Mã

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See also:Mã
MãU+99AC,馬
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-99AC
←Hinh
[U+99AB] 		CJK Unified Ideographs Ngự→
[U+99AD]
⾺U+2FBA,⾺
KANGXI RADICAL HORSE
←⾹
[U+2FB9] 		Kangxi Radicals ⾻→
[U+2FBB]

Translingual

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Stroke order
Stroke order
(Hong Kong)

Han character

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See images of
Radical 187Mã

Mã(Kangxi radical187,Mã+0, 10 strokes,cangjie inputThi tay thi hỏa(SQSF),four-corner71327,composition⿹⿺㇉⿻Tam丨Hỏa)

  1. Kangxi radical#187,⾺.

Derived characters

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References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary:page 1433,character 1
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 44572
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1956, character 34
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 7, page 4539, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+99AC

Chinese

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Glyph origin

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Historical forms of the characterMã
Shang Western Zhou Spring and Autumn Warring States Shuowen Jiezi(compiled inHan) Liushutong(compiled inMing) Libian(compiled inQing)
Bronze inscriptions Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Bronze inscriptions Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Qin slip script Shizhoupianscript Ancient script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts Clerical script
Characters in the samephonetic series(Mã)(Zhengzhang, 2003)
Old Chinese
Mã *mraːʔ
Mã *mraːʔ
Mắng *mraːʔ, *mraːs
鷌 *mraːʔ
鰢 *mraːʔ
Mã *mraːʔ
榪 *mraːs
傌 *mraːs
Mã *mraːs
Mẹ *maːʔ
Semi-cursive script Cursive script

Pictogram (Tượng hình) – a horse with its head facing the left, showing a flowing mane in the wind. In the bronze inscriptions, the head was often simplified into an eye (Mục(mù)). The legs eventually evolved into four dots (Hỏa(huǒ),unrelated toHỏa(huǒ)).

Contrast withLộc(lù,“deer”),which saw a very different development, and𢊁(as inTiến／Tiến(jiàn)), which is a hybrid: it has the legs ofMã(Hỏa(huǒ)) but the head ofLộc(lù).

Etymology

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trad. Mã
simp. Mã
alternative forms
𫠉
傌／Mắng
𢒗
𢒠
𢒧
𫠉
傌／Mắng
𢒗
𢒠
𢒧
𩡬
𩡮
MạtSichuan senses
Mã／Mã“to bully”
Wikipediahas articles on:

“Horse” – fromProto-Sino-Tibetan*k-m-raŋ ~ s-raŋ.The sense of “big” is derived from “horse”; compare the English uses ofhorse.

For the insect prefix sense, seeMã／Mã.It has converged with the sense of “big”.

The surname is popularly known to be prevalent amongHuiMuslims, where it is likely derived fromArabicمُحَمَّد(muḥammad,“Muhammad”),although the surnameMãitself predates Islam.

Pronunciation

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Note:
  • bor3 - vernacular;
  • ma3 - literary.
Note:
  • bé/bée - vernacular (bée - possibly incl. the surname sense);
  • má - literary (incl. surname).
Note:
  • bhê2 - vernacular (incl. surname);
  • ma2 - literary (used inLập tức,Qua loa);
  • ma6 - dialectal usage ( "careless, sloppy" ).
    • (Leizhou)
      • Leizhou Pinyin:bhe2/ ma2
      • SinologicalIPA:/bɛ³¹/, /ma³¹/
Note:
  • bhe2 - vernacular;
  • ma2 - literary.
Rime
Character Mã
Reading # 1/1
Initial(Thanh) Minh(4)
Final(Vận) Ma(98)
Tone(Điều) Rising (X)
Openness(Khép mở) Open
Division(Chờ) II
Fanqie MạcHạThiết
Baxter maeX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/mˠaX/
Pan
Wuyun 		/mᵚaX/
Shao
Rongfen 		/maX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/maɨX/
Li
Rong 		/maX/
Wang
Li 		/maX/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/maX/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		mǎ
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		maa5
Baxter–Sagartsystem 1.1 (2014)
Character Mã
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		mǎ
Middle
Chinese 		‹ mæX ›
Old
Chinese 		/*mˁraʔ/
English horse

Notesfor Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhangsystem (2003)
Character Mã
Reading # 1/1
No. 8715
Phonetic
component 		Mã
Rime
group 		Cá
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		Mã
Old
Chinese 		/*mraːʔ/

Definitions

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Mã

  1. horse(Classifier:Thấtmc;Chỉ／Chỉmcmn)
    KỵMã／KỵMã―qímǎ― to ride ahorse
  2. (Can weverify(+)this sense?)horse-shaped
  3. (xiangqi)knight;horse:🩪(sometimes only on the black side)
  4. (chess)knight
  5. (Cantonese)horse race(Classifier:Tràng／Tràngc)
  6. Original form ofMã／Mã(mǎ,“chip for counting” ).
  7. big(prefix for nouns)
    MãMuỗng／MãMuỗng―mǎsháo― ladle (bigspoon)
  8. (Southwestern Mandarin,includingSichuanese)tobully
  9. (Sichuanese)to keep astraight face
  10. (Cantonese,slang)subordinate
  11. Prefix for names of insects, also written asMã.
  12. Short forMã tổ／Mã tổ(Mǎzǔ,“Matsu” ).
  13. Used in transcription.
    MãNgươi đại phu／MãNgươi đại phu―Mǎ'ěrdàifū―Maldives
    MãĐạt thêm tư thêm／MãĐạt thêm tư thêm―Mǎdájiāsījiā―Madagascar
    A nuôiMã／A nuôiMã―Ālābāmǎ― Alabama
    MãTái／MãTái―Mǎsài―Marseille
    MãNi kéo／MãNi kéo―Mǎnílā―Manila
    MãLợi á／MãLợi á―Mǎlìyà― VirginMary
    MãKhắc sĩ uy／MãKhắc sĩ uy―Mǎkèshìwēi―Maxwell
    MãĐinh ・ lộ đức／MãĐinh ・ lộ đức―Mǎdīng・Lùdé―Martin Luther
    1. Short forMalaysia／Malaysia(Mǎláixīyà,“Malaysia” ).
      ĐạiMã／ĐạiMã―Dàmǎ―Malaysia
      TânMãTiếng Hoa／TânMãTiếng Hoa―Xīn-MǎHuáyǔ―Malayo-Singaporean Mandarin
    2. (Mainland China)Short forMarx／Marx(Mǎkèsī,“Marx” ).
    3. Short forChủ nghĩa Mác-Lê Nin／Chủ nghĩa Mác-Lê Nin(Mǎlièzhǔyì,“Marxism-Leninism”).
  14. asurname
    MãBướcPhương／MãBướcPhương―MǎBùfāng―MaBufang(Chinese warlord and member ofMa clique)
    MãAnhChín／MãAnhChín―MǎYīngjiǔ―MaYing-jeou(President of the Republic of China (Taiwan), 2008-2016)

Synonyms

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Dialectal synonyms ofMã( “horse” )[map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese Mã
Formal(Written Standard Chinese) Mã,Ngựa
Taxonomic name Mã
Northeastern Mandarin Beijing Mã,Con ngựa
Taiwan Mã
Harbin Mã
Malaysia Mã
Singapore Mã
Jilu Mandarin Jinan Mã
Jiaoliao Mandarin Yantai(Muping) Mã
Central Plains Mandarin Luoyang Mã
Wanrong Mã
Xi'an Mã
Xining Mã,Đạt mạo nhi mã
Lanyin Mandarin Yinchuan Mã
Lanzhou Mã
Ürümqi Mã
Southwestern Mandarin Chengdu Mã
Chongqing Mã,Con ngựa
Wuhan Mã
Guiyang Mã,Con ngựa
Liuzhou Mã
Jianghuai Mandarin Nanjing Mã
Yangzhou Mã
Hefei Mã
Cantonese Guangzhou Mã
Hong Kong Mã
Hong Kong(Kam Tin Weitou) Mã
Macau Mã
Guangzhou(Panyu) Mã
Guangzhou(Huashan, Huadu) Mã
Guangzhou(Conghua) Mã
Guangzhou(Zengcheng) Mã
Foshan Mã
Foshan(Shatou, Nanhai) Mã
Foshan(Shunde) Mã
Foshan(Sanshui) Mã
Foshan(Mingcheng, Gaoming) Mã
Zhongshan(Shiqi) Mã
Zhuhai(Qianshan, Xiangzhou) Mã
Zhuhai(Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka) Mã
Zhuhai(Doumen) Mã
Jiangmen(Baisha) Mã
Jiangmen(Xinhui) Mã
Taishan Mã
Kaiping(Chikan) Mã
Enping(Niu gian g) Mã
Heshan(Yayao) Mã
Dongguan Mã
Shenzhen(Shajing, Bao'an) Mã
Kuala Lumpur(Guangfu) Mã
Singapore(Guangfu) Mã
Gan Nanchang Mã
Lichuan Mã
Pingxiang Mã
Hakka Meixian Mã
Huizhou(Huicheng Bendihua) Mã
Dongguan(Qingxi) Mã
Shenzhen(Shatoujiao) Mã
Zhongshan(Nanlang Heshui) Mã
Guangzhou(Lütian, Conghua) Mã
Yudu Mã
Miaoli(N. Sixian) Ngựa con
Pingtung(Neipu; S. Sixian) Ngựa con
Hsinchu County(Zhudong; Hailu) Mã
Taichung(Dongshi; Dabu) Mã
Hsinchu County(Qionglin; Raoping) Mã
Yunlin(Lunbei; Zhao'an) Mã
Sungai Tapang, Batu Kawa(Hepo) Mã
Singkawang Mã
Huizhou Jixi Mã
Jin Taiyuan Con ngựa,Mã
Northern Min Jian'ou Mã
Jian'ou(Dikou) Mã
Zhenghe(Zhenqian) Mã
Pucheng(Shibei) Mã
Eastern Min Fuzhou Mã
Matsu Mã
Southern Min Xiamen Mã
Quanzhou Mã
Zhangzhou Mã
Zhao'an Mã
Kaohsiung Mã
Yilan Mã
Changhua(Lukang) Mã
Taichung Mã
Taichung(Wuqi) Mã
Tainan Mã
Taitung Mã
Hsinchu Mã
Penghu(Magong) Mã
Penang(Hokkien) Mã
Singapore(Hokkien) Mã
Manila(Hokkien) Mã
Chaozhou Mã
Shantou Mã
Shantou(Chenghai) Mã
Haifeng Mã
Singapore(Teochew) Mã
Leizhou Mã
Haikou Mã
Zhongshan Min Zhongshan(Longdu, Shaxi) Mã
Wu Shanghai Mã
Shanghai(Chongming) Mã
Suzhou Mã
Danyang Mã
Hangzhou Mã,Con ngựa
Ningbo Mã
Wenzhou Mã
Jinhua Mã
Xiang Changsha Mã
Loudi Mã
Shuangfeng Mã

Coordinate terms

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Compounds

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Descendants

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Sino-Xenic(Mã):
  • →Japanese:Mã(ば)(ba)
  • →Korean:마( mã )(ma)
  • →Vietnamese:mã(Mã,“(xiangqi)horse;(chess)knight”)

Others:

See also

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Chess piecesin Mandarin ·Cờ vuaQuân cờ／Cờ vuaQuân cờ(guójì xiàngqí qízǐ)(layout·text)
♚ ♛ ♜ ♝ ♞ ♟
Vương(wáng),
Quốc vương／Quốc vương(guówáng) 		Sau(hòu),
Hoàng Hậu(huánghòu) 		Xe／Xe(jū),
Lâu đài(chéngbǎo) 		Tượng(xiàng),
Giáo chủ(zhǔjiào) 		Mã／Mã(mǎ),
Kỵ sĩ／Kỵ sĩ(qíshì) 		Binh(bīng)

References

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Japanese

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Stroke order (Japan)
10 strokes

Kanji

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Mã

(Second grade kyōiku kanji)

  1. horse

Readings

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  • Go-on:め(me)
  • Kan-on:ば(ba,Jōyō)
  • Kan’yō-on:ま(ma)
  • Kun:うま(uma,Mã,Jōyō),ま(ma,Mã,Jōyō†)

Compounds

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Compounds

Etymology 1

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JapaneseWikipediahas an article on:
Wikipediaja
EnglishWikipediahas an article on:
Wikipedia
Mã(uma,muma): a pair ofhorses.
Kanjiin this term
Mã
うま
Grade: 2
kun'yomi

FromOld Japanese.First attested in theNihon Shokiof 720CE.[1]

The initialmsound was apparently emphasized,[1][2][3]possibly similar to*mma,becoming thenumaormuma,via processes also seen in the wordMai(ume, mume,“plum”).However, Pellard simply reconstructsProto-Japonic*umaand treats the mentioned processes as secondary.[4]

Themasound denoting "horse" is common to a number of languages of central Asia, where horses were first domesticated, which has led some to speculate about a possible cognate root (but no consensus on any kind of relation exists). CompareManchuᠮᠣᡵᡳᠨ(morin,“horse”),Mongolianморь(morʹ,“horse”),Korean말(mal,“horse”),MandarinMã／Mã(mǎ,“horse”),andProto-Indo-European*márkos(“horse”)and descendants such asIrishmarc(“horse”,archaic)orEnglishmare(“female horse”).More at*márkos.[3]

Pronunciation

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Noun

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Mã(うま)orMã(ウマ)•(uma)(counterĐầu)

  1. ahorse
  2. (shogi)a promotedbishop
  3. asawhorse:a four-legstandmade of wood or iron for supporting other materials
Usage notes
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Etymology 2

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Kanjiin this term
Mã
むま
Grade: 2
kun'yomi

Shift fromumaform, becoming more common starting from theHeian Period.[1]This change later reverted, andmumais now considered obsolete.

Pronunciation

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Noun

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Mã(むま)•(muma)

  1. (obsolete)ahorse
    • c.759,Man’yōshū,book 20,poem 4372:
      A chí thêm lương có thể mỹ tá nhưng nhiều ma sóng lý nhưng 閇 lý mỹ cần a lệ sóng lâu giang từ lâu a lương chí chăng mẫu nhiều chí đêm sóng bà nhưng lưu không phá nãi thế kĩ lâu giang hộ cùng sóng từ lâuMưu maCó thể đều mễ đều lâu chí có thể tá kĩ ngươi biết nhanh nhẹn vì hộ a lệ sóng y sóng 々 mưu mẫu Lữ 々々 sóng tá Kỳ đợi lâu ma chăng cần nhưng 閇 lợi lâu ma hộ ngươi
      [I] received [the permission of the deity to cross] the Asigara slope, and I will cross over [it] without looking back. Will a tough man hesitate to depart? I will go crossing Pupa barrier. [I] will stay and dwell at the cape in Tukushi (9) [that is easy to wear off like] ahorse’s hoof, and I will pray [and I] will ask [the deities] that everybody [at home would be] safe until return.[7]
    • c.935Tosa Nikki
      ふぢはら の ときざね, ふなぢなれど,むまの はなむけす.
      The truth of the time in Fujiwara, even if [I'm] at the boat road, [I] exchange my horse nose(suelement is unknown).
    • c.935Tosa Nikki
      けふはあをむまをおもへど, かひなし.
      Today even thinking about the bluehorse[New Year's festival] is in vain.

Etymology 3

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Kanjiin this term
Mã
んま
Grade: 2
irregular

Possibly from preform*Nma,ultimately fromProto-Japonic*Cma.

Pronunciation

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Noun

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Mã(んま)•(nma)

  1. (Fukui)ahorse

Etymology 4

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Kanjiin this term
Mã
んーま
Grade: 2
irregular

Possibly from preform*MCma,ultimately fromProto-Japonic*Cma.

Pronunciation

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Noun

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Mã(んーま)•(nnma)

  1. (Kagoshima)ahorse

Etymology 5

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Kanjiin this term
Mã
ば
Grade: 2
kan'on

FromMiddle ChineseMã(MCmaeX). TheHán âm(kan'on),so a later borrowing. CompareMin NanMã／Mã(bé, bée, má)where some of the readings show a shift from initial nasal/m-/to voiced plosive/b-/.

Pronunciation

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Affix

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Mã(ば)•(ba)

  1. horse
    Cạnh(けい)Mã(ば)
    keiba
    horse racing

References

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  1. ↑1.01.11.2“Mã”,inNước Nhật ngữ đại từ điển[Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎[1](in Japanese), concise edition,Tokyo:Shogakukan,2006
  2. ↑2.02.1Matsumura, Akira,editor (2006),Đại từ lâm[Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition,Tokyo:Sanseidō,→ISBN
  3. ↑3.03.1“ウマ／ mã ／うま”,inNgữ nguyên ngọn nguồn từ điển(Gogen Yurai Jiten,“Etymology Derivation Dictionary”)(in Japanese),2003–2024.
  4. ^Pellard, Thomas (2013) “Ryukyuan perspectives on the proto-Japonic vowel system”, in Frellesvig, Bjarke, Sells, Peter, editors,Japanese/Korean Linguistics‎[2],number20,CSLI Publications,→ISBN,page85
  5. ^“ウマ”,inNhật Bản の nguy cơ ngôn ngữ‎[3](in Japanese), National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics,2022
  6. ^NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute,editor (1998),NHK Nhật Bản ngữ phát âm アクセント từ điển[NHKJapanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese),Tokyo:NHK Publishing, Inc.,→ISBN
  7. ^Vovin (2013), p.128

Korean

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Hanja

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Mã(eumhun말마(mal ma))
Mã(eumhun성마(seong ma))

  1. hanjaform?of마(“horse(in compounds)”)

Compounds

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See also

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Okinawan

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Kanji

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Mã

(Second grade kyōiku kanji)

Readings

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Etymology

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First attested in theLiúqiú guăn yìyŭ(Lưu Cầu quán dịch ngữ), 1469-1470, asÔ mã(uma).[1]

In turn, fromProto-Ryukyuan*Mma,fromProto-Japonic*Cma.

Cognate withJapaneseMã(uma).

Pronunciation

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Noun

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Mã(っんま)('nma)

  1. ahorse
    Mã(っんま)ーThảo(くさ)Thực(か)むん.
    'Nmākusa kamun.
    Thehorseeats grass.

References

[edit]
  1. ^Lin, Chihkai (2015August)A Reconstruction of Old Okinawan: A Corpus-Based Approach‎[4],University of Hawaii at Manoa

Vietnamese

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Han character

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Mã:Hán Việtreadings:mã(Mạc(mạc)Hạ(hạ)Thiết(thiết))[1][2][3][4][5]
Mã:Nômreadings:mựa[1][2][6][4][5][7],mã[1][2][4][5][7],mở[1][2][3],mứa[6][5][7],mả[1][2],mỡ[1],ngựa[2]

Etymology 1

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Noun

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Mã•(mã)

  1. chữ Hánform ofmã(“horse”).
  2. chữ Hánform ofmã(“(xiangqi)aknight;anypiecelabeled withMã”).
Derived terms
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Derived terms

Etymology 2

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Adjective

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Mã•(mứa)

  1. Nômform ofmứa(“excessive”).

Etymology 3

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Verb

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Mã•(mựa)

  1. Nômform ofmựa(“(obsolete)don't”).

Etymology 4

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Noun

[edit]

Mã•(mả)

  1. Nômform ofmả(“tomb;grave”).
    • 19th century,Nguyễn Đình Chiểu(Nguyễn đình chiểu),Lục Vân Tiên(Liễu vân tiên)[Tale of Lục Vân Tiên], published1916,lines921–922:
      Tiểu(tiểu)Đồng(đồng)Trang(chẳng)Cập(kịp)Nuốt(hỏi)㗍(han)
      𦣰(nằm)Lăng(lăn)Biên(bên)Mã(mả)Khóc(khóc)Than(than)Bồi(bồi)Hồi(hồi)
      Before the page has a chance to pay a visit,
      He throws himself down upon thegrave,crying, lamenting, fretting.

Etymology 5

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Verb

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Mã•(mở)

  1. Nômform ofmở(“toopen”).

Etymology 6

[edit]

Noun

[edit]

Mã•(ngựa)

  1. Alternative form ofNgự(“Nômform ofngựa(“horse”).”)

References

[edit]
  1. ↑1.01.11.21.31.41.5Nguyễn (2014).
  2. ↑2.02.12.22.32.42.5Nguyễn et al. (2009).
  3. ↑3.03.1Trần (2004).
  4. ↑4.04.14.2Bonet (1899).
  5. ↑5.05.15.25.3Génibrel (1898).
  6. ↑6.06.1Hồ (1976).
  7. ↑7.07.17.2Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).
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