gad

See also: Gad, GAD, and gàd

English

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɡæd/

  • Audio (Southern England):

    (file)

• Rhymes: -æd

Etymology 1

Euphemistic alteration of God.

Interjection

gad

1. An exclamation roughly equivalent to by God, goodness gracious, for goodness' sake.
   • 1905, Edith Wharton, chapter 13, in The House of Mirth:

     That's the trouble — it was too easy for you — you got reckless — thought you could turn me inside out, and chuck me in the gutter like an empty purse. But, by gad, that ain't playing fair: that's dodging the rules of the game.

Derived terms

• egads
• egad

Etymology 2

From Middle English gadden (“to hurry, to rush about”).

Verb

gad (third-person singular simple present gads, present participle gadding, simple past and past participle gadded)

1. (intransitive) To move from one location to another in an apparently random and frivolous manner.

   Synonym: gallivant

   • 1852, Alice Cary, Clovernook ....‎^[1]:

     This, I suppose, is the virgin who abideth still in the house with you. She is not given, I hope, to gadding overmuch, nor to vain and foolish decorations of her person with ear-rings and finger-rings, and crisping-pins: for such are unprofitable, yea, abominable.

   • 1903, Howard Pyle, The Story of King Arthur and His Knights, Part III, Chapter Fourth, page 123

     So when he saw King Arthur he said: "Thou knave! Wherefore didst thou quit thy work to go a-gadding?"

   • 1888–1891, Herman Melville, “[Billy Budd, Foretopman.] Chapter [HTTP://GUTENBERG.NET.AU/EBOOKS06/0608511H.HTML 19].”, in Billy Budd and Other Stories, London: John Lehmann, published 1951, →OCLC:

     But there is no telling the sacrament, seldom if in any case revealed to the gadding world, wherever under circumstances at all akin to those here attempted to be set forth, two of great Nature's nobler order embrace.

   • 1960, P[elham] G[renville] Wodehouse, chapter XIII, in Jeeves in the Offing, London: Herbert Jenkins, →OCLC:

     If you are on the board of governors of a school and have contracted to supply an orator for the great day of the year, you can be forgiven for feeling a trifle jumpy when you learn that the silver-tongued one has gadded off to the metropolis, leaving no word as to when he will be returning, if ever.

2. (of cattle) To run with the tail in the air, bent over the back, usually in an attempt to escape the warble fly.

Derived terms

• gadabout
• gaddish, gaddishness

Translations

to move about at random with seemingly little purpose

• Bulgarian: скитам се (skitam se), шляя се (šljaja se)
• Czech: toulat se impf, chodit za zábavou impf, vyrážet za zábavou impf
• Galician: vagar (gl)
• Georgian: ხეტიალი (ka) (xeṭiali), წანწალი (c̣anc̣ali)
• Maori: kaihanu, tihoi
• Russian: слоня́ться (ru) (slonjátʹsja), шля́ться (ru) (šljátʹsja)
• Ukrainian: вештатися (veštatysja), тинятися (tynjatysja), шлятися (šljatysja), швендяти (švendjaty)

Noun

gad (plural gads)

1. One who roams about idly; a gadabout.

Etymology 3

From Middle English gade (“a fool, simpleton, rascal, scoundrel; bastard”), from Old English *gada (“fellow, companion, comrade, associate”), from Proto-West Germanic *gadō, from Proto-Germanic *gadô, *gagadô (“companion, associate”), related to Proto-West Germanic *gaduling (“kinsman”). Cognate with Dutch gade (“spouse”), German Gatte (“male spouse, husband”). See also gadling.

Alternative forms

• ged, gade

Noun

gad (plural gads)

1. (Northern England, Scotland, derogatory) A greedy and/or stupid person.

   Get over here, ye good-for-nothing gadǃ

   • 1913, George Gordon, The Auld Clay Biggin:

     Ye greedy ged, ye have taken the very breath out o' me.

References

• The Dictionary of the Scots Language

Etymology 4

From Middle English gad, gadde, borrowed from Old Norse gaddr (“goad, spike”), from Proto-Germanic *gazdaz (“spike, rod, stake”). Doublet of goad and yard.

Noun

gad (plural gads)

1. (especially UK, US, dialect) A goad, a sharp-pointed rod for driving cattle, horses, etc, or one with a whip or thong on the end for the same purpose.

   Hyponym: goad

   • 1684, Meriton, Praise Ale, l. 100, in 1851, James Orchard Halliwell-Phillipps, The Yorkshire Anthology: A Collection of Ancient and Modern Ballads, Poems and Songs, Relating to the County of Yorkshire, page 71:

     Ist yoakes and bowes and gad and yoaksticks there?

   • c. 1844, Prairie Farmer:

     Does your cow kick? Do not fly into a passion and pound her with a handspike, or trim her with a gad or a cow-hide.

   • 1885 December 17, Detroit Free Press‎^[2]:

     Twain finds his voice after a short search for it and when he impels it forward it is a good, strong, steady voice in harness until the driver becomes absent-minded, when it stops to rest, and then the gad must be used to drive it on again.

   • 1888, “Robin Spraggon's Auld Grey Mare”, in The Monthly Chronicle of North-country Lore and Legend, page 171:

     Our thrifty dame, Mally, she rises soon at morn, She goes and tells the master I'm pulling up the corn; He clicks up the oxen gad and sair belabours me, For I'm Robin Spraggon's auld grey mare, ae how he's guided me!

   • 1908, Folklore Society (Great Britain), Publications, page 288:

     On the morning of Palm-Sunday, the gamekeeper, some servant on the estate, brings with him a large gad or whip, with a long thong; the stock is made of the mountain ash, […]

2. (UK, US, dialect) A rod or stick, such as a fishing rod or a measuring rod.
   • 1836, A Collection of Right Merrie Garlands for North Country Anglers, page 4:

     And we'll prepare our limber gads,
     Lang lines, and braw brass wheels;

   • 1876, Armstrong, Wanny Blossoms, page 33:

     Seek out thy tackle, thy creel and thy gad.

   • 1879, William Henderson, Folklore Society (Great Britain), Notes on the Folk-lore of the Northern Counties of England and the Borders:

     Woe to the lad / without a rowen-tree gad.

   • 1896, Proudlock, Borderland Muse, page 268:

     We'll splice oor gads nigh Barra Mill, Beneath yon auld birk tree.

3. (especially mining) A pointed metal tool for breaking or chiselling rock.
   • c. 1588–1593 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Lamentable Tragedy of Titus Andronicus”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act IV, scene i]:

     I will go get a leaf of brass, / And with a gad of steel will write these words.

   • 2006, Thomas Pynchon, Against the Day, Vintage, published 2007, page 327:

     Frank was able to keep his eyes open long enough to check his bed with a miner's gad and douse the electric lamp

4. (obsolete) A metal bar.
   • 1485, Thomas Malory, Le Morte d'Arthur, Book XV:

     they sette uppon hym and drew oute their swerdys to have slayne hym – but there wolde no swerde byghte on hym more than uppon a gadde of steele, for the Hyghe Lorde which he served, He hym preserved.

   • 1677–1683, Joseph Moxon, “(please specify the page)”, in Mechanick Exercises, or The Doctrine of Handy-Works, […], volume (please specify |volume=I or II), London: […] Joseph Moxon, published 1678–1683, →OCLC:

     Flemish steel […] some in bars and some in gads.

   • 1836, Walter Scott, Guy Mannering, Or, The Astrologer: With the Author's Last Notes and Additions, page 372:

     When a man received sentence of death, he was put upon the gad as it was called, that is, secured to the bar of iron in the manner mentioned in the text. The practice subsisted in Edinburgh […]

5. (dated, metallurgy) An indeterminate measure of metal produced by a furnace, sometimes equivalent to a bloom weighing around 100 pounds.
   • 1957, H.R. Schubert, History of the British Iron and Steel Industry, page 146:

     Twice a day a 'gad' of iron, i.e., a bloom weighing 1 cwt. was produced, which took from six to seven hours.

6. A spike on a gauntlet; a gadling.

   Synonyms: gadling, spike

   • 1840, Charles Henry Hartshorne, An Endeavor to Classify the Sepulchral Remains in Northamptonshire, Or, a Discourse on Funeral Monuments in that County: Delivered Before the Members of the Religious and Useful Knowledge Society, at Northampton, page 35:

     Sometimes we see the knuckles ornamented with gads or gadlings.

   • 1842, Ecclesiological Society, Illustrations of Monumental Brasses ..., page 70:

     His gauntlets have embroidered cuffs; there are gads or gadlings on the fingers.

   • 1858, Edward Cave, The Gentleman's Magazine: Or, Monthly Intelligencer: Volume the first [-fifth], for the year 1731 [-1735] ..., page 215:

     Another curious device was that of arming the knuckles of the gauntlets with spikes (gads or gadlings), by which they became weapons as well as defences.

   • 1992, Sir Guy Francis Laking, A Record of European Armour and Arms Through Seven Centuries, page 214:

     On both finger joints are gads, which are beautifully faceted and brought to a point.

Derived terms

• gadfly

Translations

A sharp-pointed object; a goad

• Bulgarian: шип (bg) m (šip), острие (bg) n (ostrie)

See also

• Baal-gad (etymologically unrelated)

Anagrams

• DAG, GDA, dag

Afar

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈɡad/ [ˈɡʌd]
• Hyphenation: gad

Noun

gád m (plural gadoowá f or gaditté f or gadoodá f)

1. song
2. sung poetry

Declension

Declension of gád
absolutive	gád
predicative	gáda
subjective	gád
genitive	gaddí
Postpositioned forms l-case gádal k-case gádak t-case gádat h-case gádah

References

• E. M. Parker, R. J. Hayward (1985) “gad”, in An Afar-English-French dictionary (with Grammatical Notes in English), University of London, →ISBN
• Mohamed Hassan Kamil (2015) L’afar: description grammaticale d’une langue couchitique (Djibouti, Erythrée et Ethiopie)‎^[3], Paris: Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (doctoral thesis)

Danish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈɡ̊æˀð], [ˈɡ̊æðˀ]

Verb

gad

1. past of gide

Fingallian

Etymology

Borrowed from Irish gad.

Noun

gad

1. withe
   • 1689 James Farewell, The Irish Hudibras, or, Fingallian prince taken from the sixth book of Virgil's Æneids, and adapted to the present times. (Appendix: "Alphabetical Table" of "Fingallian Words, or Irish Phrases"):

     Gad,

     A With.

Haitian Creole

Etymology

From French garde.

Noun

gad

1. guard

Related terms

• gadò
• gadyen

Verb

gad

1. Alternative form of gade (“to watch”)

Irish

Pronunciation

• (Munster, Aran) IPA^(key): /ɡɑd̪ˠ/
• (Cois Fharraige, Mayo, Ulster) IPA^(key): /ɡad̪ˠ/

Etymology 1

From Old Irish gat, from Proto-Celtic *gazdos, from late Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰasdʰos (“branch ~ spear, sharp spine”), a root also connected to Proto-Germanic *gazdaz (“spike”), Latin hasta (“spear”).

Noun

gad m (genitive singular gaid, nominative plural gaid)

1. withe
2. string, rope, band
3. Obsolete spelling of goid.
4. Obsolete spelling of cad.

Declension

Declension of gad (first declension)

bare forms case singular plural nominative gad gaid vocative a ghaid a ghada genitive gaid gad dative gad gaid forms with the definite article case singular plural nominative an gad na gaid genitive an ghaid na ngad dative leis an ngad don ghad leis na gaid

Derived terms

• gad bráid m (“scrofula”)
• gad brollaigh (“breast-strap”)
• gad tairr m (“bellyband, cinch”)
• pionós an ghaid (“garrotte”)
• ropaire gaid (“gallows-bird”)

 

Descendants

• → Fingallian: gad

Etymology 2

From Old Irish gataid (“to take away”).

Verb

gad (present analytic gadann, future analytic gadfaidh, verbal noun gad, past participle gadta)

1. (transitive, intransitive, literary) take away, remove; snatch, carry off
2. Alternative form of goid

Conjugation

conjugation of gad (first conjugation – A)

		singular			plural			relative	autonomous
		first	second	third	first	second	third
indicative	present	gadaim	gadann tú; gadair†	gadann sé, sí	gadaimid	gadann sibh	gadann siad; gadaid†	a ghadann; a ghadas / a ngadann*	gadtar
	past	ghad mé; ghadas	ghad tú; ghadais	ghad sé, sí	ghadamar; ghad muid	ghad sibh; ghadabhair	ghad siad; ghadadar	a ghad / ar ghad*	gadadh
	past habitual	ghadainn / ngadainn‡‡	ghadtá / ngadtᇇ	ghadadh sé, sí / ngadadh sé, s퇇	ghadaimis; ghadadh muid / ngadaimis‡‡; ngadadh muid‡‡	ghadadh sibh / ngadadh sibh‡‡	ghadaidís; ghadadh siad / ngadaidís‡‡; ngadadh siad‡‡	a ghadadh / a ngadadh*	ghadtaí / ngadta퇇
future		gadfaidh mé; gadfad	gadfaidh tú; gadfair†	gadfaidh sé, sí	gadfaimid; gadfaidh muid	gadfaidh sibh	gadfaidh siad; gadfaid†	a ghadfaidh; a ghadfas / a ngadfaidh*	gadfar
conditional		ghadfainn / ngadfainn‡‡	ghadfá / ngadfᇇ	ghadfadh sé, sí / ngadfadh sé, s퇇	ghadfaimis; ghadfadh muid / ngadfaimis‡‡; ngadfadh muid‡‡	ghadfadh sibh / ngadfadh sibh‡‡	ghadfaidís; ghadfadh siad / ngadfaidís‡‡; ngadfadh siad‡‡	a ghadfadh / a ngadfadh*	ghadfaí / ngadfa퇇
subjunctive	present	go ngada mé; go ngadad†	go ngada tú; go ngadair†	go ngada sé, sí	go ngadaimid; go ngada muid	go ngada sibh	go ngada siad; go ngadaid†	—	go ngadtar
	past	dá ngadainn	dá ngadtá	dá ngadadh sé, sí	dá ngadaimis; dá ngadadh muid	dá ngadadh sibh	dá ngadaidís; dá ngadadh siad	—	dá ngadtaí
imperative		gadaim	gad	gadadh sé, sí	gadaimis	gadaigí; gadaidh†	gadaidís	—	gadtar
verbal noun		gad
past participle		gadta

* indirect relative
† archaic or dialect form
‡‡ dependent form used with particles that trigger eclipsis

Mutation

Mutated forms of gad

radical	lenition	eclipsis
gad	ghad	ngad

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Modern Irish.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

Further reading

• Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977) “gad”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN
• Dinneen, Patrick S. (1904) “gad”, in Foclóir Gaeḋilge agus Béarla, 1st edition, Dublin: Irish Texts Society, page 344
• Dinneen, Patrick S. (1904) “gadaim”, in Foclóir Gaeḋilge agus Béarla, 1st edition, Dublin: Irish Texts Society, page 344
• de Bhaldraithe, Tomás (1959) “gad”, in English-Irish Dictionary, An Gúm
• “gad”, in New English-Irish Dictionary, Foras na Gaeilge, 2013-2024

Lower Sorbian

Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *gadъ (“serpent”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɡat/

Noun

gad m anim

1. (archaic) venomous snake, viper, adder

Declension

Declension of gad

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	gad	gada	gady
Genitive	gada	gadowu	gadow
Dative	gadoju	gadoma	gadam
Accusative	gada	gadowu	gady, gadow
Instrumental	gadom	gadoma	gadami
Locative	gaźe	gadoma	gadach

Noun

gad m inan

1. poison, venom

Declension

Declension of gad

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	gad	gada	gady
Genitive	gada	gadowu	gadow
Dative	gadoju	gadoma	gadam
Accusative	gad	gada	gady
Instrumental	gadom	gadoma	gadami
Locative	gaźe	gadoma	gadach

Further reading

• Muka, Arnošt (1921, 1928) “gad”, in Słownik dolnoserbskeje rěcy a jeje narěcow (in German), St. Petersburg, Prague: ОРЯС РАН, ČAVU; Reprinted Bautzen: Domowina-Verlag, 2008
• Starosta, Manfred (1999) “gad”, in Dolnoserbsko-nimski słownik / Niedersorbisch-deutsches Wörterbuch (in German), Bautzen: Domowina-Verlag

Middle English

Alternative forms

• gadd, gadde

Etymology

Borrowed from Old Norse gaddr, from Proto-Germanic *gazdaz (“spike, rod, stake”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɡad/

Noun

gad (plural gads)

1. gad

Descendants

• English: gad

References

• “gad(de, n.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.

Navajo

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /kàt/, [kàt], [kɣàt]

Noun

gad

1. juniper, cedar (especially Juniperus deppeana)

Old English

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɡɑːd/

Etymology 1

From Proto-West Germanic *gaidu, from Proto-Germanic *gaidwą.

Alternative forms

• gǣd

Noun

gād n

1. lack, want
2. desire, need

Declension

Strong a-stem:

	singular	plural
nominative	gād	gād
accusative	gād	gād
genitive	gādes	gāda
dative	gāde	gādum

Derived terms

• *ǣgǣde

Etymology 2

From Proto-West Germanic *gaidu, from Proto-Germanic *gaidō.

Alternative forms

• gaad

Noun

gād f

1. point, tip
2. spearhead or arrowhead
3. spike, goad

Declension

Strong ō-stem:

	singular	plural
nominative	gād	gāda, gāde
accusative	gāde	gāda, gāde
genitive	gāde	gāda
dative	gāde	gādum

Descendants

• Middle English: gade, gode
  • English: goad
  • Scots: gade, gaid

Polish

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *gadъ.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈɡat/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -at
• Syllabification: gad
• Homophone: Gad

Noun

gad m animal

1. reptile (cold-blooded vertebrate of the class Reptilia)

Declension

Declension of gad

	singular	plural
nominative	gad	gady
genitive	gada	gadów
dative	gadowi	gadom
accusative	gada	gady
instrumental	gadem	gadami
locative	gadzie	gadach
vocative	gadzie	gady

Derived terms

adjective

• gadzi

 

Noun

gad m pers

1. scoundrel (villain)

Declension

Declension of gad

	singular	plural
nominative	gad	gady
genitive	gada	gadów
dative	gadowi	gadom
accusative	gada	gadów
instrumental	gadem	gadami
locative	gadzie	gadach
vocative	gadzie	gady

Further reading

• gad in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
• gad in Polish dictionaries at PWN

Scots

Etymology 1

Unknown. Possibly from gaud (“a bar of iron; a rod”). Alternatively, compare Icelandic gaddr (“packed snow”). Attested from the 19th century.

Noun

gad (plural gads)

1. a mass of ice

Etymology 2

Unknown. Attested from the 20th century. Compare caddle, cad (“stones used to play the game of cherry pit”). Compare also Scottish Gaelic gad (“a twig, stick”).

Noun

gad (plural gads)

1. a ball of wood or cork used to play shinty

See also

• gads

Scottish Gaelic

Etymology 1

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /kat̪/

Pronoun

gad

1. you (informal singular, direct object)

   Bruidhinn nas labhaire, chan eil mi gad chluinntinn ceart. ― Speak louder, I don't hear you well.

Usage notes

• Lenites the following word.

Related terms

• ga
• gam
• gan
• gar
• gur
• iad
• tu

 

Etymology 2

From Old Irish gat, from Proto-Celtic *gazdo-, from late Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰasto- or *ǵʰasdʰo- (“branch ~ spear, sharp spine”), a root also connected to Proto-Germanic *gazdaz (“spike”), Latin hasta (“spear”).

Noun

gad m (genitive singular gaid, plural gaid or gadan)

1. withy, withe

Etymology 3

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Conjunction

gad

1. Alternative form of ged

Mutation

Mutation of gad

radical	lenition
gad	ghad

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Scottish Gaelic.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

Serbo-Croatian

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *gadъ.

Noun

gȁd m (Cyrillic spelling га̏д)

1. a repulsive person
2. scoundrel
3. cad
4. asshole
5. snake; lizard

Declension

Declension of gad

	singular	plural
nominative	gad	gadovi
genitive	gada	gadova
dative	gadu	gadovima
accusative	gada	gadove
vocative	gade	gadovi
locative	gadu	gadovima
instrumental	gadom	gadovima

Somali

Verb

gad

1. to buy

Torres Strait Creole

Noun

gad

1. (eastern dialect) an immature coconut

Usage notes

Gad or smol koknat is the third stage of coconut growth. It is preceded by giru (eastern dialect) or musu koknat (western dialect), and followed by kopespes.

Veps

Etymology

Borrowed from Russian гад (gad).

Noun

gad

1. snake

Inflection

Inflection of gad (inflection type 5/sana)
nominative sing.	gad
genitive sing.	gadan
partitive sing.	gadad
partitive plur.	gadoid
	singular	plural
nominative	gad	gadad
accusative	gadan	gadad
genitive	gadan	gadoiden
partitive	gadad	gadoid
essive-instructive	gadan	gadoin
translative	gadaks	gadoikš
inessive	gadas	gadoiš
elative	gadaspäi	gadoišpäi
illative	gadaha	gadoihe
adessive	gadal	gadoil
ablative	gadalpäi	gadoilpäi
allative	gadale	gadoile
abessive	gadata	gadoita
comitative	gadanke	gadoidenke
prolative	gadadme	gadoidme
approximative I	gadanno	gadoidenno
approximative II	gadannoks	gadoidennoks
egressive	gadannopäi	gadoidennopäi
terminative I	gadahasai	gadoihesai
terminative II	gadalesai	gadoilesai
terminative III	gadassai	—
additive I	gadahapäi	gadoihepäi
additive II	gadalepäi	gadoilepäi

Volapük

Noun

gad (nominative plural gads)

1. garden

Declension

declension of gad

	singular	plural
nominative	gad	gads
genitive	gada	gadas
dative	gade	gades
accusative	gadi	gadis
vocative 1	o gad!	o gads!
predicative 2	gadu	gadus

• ¹ status as a case is disputed
• ² in later, non-classical Volapük only

Derived terms

• bimagad
• brasidagad
• celepagad
• floragad
• flukagad
• gadabam
• gadam
• gadamöb
• gadan
• gadanik
• gadapiadil
• gadaplan
• gadatail
• gadatuin
• gadav
• gadavaklub
• gadavam
• gadavan
• gadavik
• gadik
• gadil
• gadilik
• gadimeik
• gadöm
• gadön
• higadan
• härbatagad
• jigadan
• kasedagad
• labürenagad
• legad
• legadik
• nimagad
• planavagad
• rosadagad
• sanakebagad
• spatagad
• tedagadan
• vitidagad

 

Welsh

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɡaːd/
• Rhymes: -aːd

Etymology 1

Noun

gad

1. Soft mutation of cad.

Mutation

Mutated forms of cad

radical	soft	nasal	aspirate
cad	gad	nghad	chad

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

Etymology 2

Alternative forms

• gadawa (colloquial)

Verb

gad

1. (literary) second-person singular imperative of gadael

Mutation

Mutated forms of gad

radical	soft	nasal	aspirate
gad	ad	ngad	unchanged

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

Western Apache

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [kàt]

Noun

gad

1. cedar or juniper tree, especially Juniperus deppeana.

References

• 2007. The UCLA Phonetics Lab Archive. Los Angeles, CA: UCLA Department of Linguistics.