard

essere di turno ― to be on duty

essere di giornata ― to be of the day

essere dell’opinione/dell’avviso/dell’idea (che) ― to be of the opinion (that)

essere di ritorno ― to be back (literally, “to be on return”)
- 1314 (volume), 1321 (full book), Dante Alighieri, “IV”, in Divina Commedia, volume Inferno [Hell] (allegorical-didactic poem, lyric poetry), lines 16–18:
  […] E io, che del color mi fui accorto, / dissi: “Come verrò, se tu paventi / che suoli al mio dubbiare esser conforto?”. […]
  […] And I, who has noticed the colo(u)r / I said: “How will I come, if you fear / that I have the habit to doubt be (of) comfort?”. […]
  (literally, “[…] And I, who myself has noticed of the colo(u)r / I said: “How will I come, if you fear / that I have the habit to doubt be comfort?”. […]”)
(intransitive, usually followed by the preposition da + verb) to be (to do something)
Synonyms: dovere, doversi

c’è da spedire subito questo telegramma ― This telegram must be sent immediately (literally, “There is this telegram to be send immediately”)

C’è da attendere molto? ― Is there much to wait for?

(Queste) non sono cose da dirsi. ― These are not things to be said.

Non è da credere. ― It is not to be believed.

È da ancora (tutto) vedere. ― It is still (everything) to be seen.

C’è da impazzire. ― There is to become crazy.

C’è da mettersi le mani nei capelli. ― (please add an English translation of this usage example) (literally, “There is to put one’s hands in oneself/oneselves hair.”)

Ci sarebbe da guadagnare parecchio. ― There would be a lot to gain.
(intransitive, usually followed by the preposition da) to be (from)
non è da tanto (tempo) ― it is not from so long (time)

Non è da galantuomo/gentiluomo comportarsi così. ― It is not a gentlemen’s behavio(u)r to do so.
- 1321 (volume and full book), Dante Alighieri, “XXXIII”, in Divina Commedia, volume Paradiso [Paradise] (allegorical-didactic poem, epic poetry), line 139:
  […] Ma non eran da ciò le proprie penne: […]
  […] But their own pens were not from these […]
  (literally, “[…] But their own feathers were not from these […]”)
(intransitive, followed by the preposition in, by extension of the figurative use of the meaning 16, also figurative) to be (in)
essere in buon(o)/cattivo stato ― to be in (a) good/bad condition(s)/state

essere male in arnese ― to be bad in tools

essere in castigo/punizione ― to be in punishment

essere in errore ― to be in error

essere in vestaglia ― to be in a robe

essere in pantofole ― to be in slippers

essere in maniche di camicia ― to be in shirt sleeves

essere in maniche corte/lunghe ― to be in short/long sleeves

essere nei panni di qualcuno ― to be in someone’s shoes

essere in qualcuno ― to be in someone

Se io fossi nei tuoi panni. ― If I were in your shoes, I would act differently.

Se io fossi in te. ― If I were (in) you, I would act differently.

(non) essere in sé (stessi) ― to be (not) in oneself/oneselves
(intransitive, followed by the preposition in, also figurative) to be (in)
Synonyms: stare (a/in), dipendere (da)

(Io) farò tutto quanto è/sia in me. ― I will do everything (is/be) in me.

(Io) farò tutto quanto è/sia nei miei doveri. ― I will do everything (is/be) in my duties.

(Noi) faremo tutto, per quant’è/quanto sia in noi. ― We will do everything, as it (is/be) in us.

(Noi) faremo tutto, per quant’è/quanto sia nelle nostre capacità. ― We will do everything, as much as it (is/be) in our abilities.
(intransitive, followed by in grado di + verb, also figurative) to be able to (do something)
Synonyms: sapere, potere, essere capace di

Io non sono in grado di risponderti. ― I am not able to answer (to) you.

Loro non sono in grado di risponderti. ― They are not able to answer (to) you.

Il ferito non era in grado di camminare. ― The injured (man) was unable to walk.

L’uomo ferito non era in grado di camminare. ― The injured man was unable to walk.

La (donna) ferita non era in grado di camminare. ― The injured (woman) was unable to walk.
(intransitive, followed by a, also figurative) to be (at)
essere a tavola ― to be at the table (literally, “to be at table”)

essere a cavallo ― to be on the horseback (literally, “to be at horse”)

essere a cavallo ― to feel good (literally, “to be at horse”)

essere a spasso/passeggio ― to be (out) for a walk

essere alla disperazione ― to be in despair

essere alla fame ― to be hungry

essere al verde ― to be without money (literally, “to be at green”)
(intransitive, preceded by a dative pronoun or pronominal phrase) to have
Synonym: avere
- 1350–1353, Giovanni Boccaccio, “Giornata prima”, in Decameron or Decamerone (collection of Novellas), Introduzione [Introduction], page 20:
  […] E per ciò, acciò che noi per ischifiltá o per trascutaggine non cadessimo in quello di che noi per avventura per alcuna maniera volendo potremmo scampare, non so se a voi quello se ne parrá che a me ne parrebbe: io giudicherei ottimamente fatto che noi, sì come noi siamo, sì come molti innanzi a noi hanno fatto e fanno, di questa terra uscissimo, e fuggendo come la morte i disonesti esempli degli altri, onestamente a’ nostri luoghi in contado, de’ quali a ciascuna di noi è gran copia, ce n’andassimo a stare, e quivi quella festa, quell’allegrezza, quello piacere che noi potessimo, senza trapassare in alcuno atto il segno della ragione, prendessimo. […]
  […] And for these reason, to what we in disgust or neglect did not fall into what we as an adventure in some way wanting could escape, I do not know if for you it thinks that I think about it: I would judge excellently the fact that we, as we are, as many before us have made and currently do, we go out from this land, and escaping as the die from the dishonest examples, honestly to our places in the countryside, from which each of us (it) is a great copy, we went from there to stay, and there that feast, the joy, that pleasure that we could, without going beyond in any act the limit of reason, we took. […]
  (literally, “[…] And for these reason, to what we, in disgust or neglect, did not fall into what we, as an adventure, for some way, wanting, could escape, I do not know if for you itself thinks about that I think about it: I would judge excellently fact that we, as we are, as many ahead to us have made and do, of this land we exit, and escaping as the die the dishonest examples of other, honestly to our places in the countryside, of which each of us it is a great copy, we went from there to stay, and there that feast, the joy, that pleasure that we could, without going beyond in any act the sign of reason, we took. […]”)
(intransitive, followed by the preposition a, calque of the French use) to be (given) to
La parola è (data) al ministro. ― The word is (given) to the minister.
(intransitive, followed by the preposition per, also figurative) to be for
questo (pacco) è per te ― this package is for you

questa non è roba per te ― this is not (stuff) for you

essere per qualcuno ― to be for someone

Io sono per chi supporta la mia causa. ― I am for those who support the just cause.
(intransitive, followed by the preposition per + infinitive, used to express a continous event which is near in the future, also figurative) to be (almost) (+ gerund); to be going to (+ infinitive)
Synonyms: (more common) stare quasi + gerund, (more common) stare per + infinitive

(Io) ero/stavo già per partire (per andare da qualche parte). ― I was (almost) already leaving/starting (to go somewhere).
- 1835, Giacomo Leopardi, “XV. Il sogno”, in Canti (poetry collection), page 53:
  […] Ma sei tu per lasciarmi un’altra volta? […]
  […] Are you going to leave me another time? […]
  (literally, “[…] But are you to leave me another time? […]”)
(followed by the prepositions con, su or tra/fra, or the prepositional use of the adverb contro, or of the adverbial phrase a favore di) to be with/against; to be on/over; to be between/among
Io sono con voi. ― I am with you

essere contro la/a favore della guerra ― to be against/in favor of the war

essere sulla bocca di tutti ― to be on the everyone’s lips

essere sulle breccia ― to be in the breach

essere tra/fra tanti ― to be among/between others

essere (uno) tra/fra tanti ― to be (one) among others
(used to form prepositional phrases) to be; to have
Quant’è (che costa) quest’orologio? ― How much is/costs this watch?

Quant’è (che pesa/costa) questo cocomero/quest’anguria? ― How much is heavy/costs this watermelon?

Quant’è (che pesa/costa) questo melone? ― How much is heavy/costs this melon?

Cosa sarebbe a dire? ― What would (be) that mean?

Vuol’essere un affare serio. ― It wants to be a serious business.

Così sia. ― So be it.

Allora che sia così. ― So that be it.

Come se nulla fosse (accaduto). ― As if nothing had happened.

Sia così sia/che cosà. ― Both in that way and in that other way.

Sia che accada questo (sia) che accada quest’altro. ― Either/Whatever if happen this and if happen that.

(Che) sia chi (si)/chiunque sia. ― Be whoever it be.
(intransitive, copula, used to put a subject in relation with a predicate (an adjective, a noun, a pronoun, the infinitive form of a verb, an adverb, ...)) to be
La neve è bianca. ― The snow is white.

La neve bianca è qui/lì. ― The white snow is here/there.

La neve bianca era stata qui/lì. ― The white snow used to be here/there.

Carlo è un amico. ― Charles is a friend.

Non so chi lui/egli/esso sia./Non so chi sia lui/egli/esso. ― I don’t know who be he.

Questo non è vivere (bene). ― This is not living (well).

Questo problema è difficile. ― This problem is difficult.

Voglio fargli vedere chi sono (io/loro). ― I want to show him/them who I am/they are.

Voglio mostrargli come sono/son fatto. ― I want to show him/them how I am done.

Che è/Cos’è questo liquido? ― What is that liquid?

Essente partito e non essendosi ancora fermato, lui è tutt’ora/ancora in movimento. ― Being started and not having stopped yet, he is still moving. (literally, “Being started and not having stopped yet, he is all now/is still in movement.”)

(Io) sono stanco/affamato/(am)malato. ― I am tired/hungry/sick.

essere seduto/seduta/seduti/sedute/a sedere ― to be sitting

essere disteso/distesa/distesi/distese/sdraiato/sdraiata/sdraiati/sdraiate ― to be lying (down)

essere in piedi/in posizione eretta ― to be standing

essere in ginocchio ― to be on one's knees

essere genuflesso ― to be genuflected

essere la metà/il doppio di ... ― to be half/double of

essere primo ― to be (the) first

essere il diciottesimo classificato ― to be eighteenth ranked

essere (il) diciottesimo in classifica ― to be eighteenth in the placings

Quanti siete (voi)? ― How many are you?

Suo fratello è un professionista. ― His brother is a professional.

Le tigri sono (dei) felini. ― Tigers are felines.

«sedia» è un nome/sostantivo. ― «chair» is a noun/substantive.

è bene tacere ― it is good to be silent

è meglio non parlarne ― it is better to not speak about it/them

essere da più ― to be for more

non essere da meno ― to not be outdone

essere tutt’uno con qualcuno ― to be (all in) one with someone (literally, “to be all one with someone”)

Quel bambino è tutto suo padre/papà/babbo. ― That child is all his father/dad.

essere tutt'orecchi/in ascolto ― to be all ears/listening

Lo spettacolo sarà di grand’effetto ― The show will be of great effect/impressive.

è fama discussa/indiscussa/è di discussa/indiscussa fama ― it is (of) disputed/undisputed fame

è (una) voce comune che [...] ― it is a common voice that [...]

è d’uso comune/non comune ― it is of common/uncommon use

è di tradizione (diffusa)/è di (diffusa) tradizione ― it is of (widespread) tradition
(intransitive, copula, used to put a subject in relation with a predicate (an adjective, a noun, a pronoun, the infinitive form of a verb, an adverb, ...)) to be
Synonyms: costituire, rappresentare, risolversi in

È un piacere vederti. ― It is a pleasure to see you again.

Questo è niente. ― This is nothing.

Per me è già molto. ― For me it is already a lot.

L’impresa era stata/fu un disastro. ― The activity was a disaster (literally, “The company was a disaster.”)

L’attività era stata/fu un disastro. ― The activity was a disaster

democrazia è libertà ― democracy is freedom

volontà è potere ― want is power

^[1]

Usage notes

The present participle essente is very rare, and is usually replaced with stante, the present participle of stare, or with the present participles of its synonyms. Similarly the past participle essuto has disappeared, with stato, the past participle of stare, being used instead.^[2]
The verb essere (including all its forms) is the word that occurs most frequently in speech and the most necessary for the expression of thought. It differs from all other verbs because, in its absolute use, it does not determine the subject, but only sets it as existing; used as a copula or as an auxiliary, it only performs the function of introducing the nominal or verbal predicate; it is therefore never, strictly speaking, a true predicate.^[1]
When stating an amount, for example amount of money to pay for a service, Italian, unlike English, uses the third plural sono, not third singular è. An example would be: "It will be €200”, which in Italian would read "Sono 200 €".

Conjugation

Conjugation of èssere (root-stressed -ere; irregular) (See Appendix:Italian verbs)

person	singular			plural
infinitive	èssere
auxiliary verb		èssere	gerund		essèndo
present participle		—	past participle		stàto
person	first	second	third	first	second	third
indicative	io	tu	lui/lei, esso/essa	noi	voi	loro, essi/esse
present	sóno	sèi	è¹	siàmo	siéte, siète²	sóno
imperfect	èro	èri	èra	eravàmo	eravàte	èrano
past historic	fùi	fósti	fù³	fùmmo	fóste	fùrono
future	sarò	sarài	sarà	sarémo	saréte	sarànno
conditional	io	tu	lui/lei, esso/essa	noi	voi	loro, essi/esse
present	sarèi	sarésti	sarèbbe, sarébbe	sarémmo	saréste	sarèbbero, sarébbero
subjunctive	che io	che tu	che lui/che lei, che esso/che essa	che noi	che voi	che loro, che essi/che esse
present	sìa	sìa	sìa	siàmo	siàte	sìano
imperfect	fóssi	fóssi	fósse	fóssimo	fóste	fóssero
imperative	—	tu	Lei	noi	voi	Loro
imperative		sìi	sìa	siàmo	siàte	sìano
negative imperative		non èssere	non sìa	non siàmo	non siàte	non sìano

¹With written accent.
²Traditional.
³With syntactic gemination after the verb.

Including lesser-used forms:

Conjugation of èssere (root-stressed -ere; irregular) (See Appendix:Italian verbs)

person	singular			plural
infinitive	èssere
auxiliary verb		èssere	gerund		essèndo, sèndo⁴
present participle		essènte⁸, ènte⁴	past participle		stàto, essùto⁴, sùto⁴
person	first	second	third	first	second	third
indicative	io	tu	lui/lei, esso/essa	noi	voi	loro, essi/esse
present	sóno	sèi	è¹	siàmo, sémo²	siéte, siète³, sète⁴	sóno, ènno², èmmo⁴
imperfect	èro, èra⁷	èri	èra	eravàmo, eràmo⁴, èramo⁴	eravàte, eràte⁴	èrano
past historic	fùi	fósti, fùsti⁴	fù⁶	fùmmo	fóste, fùste⁴	fùrono, fùro⁴, fóre⁴, fòro⁴, fuòro⁴
future	sarò	sarài	sarà, fìa⁴, fìe⁴	sarémo	saréte	sarànno, fìano⁴, fìeno⁴
conditional	io	tu	lui/lei, esso/essa	noi	voi	loro, essi/esse
present	sarèi, sarìa⁴, fòra⁴	sarésti	sarèbbe, sarìa⁴, fòra⁴	sarémmo	saréste	sarèbbero, sarìano⁴, fòro⁴
subjunctive	che io	che tu	che lui/che lei, che esso/che essa	che noi	che voi	che loro, che essi/che esse
present	sìa	sìa	sìa	siàmo	siàte	sìano, sìeno⁵
imperfect	fóssi, fùssi⁴	fóssi, fùssi⁴	fósse, fùsse⁴	fóssimo, fùssimo⁴	fóste, fùste⁴	fóssero, fùssero⁴
imperative	—	tu	Lei	noi	voi	Loro
imperative		sìi	sìa	siàmo	siàte	sìano, sìeno⁵
negative imperative		non èssere	non sìa	non siàmo	non siàte	non sìano, non sìeno⁵

¹With written accent.
²Archaic or regional.
³Traditional.
⁴Archaic.
⁵Literary.
⁶With syntactic gemination after the verb.
⁷Archaic or literary.
⁸Rare.

Truncated apocopic forms exist of many of the above forms:

Form	Inflection	Apocopic equivalent
èssere	infinitive	èsser
sóno	1st singular present indicative; 3rd plural present indicative	són
siàmo	1st plural present indicative/subjunctive/imperative	siàm
sémo	archaic or regional 1st plural present indicative	sém
ènno	archaic or regional 3rd plural present indicative	èn
eravàmo	1st plural imperfect indicative	eravàm
eràmo	1st plural imperfect indicative	eràm^[3]
èrano	3rd plural imperfect indicative	èran
fùmmo	1st plural past historic	fùm
fùrono	3rd plural past historic	fùron
fùro	archaic 3rd plural past historic	fùr
fòro	archaic 3rd plural past historic	fòr
fuòro	archaic 3rd plural past historic	fuòr
sarémo	1st plural future	sarém
sarànno	3rd plural future	saràn
fìano	archaic 3rd plural future	fìan
fìeno	archaic 3rd plural future	fìen
sìano	3rd plural present subjunctive/imperative	sìan
sìeno	literary 3rd plural present subjunctive/imperative	sìen
fóssimo	1st plural imperfect subjunctive	fóssim

Derived terms

riessere (“to be again”)
essermi/essermelo (“first-person singular reflexive/dative/accusative form”)
esserci (“first-person plural reflexive/dative/accusative form, third-person/impersonal strumental/locative/lative form”)/essercelo (“first-person plural reflexive/dative/accusative form”)
esserti/essertelo (“second-person singular reflexive/dative/accusative form”)
esservi (“second-person plural reflexive/dative/accusative form, third-person/impersonal lative form”)/esservelo (“second-person plural reflexive/accusative/dative form”)
essersi/esserselo (“impersonal/third-person reflexive form”)
essergli (“third-person masculine singular dative form, third-person plural dative form”)/esserglielo (“third-person masculine singular accusative form, third-person plural dative form”)
esserla (“third-person feminine singular dative form”)/esserle (“third-person plural feminine dative form, third-person singular feminine accusative form”)
esserli (“third-person plural masculine accusative form”)/esserlo (“third-person masculine singular accusative form”)
esserne (“third-person/impersonal relative form”)

Noun

essere m (plural esseri, diminutive (informal) esserìno, endearing esserùccio)

(uncountable, substantival use of the verbal voice, the condition of have life, reality, existence, the act of be living) being, living
Synonyms: essenza, esistere, esistenza

l’essere ed il nulla ― being and nothingness
(countable, substantival use of the verbal voice, the condition of have life, reality, existence, the act of be living) being, living
Synonym: (more common) vivere

passare dall’essere al non essere ― to pass from the living to the non-living

scienza/problema dell’essere ― science/problem of being

L’essere semplicissimo/Il semplicissimo essere ― The very simple being

L’essere stesso/Il semplicissimo essere ― The being itself

la totalità dell’essere ― the totality of being
(uncountable, substantival use of the verbal voice, the act/fact of exist, existence, life) being
Synonyms: (countable) esistenza, (countable) vita
- 14–19 May 1835, Giacomo Leopardi, “Dialogo di un fisico e di un metafisico”, in Operette morali (collection of phylosophical novellas and dialogues), page 66:
  […] Nel qual modo, accrescerai propriamente la vita umana, ed empiendo quegli smisurati intervalli di tempo nei quali il nostro essere è piuttosto durare che vivere, ti potrai dar vanto di prolungarla. […]
  […] In this way, you will properly increase human life, and by filling up those immense intervals of time in which our being is rather lasting than living, you can boast of prolonging it. […]
(uncountable, way of being, condition, state, in relation to intrinsic qualities and properties, usually accompanied by a determination) being
Synonyms: modo di essere, condizione, stato, essenza

conoscere una persona/una cosa/un fatto nel suo vero essere ― to know a person/a thing/a fact in its true being

(lui/lei/egli/ella/esso/essa/uno/una) gli domandò/chiese dell’esser suo ― he/she/it/one asked him about his being.
- 1802–1874, Niccolò Tommaseo, (Please provide the book title or journal name):
  […] l’essere dell’uomo dista grandemente da quel delle bestie […]
  […] the being of the man is very far from that of the beasts […]
(uncountable, in ancient phrases) being; living; existence; condition
trovarsi in essere ― to be in being/to be living (literally, “to found oneself/oneselves in being”)
- 1626–1697, Francesco Redi, (Please provide the book title or journal name):
  […] le sue lettere son tutte in essere […]
  […] his letters are all in existence […]
(uncountable, in ancient phrases) being, condition
Synonym: (countable) condizione

in buon/cattivo essere ― in good/bad being/conditions

mobili/casa in cattivo essere ― furniture/house/home in bad conditions
(uncountable, in ancient phrases) being, in good conditions
Synonym: buone condizioni

mio nonno è sempre in essere ― my grandad/grandfather is always in good conditions/healty/in prosperity
(uncountable, in ancient phrases) ready
Synonym: (countable) pronto

avere in essere ― to have ready
- 1507–1566, Annibale Caro, (Please provide the book title or journal name):
  […] fate che al mio ritorno la scena sia in essere […]
  […] let the scene be ready at my return […]
(uncountable, in ancient phrases) place, operation
Synonym: (uncountable) esercizio

porre in essere ― to put in place/into operation
(uncountable, concrete) being
- 1321 (volume and full book), Dante Alighieri, “I”, in Divina Commedia, volume Paradiso [Paradise] (allegorical-didactic poem, epic poetry), lines 110, 112–113:
  […] Tutte nature […] si muovono a diversi porti / per lo gran mar de l’essere […]
  […] All natures […] move to different ports / via the great sea of being/god […]
  (literally, “[…] All natures […] move themselves to different ports / via the great sea of being […]”)
(countable, concrete) being, creature
È un essere spregevole. ― it is a despicable being/creature.
(countable, concrete, by extension) living being, creature
Synonyms: essere vivente, creatura

Lo stesso essere (vivente) ― The same (living) being/creature
(uncountable, philosophy, followed by ci) existence
Synonym: esistenza

l’esserci ― the existence^[4]

Derived terms

essere vivente (“living being”)
essere umano (“human being”)

Related terms

essenza (“essence”)
futuro (“future”)

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 essere¹ in Treccani.it – Vocabolario Treccani on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana
^ [1]
^ [2]
^ essere² in Treccani.it – Vocabolario Treccani on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana

Anagrams

eresse

Latin

Verb

essere (Early Medieval Latin)

Alternative form of esse, present active infinitive of sum (“to be”)
- Roman epitaph (uncertain date but after the 4th–5th c. AD)^[1]
  omns·qvị[- - -]inhancavlamọ[- - -]/rationem·orateprmẹ/peccatoresid͞mabeatis/protectoremqviacod/estisfvi·etqvodsvm/essereabetisetsiqvis/sepresv̄seritcontra/hoctvmvlv̄mev̄biola/[- - -]ạbeāindeinqvisitio/[- - -]ṭetribvnald͞nin͞r͞i/[- - -]bivcatv̄cv̄/[- - -]irase
  omn[e]s quị ... in hanc aulam ... [o?]rationem orate pr[o] mẹ peccatore si d(eu)m [h]abeatis protectorem quia [qu]od estis fui et quod sum essere [h]abetis et si quis se pr[a]esu(m)[p]serit contra hoc tumulu(m) meu(m) [v]iola⟨re h⟩ạbea[t] inde inquisitio⟨nem an⟩ṭe tribunal d(omi)ni n(ost)ri ... ⟨sub?⟩iu[g?]atu(m) cu(m)...
  All who... in this court... Pray for me, the sinner that I was, if you have God as your protector. For I once was what you are, and you will one day be what I am [sc. a corpse]. Should anyone dare desecrate this grave of mine, may he be judged for it before the tribunal of our Lord...
- Lex Curiensis (8th c.)^[2]
  ...tam de facultatem quam et de colonaria familia qui exinde causam cum altero habuerit infra annum prosequat cuius essere debeat...
  ...whose it ought to be...
- Alvarus' Confessio (mid-9th c. AD)^[3]
  Hic enim seritur quod illic metitur nec fas est credi illum lucifluum seculum peccantes recipere in quo tu eum sustinendo dignatus est abitare quem locum retributjonis iustitje essere uoluisti.
  For here is sown what there is reaped, and it is impossible to believe that the brilliant world you have deigned to live in, and sustain, which you intended to be a place for the dispensing of justice, accepts sinners.
- Cartulário de San Vicente de Oviedo n.ᵒ6 (AD 905)^[4]
  Gundesalvus Nepotiani dum essere pausati in domo istius Gundefredi presentes fuimus.
  I, Gundesalvus Nepotani, was present (as witness for the signing of this document) whilst being lodged at the home of this very same Gundefredus.

Descendants

see: sum

References

^ https://catalogo.beniculturali.it/detail/HistoricOrArtisticProperty/1201030367B
^ Meyer-Marthaler, Elisabeth. 1968. Römisches Recht in Rätien im frühen und hohen Mittelalter. Zurich: Leemann. Page 114.
^ Gil, Juan. 1973. Corpus scriptorum muzarabicorum. Vol. I. Madrid: CSIC. Page 328.
^ Cruz, Guilherme Braga da. 1979. Obras Esparsas. Vol. 1. Coimbra: Coimbra Editora. Page 72.

Neapolitan

Etymology

Inherited from Early Medieval Latin essere, from Latin esse.

Pronunciation

(Naples) IPA^(key): [ˈɛssərə]
(numerous dialects) IPA^(key): [ˈɛssə]

Verb

essere

to be

References

AIS: Sprach- und Sachatlas Italiens und der Südschweiz [Linguistic and Ethnographic Atlas of Italy and Southern Switzerland] – map 1701: “forme dell'infinito: dare, potere, volere, sapere, vedere, bere, venire, avere, essere; participio passato: bevuto” – on navigais-web.pd.istc.cnr.it
Rocco, Emmanuele (1882) “essere”, in Vocabolario del dialetto napolitano

Sardinian

Etymology

Inherited from Early Medieval Latin essere, from Latin esse.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈessere/, [ˈɛs.sɛ.ɾɛ̆]

Verb

essere

(intransitive) to be (to exist)
Eo so su chi so ― I am who I am (literally, “I am that which I am”)
(intransitive) to be (to occupy a place)
Est in Tatari ― [He] is in Sassari

Noun

essere m (plural esseres)

being
sos esseres umanos ― [the] human beings

Tarantino

Etymology

From Early Medieval Latin essere, from Latin esse.

Verb

essere

(intransitive) to be

Usage notes

Not used as an auxiliary verb.

Conjugation

Conjugation of essere (highly irregular, suppletive)

person	singular			plural
infinitive	essere
gerund		?		past participle		?
person	first	second	third	first	second	third
indicative	ije	tu	jidde / jèdde	nuje	vuje	lóre
present	so'	sì, sìnde	jè, jé, éte	síme	síte	sò, sònde
imperfect	ére	ìre	ére, jéve	èreme	írene	èrene, jèvene
perfect	fuéve	fuìste	fu'	fuèmme	fuèsteve	fúrene
subjunctive	cu ije	cu tu	cu jidde / cu jèdde	cu nuje	cu vuje	cu lóre
present	sije	sía	sije	síme	síte	síene
imperfect	fòsse	fuèsse	fòsse	fòsseme	fuèsseve	fòssere
imperative	–	tu	jidde / jèdde	nuje	vuje	lóre
imperative	—	?	?	?	?	?

[essere1-1] 1.0 ^1.1 essere¹ in Treccani.it – Vocabolario Treccani on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana

[2] [1]

[3] [2]

[essere2-4] ssere² in Treccani.it – Vocabolario Treccani on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana

[5] ttps://catalogo.beniculturali.it/detail/HistoricOrArtisticProperty/1201030367B

[6] Meyer-Marthaler, Elisabeth. 1968. Römisches Recht in Rätien im frühen und hohen Mittelalter. Zurich: Leemann. Page 114.

[7] Gil, Juan. 1973. Corpus scriptorum muzarabicorum. Vol. I. Madrid: CSIC. Page 328.

[8] Cruz, Guilherme Braga da. 1979. Obras Esparsas. Vol. 1. Coimbra: Coimbra Editora. Page 72.

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essere

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essere

Afar

Pronunciation

Verb

Conjugation

References

Italian

Etymology

Pronunciation

Verb

Usage notes

Conjugation

Derived terms

Noun

Derived terms

Related terms

References

Anagrams

Latin

Verb

Descendants

References

Neapolitan

Etymology

Pronunciation

Verb

See also

References

Sardinian

Etymology

Pronunciation

Verb

Noun

Tarantino

Etymology

Verb

Usage notes

Conjugation

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