vos

See also: Appendix:Variations of "vos"

Languages (25)

Afrikaans • Aragonese • Catalan • Czech • Danish • Dutch • Fala • Franco-Provençal • French • Galician • Icelandic • Interlingua • Ladino • Latin • Lithuanian • Middle Dutch • Occitan • Old French • Old Occitan • Piedmontese • Portuguese • Sardinian • Slovene • Spanish • Walloon

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Page categories

Afrikaans

Etymology

Inherited from Dutch vos, from Middle Dutch vos, from Old Dutch fus, vus, from Proto-Germanic *fuhsaz.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /fɔs/

• Audio:

  (file)

Noun

vos (plural vosse, diminutive vossie)

1. fox, carnivore of the tribe Vulpini

Derived terms

• skoolvos

Aragonese

Etymology

From Latin vos. Cognate to Catalan us, Spanish os and French vous.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈbos/
• Rhymes: -os
• Syllabification: vos

Pronoun

vos

1. you (second-person plural direct pronoun)
2. (to) you (second-person plural indirect pronoun)

Synonyms

• tos

Catalan

Etymology

Inherited from Latin vōs.

Pronunciation

• (Central) IPA^(key): /bus/ (always unstressed)
• (Balearic) IPA^(key): /vus/ (always unstressed)
• (Valencia) IPA^(key): /vos/ (always unstressed)

Pronoun

vos (enclitic, contracted us, proclitic us)

1. you (plural, direct or indirect object)

Usage notes

• -vos is the full (plena) form of the pronoun. It is normally used after verbs ending with a consonant or ⟨u⟩.

  Heu de quedar-vos aquí. ― You must stay here.

Declension

Catalan personal pronouns and clitics

	strong/subject	weak (direct object)		weak (indirect object)		possessive
singular		proclitic	enclitic	proclitic	enclitic
1st person	jo, mi3	em, m’	-me, ’m	em, m’	-me, ’m	meu
1st person majestic1	nós	ens	-nos, ’ns	ens	-nos, ’ns	nostre
2nd person	tu	et, t’	-te, ’t	et, t’	-te, ’t	teu
2nd person formal1	vós	us	-vos, -us	us	-vos, -us	vostre
2nd person very formal2	vostè	el, l’	-lo, ’l	li	-li	seu
3rd person masculine	ell	el, l’	-lo, ’l	li	-li	seu
3rd person feminine	ella	la, l’4	-la	li	-li	seu
3rd person neuter		ho	-ho	li	-li	seu
3rd person reflexive	si	es, s’	-se, ’s	es, s’	-se, ’s	seu
plural
1st person	nosaltres	ens	-nos, ’ns	ens	-nos, ’ns	nostre
2nd person	vosaltres	us	-vos, -us	us	-vos, -us	vostre
2nd person formal2	vostès	els	-los, ’ls	els	-los, ’ls	seu
3rd person masculine	ells	els	-los, ’ls	els	-los, ’ls	seu
3rd person feminine	elles	les	-les	els	-los, ’ls	seu
3rd person reflexive	si	es, s’	-se, ’s	es, s’	-se, ’s	seu
adverbial
ablative/genitive		en, n’	-ne, ’n
locative		hi	-hi
1) Behaves grammatically as plural. 2) Behaves grammatically as third person.			3) Only as object of a preposition. 4) Not before unstressed (h)i-, (h)u-.

Further reading

• “vos” in Diccionari català-valencià-balear, Antoni Maria Alcover and Francesc de Borja Moll, 1962.
• “vos”, in Gran Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana, Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana, 2024
• “vos” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.

Czech

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈvos]

Noun

vos f

1. genitive plural of vosa

Danish

Pronoun

vos

1. (dialectal) Pronunciation spelling of os.
   • 1926, Adolph Stender, Skovtrold, Lindhardt og Ringhof, →ISBN:

     Næ, la' vos bare inte skave vos! (...) men saa øver vi vos imens! Naar han ser vos gennem Vindvet, kommer han nok herud ...

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

   • 1973, Bent Rying, Alice Kennebo, København og Københavns amt:

     Han har sæl brunget desse ur te vos; ...

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

   • 1906, Maglekilde fortæller: humoristiske fortællinger:

     Jeg ka' kons mindes een eneste Gang a' han roste vos, – de' var en Da' da han ha'de trukket vos rigtig igjennem i Geveereksersis; — — der var inte en tør Trevl paa vos, saatten ha'de vi maattet hænge i en tre, fire Timmer i et Slav.

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

Dutch

Een vos met een prooi. — A fox with a prey.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /vɔs/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Hyphenation: vos
• Rhymes: -ɔs

Etymology 1

Inherited from Middle Dutch vos, from Old Dutch fus, vus, from Proto-West Germanic *fuhs, from Proto-Germanic *fuhsaz.

Noun

vos m (plural vossen, diminutive vosje n, feminine vossin)

1. fox, carnivore of the tribe Vulpini
2. red fox specifically, Vulpes vulpes

   Synonyms: gewone vos, rode vos

3. fox fur
4. a crafty, ingenious person

   Koen is een lepe vos, die laat zich niet in de luren leggen.

   Conrad is a sly fox who does not allow himself to be hoodwinked.

5. horse with red or red-brown fur

Derived terms

• Afghaanse vos
• brandvos
• een vos verliest wel zijn haren, maar niet zijn streken
• eilandvos
• gewone vos
• grijze vos
• grootoorvos
• grote vos
• kitvos
• kleine vos
• kortoorvos
• kruisvos
• moervos
• poolvos
• rode vos
• schoolvos
• sluw als een vos
• vosaap
• vosbelg
• vosbles
• vosgans
• voskleurig
• voskonijn
• vosrekel
• vosruin
• vosschaar
• vosschimmel
• vossen
• vossenbes
• vossengat
• vossengeschreeuw
• vossenhuid
• vossenjacht
• vossenkuil
• vossenstaart
• vossenval
• vossenvel
• woestijnvos
• zilvervos

 

Descendants

• Afrikaans: vos
• Jersey Dutch: vośe
• Negerhollands: vos

Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Verb

vos

1. inflection of vossen:
   1. first-person singular present indicative
   2. (in case of inversion) second-person singular present indicative
   3. imperative

Further reading

• “vos” in Woordenlijst Nederlandse Taal – Officiële Spelling, Nederlandse Taalunie. [the official spelling word list for the Dutch language]

Fala

Etymology

Inherited from Old Galician-Portuguese vos, from Latin vōs.

Pronoun

vos m pl or f pl

1. Second person plural nominative pronoun; you
2. (Mañegu) First person plural dative and accusative pronoun; you

Usage notes

• In Mañegu voshotrus and voshotras are more commonly used as subject pronouns.
• Takes the form -vus when used as an object pronoun suffixed to an impersonal verb form.

See also

Fala personal pronouns

			nominative	dative	accusative	disjunctive
first person	singular		ei	me, -mi		mi
	plural	common	nos	musL nusLV nos, -nusM		nos
		masculine	noshotrusM			noshotrusM
		feminine	noshotrasM			noshotrasM
second person	singular		tú	te, -ti		ti
	plural	common	vos	vusLV vos, -vusM		vos
		masculine	voshotrusM			voshotrusM
		feminine	voshotrasM			voshotrasM
third person	singular	masculine	el	le, -li	uLV, oM	el
		feminine	ela		a	ela
	plural	masculine	elis		usLV, osM	elis
		feminine	elas		as	elas
	reflexive		—	se, -si		sí

References

• Valeš, Miroslav (2021) Diccionariu de A Fala: lagarteiru, mañegu, valverdeñu (web)‎^[1], 2nd edition, Minde, Portugal: CIDLeS, published 2022, →ISBN

Franco-Provençal

Etymology

Inherited from Latin vōs (nominative or accusative).

Pronoun

vos (postpositive -vos) (ORB, broad)

1. you (second-person plural nominative, accusative, dative, or tonic)

Derived terms

• se vos plét

See also

Franco-Provençal personal pronouns

singular	nominative	accusative	dative	tonic1	possessive2
1st person	jo	mè			min
2nd person	te	tè			tin
3rd person masculine	il	lo / le	lui		sin
3rd person feminine	el	la	lyé
3rd person neuter	o		y	—
3rd person reflexive	—	sè
plural	nominative	accusative	dative	tonic1	possessive2
1st person	nos				noutro
2nd person	vos				voutro
3rd person masculine	ils	los / les	lor		lor
3rd person feminine	els	les	lor / lyés
3rd person reflexive	—	sè
1 Disjunctive or object of a preposition.		2 Generally preceded by a definite article.

References

• vous in DicoFranPro: Dictionnaire Français/Francoprovençal – on dicofranpro.llm.umontreal.ca
• vos in Lo trèsor Arpitan – on arpitan.eu

French

Etymology

Inherited from Old French vos, from Latin vostros (“your, plural accusative”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /vo/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -o
• Homophones: veau, veaux

Determiner

vos pl

1. plural of votre; your

   Vos parents sont très gentils.

   Your parents are very nice.

Related terms

French possessive determiners

			Possessee
			singular		plural
			m	f
Possessor	singular	1st	mon1	ma	mes
		2nd	ton1	ta	tes
		3rd	son1	sa	ses
	plural	1st	notre		nos
		2nd	votre2		vos2
		3rd	leur		leurs

¹ Also used before feminine adjectives and nouns beginning with a vowel or mute h.

² Also used as the polite singular form.

For the singular persons there are gender-neutral neologisms man, tan, san. These are extremely rare.

Further reading

• “vos”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.

Galician

Pronoun

vos

1. inflection of vós:
   1. accusative/dative
   2. reflexive

Icelandic

Etymology

Inherited from Old Norse vás, which is related to vaska (“to wash”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /vɔs/

Noun

vos n (genitive singular voss, nominative plural vos)

1. wetness, toil, fatigue (from storm, sea, frost, bad weather)

References

• Mallet, P. H. (1847). Northern Antiquities, Or, an Historical Account of the Manners, Customs, Religion, and Laws, Maritime Expeditions and Discoveries, Language and Literature of the Ancient Scandinavians ... with a Translation of the Prose Edda from the Original Old Norse Text ... to which is Added, an Abstract of the Eyrbyggja Saga. United Kingdom: Bohn, p. 509

Interlingua

Etymology

From Latin vōs (“you, plural”).

Pronoun

vos

1. you (plural)

Ladino

Etymology

From Old Spanish vosotros.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /vos/

Pronoun

vos (Latin spelling)

1. you (formal singular, nominative and accusative)
2. accusative of vozotros
3. accusative of vozotras

Latin

Etymology

From Proto-Italic *wōs, from the oblique case forms of Proto-Indo-European *yū́.

Pronunciation

• (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): /u̯oːs/, [u̯oːs̠]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /vos/, [vɔs]

Pronoun

vōs

1. you, ye, you all; nominative/accusative/vocative plural of tū
   • 29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 1.200–202:

     “Vōs et Scyllaeam rabiem penitusque sonantīs
     accēstis scopulōs, vōs et Cyclōpēa saxa
     expertī [...].”

     “You neared mad Scylla and heard the howls within her cliffs, and you experienced the rocks of the Cyclops.”
     (Note: “accestis” is a syncopated form of “accessistis.” The “vos et … vos et” repetition exemplifies anaphora.)

Usage notes

When used in the plural genitive, vestrī is used when it is the object of an action, especially when used with a gerund or gerundive. When used in such a construction, the gerund or gerundive takes on the masculine genitive singular. Vestrum is used as a partitive genitive, used in constructions such as (one of you).

Declension

Number	Singular							Plural
Person	First	Second	Reflexive third	Third				First	Second	Reflexive third	Third
Case / Gender	Masc./ Fem./Neut.			Masc.	Fem.	Neut.		Masc./ Fem./Neut.			Masc.	Fem.	Neut.
Nominative	egō̆	tū	—	is	ea	id		nōs	vōs	—	eī iī	eae	ea
Genitive	meī	tuī	suī	eius				nostrī nostrum	vestrī vestrum	suī	eōrum	eārum	eōrum
Dative	mihī̆	tibī̆	sibi	eī				nōbīs	vōbīs	sibi	eīs
Accusative	mē	tē	sē sēsē	eum	eam	id		nōs	vōs	sē sēsē	eōs	eās	ea
Ablative	mē	tē	sē sēsē	eō	eā	eō		nōbīs	vōbīs	sē sēsē	eīs
Vocative	egō	tū	—					nōs	vōs	—

Derived terms

• vōbīscum
• vōsmet

Descendants

• Aromanian: voi, voauã
• Catalan: vós, vosaltres
• Dalmatian: vu, voi
• Franco-Provençal: vos
• Friulian: vô, voaltris
• Italian: voi, voialtri
• Mirandese: bós
• Neapolitan: vuje
• Occitan: vos, vosautres
• Old French: vos
  • Middle French: vous
    • French: vous
  • Walloon: vos
• Old Galician-Portuguese: vos
  • Galician: vós, vosoutros
  • Portuguese: vós
• Romanian: voi, vouă
• Romansch: vus
• Sardinian: bosatrus
• Sicilian: vui, vuàutri
• Spanish: vos, vosotros, os

See also

Latin personal pronouns together with the possessive and reflexive pronouns

Number	Person	Gender	Nominative	Genitive	Dative	Accusative	Ablative	Possessive
Singular	First	—	ego	meī	mihi	mē		meus, -a, -um
	Second	—	tū	tuī	tibi	tē		tuus, -a, -um
	Reflexive third	—	—	suī	sibi	sē, sēsē		suus, -a, -um
	Third	Masculine	is	ēius	eī	eum	eō	ēius
		Feminine	ea			eam	eā
		Neuter	id			id	eō
Plural	First	—	nōs	nostrī, nostrum	nōbīs	nōs	nōbīs	noster, -tra, -trum
	Second	—	vōs	vestrī, vestrum	vōbīs	vōs	vōbīs	vester, -tra, -trum
	Reflexive third	—	—	suī	sibi	sē, sēsē		suus, -a, -um
	Third	Masculine	eī, iī	eōrum	eīs	eōs	eīs	eōrum
		Feminine	eae	eārum		eās		eārum
		Neuter	ea	eōrum		ea		eōrum

References

• “vos”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “vos”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
• vos in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
• vos in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
• Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎^[2], London: Macmillan and Co.
  • picture to yourselves the circumstances: ante oculos vestros (not vobis) res gestas proponite
    
  • not to be prolix: ne diutius vos demorer
    

Lithuanian

Etymology

Cognate with Proto-Slavic *(j)edъva (“barely”); see there for more.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [vos]

Adverb

võs (not comparable)

1. hardly, barely

Derived terms

• advos
• vos ne vos
• vos tik
• vos vos

 

Middle Dutch

Etymology

From Old Dutch fus, vus, from Proto-West Germanic *fuhs.

Noun

vos m

1. fox, red fox

Inflection

This noun needs an inflection-table template.

Derived terms

• vossinne

Descendants

• Dutch: vos
  • Afrikaans: vos
  • Jersey Dutch: vośe
  • Negerhollands: vos
• Limburgish: vósj

Further reading

• “vos”, in Vroegmiddelnederlands Woordenboek, 2000
• Verwijs, E., Verdam, J. (1885–1929) “vos”, in Middelnederlandsch Woordenboek, The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, →ISBN

Occitan

Etymology

From Old Occitan vos, from Latin vōs (“you, plural”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /vus/

• Audio:

  (file)

Pronoun

vos

1. to you (second-person plural indirect object pronoun)
2. yourselves (second-person plural reflexive pronoun)

Old French

Alternative forms

• vous
• vus

Etymology

From Latin vōs (“you, plural”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /vus/

Pronoun

vos

1. you (second-person plural or second-person singular polite subject pronoun)
   • c. 1170, Chrétien de Troyes, Érec et Énide:

     Que vos puissiez cest blasme estaindre

     That you may be able to get rid of this blame

2. your (second-person plural or second-person singular polite possessive pronoun)
3. yourself (second-person plural or second-person singular polite reflexive pronoun)
4. you (second-person plural or second-person singular polite object pronoun)
   • c. 1176, Chrétien de Troyes, Cligès:

     qant je vos voi de tel meniere

     when I see you in such a state

Descendants

• Middle French: vous
  • French: vous
• Walloon: vos

Old Occitan

Etymology

From Latin vōs (“you, plural”).

Pronoun

vos

1. you (plural or polite form)

Descendants

• Occitan: vos

Piedmontese

Alternative forms

• vus

Etymology

From Latin vōx.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /vus/

Noun

vos f (plural vos)

1. voice

Portuguese

Etymology

From Latin vōs.

Pronunciation

 

• (Brazil) IPA^(key): /vus/

• (Brazil) IPA^(key): /vus/
  • (Rio de Janeiro) IPA^(key): /vuʃ/
  • (Southern Brazil) IPA^(key): /vos/

 

• (Portugal) IPA^(key): /vuʃ/

• (Portugal) IPA^(key): /vuʃ/
  • (Northern Portugal) IPA^(key): /buʃ/

• Hyphenation: vos

Pronoun

vos

1. objective of vós

See also

Portuguese personal pronouns (edit)
Number	Person	Nominative (subject)		Accusative (direct object)		Dative (indirect object)	Prepositional		Prepositional with com		Non-declining
		m	f	m	f	m and f	m	f	m	f	m	f
Singular	First	eu		me			mim		comigo
	Second	tu		te			ti		contigo		você
											o senhor	a senhora
	Third	ele	ela	o (lo, no)	a (la, na)	lhe	ele	ela	com ele	com ela	o mesmo	a mesma
				se			si		consigo
Plural	First	nós		nos			nós		connosco (Portugal) conosco (Brazil)		a gente
	Second	vós		vos			vós		convosco, com vós		vocês
											os senhores	as senhoras
	Third	eles	elas	os (los, nos)	as (las, nas)	lhes	eles	elas	com eles	com elas	os mesmos	as mesmas
				se			si		consigo
Indefinite				se			si		consigo

Sardinian

Alternative forms

• bos

Etymology

From Latin vōs, from Proto-Italic *wōs, from the oblique case forms of Proto-Indo-European *yū́ (“you”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /bos/, /vos/ (in certain Nuorese towns)

Pronoun

vos (possessive vostru)

1. you (plural), ye

   Synonyms: vois, vosateros

Slovene

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *ǫsъ.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ʋóːs/

Noun

vọ̑s m inan

1. (obsolete) hair
2. (obsolete) moustache

Further reading

• “vos”, in Slovarji Inštituta za slovenski jezik Frana Ramovša ZRC SAZU, portal Fran

Spanish

Etymology

Inherited from Latin vōs (“you, plural”), from Old Latin vōs, from Proto-Italic *wōs.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈbos/ [ˈbos]
• Rhymes: -os
• Syllabification: vos

Pronoun

vos

1. (archaic) an elevated form of you, either singular or plural
2. (parts of Latin America, Chavacano-speaking areas in the Philippines) a form of you, singular

   Synonym: tú

Derived terms

• ay ve vos
• voseante
• vosear
• voseo

 

Descendants

• Chavacano: vos (vulgar)

See also

Spanish personal pronouns

				nominative	dative	accusative	disjunctive
first person	singular			yo	me		mí1
	plural	masculine2		nosotros	nos		nosotros
		feminine		nosotras			nosotras
second person	singular	tuteo		tú	te		ti1
		voseo		vos			vos
		formal3		usted	le, se4	lo/la5	usted
	plural	familiar6	masculine2	vosotros	os		vosotros
			feminine	vosotras			vosotras
		formal/general3		ustedes	les, se4	los/las5	ustedes
third person	singular	masculine2		él	le, se4	lo	él
		feminine		ella		la	ella
		neuter		ello7		lo	ello
	plural	masculine2		ellos	les, se4	los	ellos
		feminine		ellas		las	ellas
	reflexive			—	se		sí1

1. Not used with con; conmigo, contigo, and consigo are used instead, respectively
2. Like other masculine Spanish words, masculine Spanish pronouns can be used when the gender of the subject is unknown or when the subject is plural and of mixed gender.
3. Treated as if it were third-person for purposes of conjugation and reflexivity
4. If le or les precedes lo, la, los, or las in a clause, it is replaced with se (e.g., Se lo dije instead of Le lo dije)
5. Depending on the implicit gender of the object being referred to
6. Used primarily in Spain
7. Used only in rare circumstances

Further reading

• “vos”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), 23rd edition, Royal Spanish Academy, 2014 October 16

Walloon

Etymology

Inherited from Old French vos, from Latin vōs (“you, plural”), from Proto-Italic *wōs.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /vɔ/

Pronoun

vos

1. you (singular)
2. you (plural)

Synonyms

• (plural): vozôtes