-ing

See also:Appendix:Variations of "ing"

English

Alternative forms

• -in',-in(colloquial)
• -ïng(rareornonstandard)

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key):/ɪŋ/,/ɪn/,/ən/

  • Audio(Southern England):

    (file)

  • Audio(US):

    (file)

• (southern North West England,northernWest Midlands,Derbyshire,SouthYorkshire,Kent)IPA^(key):/ɪŋɡ/
• (Kent,some dialects ofGeneral Australian)IPA^(key):/ɪŋk/,/ɪŋɡ/
  • Homophone:ink
• (USandCanada,sometimes)IPA^(key):/in/,/iŋ/
  • Homophone:een

Etymology 1

InheritedfromMiddle English-ing,fromOld English-ing,-ung(“-ing”,suffix forming nouns from verbs),fromProto-West Germanic*-ingu,*-ungu,fromProto-Germanic*-ingō,*-ungō.Cognate withSaterland Frisian-enge(“-ing”),West Frisian-ing(“-ing”),Dutch-ing(“-ing”),Low German-ung,-unk(“-ing”),German-ung(“-ing”),Danish-ing(“-ing”),Swedish-ing(“-ing”),Icelandic-ing(“-ing”).

Suffix

-ing

2. Used to formnounsor noun-like words (or elements of noun phrases) from verbs, denoting the act of doing something, an action, or the embodiment of an action.
   1. As true nouns.

      My hearingis not good.

      I have had several meetings with him.

   2. Asgerunds.

      Smokingis bad for your health.

      She has a habit of sleepinglate.

      I like meetingpeople.

3. Used to form nouns denoting materials or systems of objects which are used or employed in an action, or considered collectively.

   Roofingis material that is used to roof.

   Clothingis material with which one is clothed.

   The pipingis a system of pipes considered collectively.

Usage notes

Compare-tion,which can be applied to some (Latinate) nouns with almost the same meaning:

theactivatingof the weapon must be stopped

the act ofactivatingthe weapon must be stopped

theactivationof the weapon must be stopped

In the first and third phrases the words in bold are nouns, while in the second phrase the word in bold is a gerund and the noun isact,cognate withaction.

There was formerly a tendency for the final vowel of a word to contract when this suffix was added; hencecarrying/ˈkæɹ(j)ɪŋ/,/ˈkæɹ(j)ɪn/,following/ˈfɒlwɪŋ/,/ˈfɒlwɪn/,but analogy has usually now resulted in restoration of the full form (e.g.,/ˈkæɹi.ɪŋ/,/ˈfɒloʊ.ɪn/). The same kind of analogy has resulted in pronunciations ofbottlingsuch as/ˈbɒtəlɪŋ/,/ˈbɒtəlɪn/(for earlier/ˈbɒtlɪŋ/,/ˈbɒtlɪn/).

Synonyms

• (act of doing something, action):-tion,-ment
• (activity):-ery,-ment
• (collection):-age,-ery

Derived terms

(collection):

• batting
• bunting
• carpeting
• lining
• packing
• piping
• roofing
• siding
• ticking
• tubing
• wadding
• wiring

Translations

The translations below are a guide only. See individual words for precise translations.

to form gerunds

• Catalan:-ant(ca),-ent(ca),-int
• Danish:-ing(da)
• Dutch:-ing(nl)
• Esperanto:-ado(eo)
• Faroese:-ing
• Finnish:-minen(fi),-nti(fi)
• French:-age(fr)
• Galician:-ando,-endo,-indo
• German:Usezu(de)+ infinitive
• Greek:Useτο(el)(to)να(el)(na)+ second person singular present verb form
• Icelandic:-ing
• Interlingua:-ion,-mento,-ar,-er,-ir
• Italian:(first-conjugation gerund)-ando,(second- and third-conjugation gerund)-endo
• Japanese:(use a verb in continuative form)(i.e.,Vịnh ぎ(oyogi,“swimming”)fromVịnh ぐ(oyogu,“to swim”)),- の(ja)(-no),-こと(ja)(-koto)
• Khmer:ការ(km)(kaa)(prefix)
• Lao:please add this translation if you can
• Malay:peng--an
• Norwegian:-ing(no)
• Old Norse:-ing
• Polish:-anie(pl)n,-cien
• Portuguese:-ando(pt),-endo,-indo
• Romanian:-ând,-ind
• Spanish:-ando,-endo
• Thai:การ-(th)(gaan-),ความ-(th)(kwaam-)
• Turkish:-yor,-mekte,-makta

act of doing something

• Chinese:

  Mandarin:(with no suffix, verbs can be used as nouns)

• Danish:-ing(da)c
• Dutch:-ing(nl)f(nominalization of the infinitive)
• Faroese:-ingf
• French:-age(fr)m,-tion(fr)f,-ment(fr)m
• German:-ung(de)f
• Italian:-zionef(-azionef,-uzionef),-mentom,(informal)-aggiof
• Low German:-dn

  German Low German:-enf;-inge, -ingf,-unge, -ung

  Middle Low German:-tn;-ingef

• Norwegian:

  Bokmål:-ing(no)morf

  Nynorsk:-ingf

• Old Norse:-ingf
• Polish:-nien,-cien
• Romanian:-ref
• Russian:-а́ниеn(-ánije),-е́ниеn(-énije),-о́вкаf(-óvka),-ля(ru)f(-lja)
• Swedish:-ing(sv)c

materials, systems of objects

• Dutch:-werkn,-systeem(nl)n
• Faroese:-ingf
• Italian:-turaf
• Malay:-an(ms)
• Old Norse:-ingf

See also

• (collection):work

Etymology 2

FromMiddle English-inge,-ynge,alteration of earlier-inde,-ende,-and(see-and), fromOld English-ende(present participle ending),fromProto-West Germanic*-andī,fromProto-Germanic*-andz(present participle ending),fromProto-Indo-European*-onts.

Cognate withWest Frisian-end,Dutch-end,German-end,Swedish-and,Icelandic-andi,Gothic-𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃(-ands),-𐍉𐌽𐌳𐍃(-ōnds),Latin-ans,-ant-,Ancient Greek-ων(-ōn),Sanskrit-अन्त्(-ant).More at-and.

Suffix

-ing

2. Used to formpresent participlesofverbs.

   Rollingstones gather no moss.

   You are makinga mess.

   • a.2001,Brian Hall, “Beej's Guide to Network Programming”, “Using Internet Sockets”

     If you areconnect()ingto a remote machine[…]you can simply callconnect(),it'll check to see if the socket is unworthy, and willbind()it to an unused local port if necessary.

Translations

to form present participles

• Belizean Creole:di
• Chinese:

  Cantonese:Khẩn／Khẩn(yue)(gan²),Trụ(zyu⁶)

  Mandarin:(zh),(zh)(zhe),Đang ở(zh)(zhèngzài)

• Danish:-ende(da)
• Dutch:-end
• Esperanto:-anta(eo)
• Estonian:-v
• Faroese:-andi
• Finnish:-va(fi),-vä(fi)
• French:-ant(fr)
• German:-end(de)
• Hungarian:-ó(hu)/-ő(hu)
• Icelandic:-andi
• Interlingua:-ante,-ente,-iente
• Italian:(first-conjugation persent participle)-ante,(second- and third-conjugation present participle)-ente(it)
• Japanese:ている(ja)((-te iru))
• Khmer:កំពុង(km)(kɑmpuŋ)(prefix)
• Kurdish:

  Northern Kurdish:-er(ku),-ende(ku),-bar(ku)

• Lao:please add this translation if you can
• Latin:-ens
• Neapolitan:-anno,-enno
• Norwegian:-ende(no)
• Polish:-ący(pl)
• Portuguese:-ando(pt),-endo,-indo
• Russian:-ающий(-ajuščij),-ящий(-jaščij),-ущий(-uščij),-ющий(-juščij),-ащий(-aščij),-еющий(-ejuščij),-ующий(-ujuščij),-я́ющий(-jájuščij),-щий(-ščij)
• Spanish:-ando(verbs ending in-ar),-iendo,-yendo(verbs ending in-erand-ir)
• Swedish:-ande(sv)(verbs ending in-a),-ende(sv)(verbs ending in other letter than -a)
• Thai:กำลัง-(gamlang-)
• Turkish:-iyor,-yor,-uyor,-ıyor,-üyor,-en(tr),-yen(tr),-an,-yan

Etymology 3

FromMiddle English-ing,fromOld English-ing,fromProto-West Germanic*-ing,fromProto-Germanic*-ingaz.Akin toOld Norse-ingr.

Suffix

-ing

1. (no longerproductive)Formingderivativenouns (originally masculine), with thesense‘sonof,belongingto’, as inplacenames,patronymicsordiminutives;-ite.

   Ealing,Dorking,Reading,Worthing

   Browning,Channing,Ewing

   ‎Middle English*bunt+ ‎-ing→ ‎bunting

   ‎skill+ ‎-ing→ ‎shilling

   ‎fourth+ ‎-ing→ ‎farthing

2. Forming nouns having a specified quality, characteristic, or nature; of the kind of

   ‎sweet+ ‎-ing→ ‎sweeting

   ‎white+ ‎-ing→ ‎whiting

   ‎geld+ ‎-ing→ ‎gelding

Derived terms

terms derived using -ing (etymology 3)

• atheling
• gelding

See also

• -ed

Further reading

• James A. H. Murrayet al.,editors (1884–1928), “-ing¹”, inA New English Dictionary on Historical Principles(Oxford English Dictionary), volumeV (H–K),London:Clarendon Press,→OCLC,pages281–282.
• James A. H. Murrayet al.,editors (1884–1928), “-ing²”, inA New English Dictionary on Historical Principles(Oxford English Dictionary), volumeV (H–K),London:Clarendon Press,→OCLC,page282.
• James A. H. Murrayet al.,editors (1884–1928), “-ing³”, inA New English Dictionary on Historical Principles(Oxford English Dictionary), volumeV (H–K),London:Clarendon Press,→OCLC,page282,column 2.

Anagrams

• IGN,Gin,gin,nig,NGI,GNI

Danish

Alternative forms

• -ning

Etymology

FromOld Norse-ing,-ung,fromProto-Germanic*-ingō,*-ungō.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key):[eŋ]

Suffix

-ingc(singular definite-ingen,plural indefinite-inger)

1. added to a verb to form a noun for an action or process, the result of or the subject performing such action
2. designates a person of a certain origin or with certain qualities

Declension

Declension of-ing

common gender	Singular		Plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	-ing	-ingen	-inger	-ingerne
genitive	-ings	-ingens	-ingers	-ingernes

Synonyms

• (added to a verb to form a noun for an action or process):-else,-tion

Derived terms

Danish terms suffixed with -ing

Dutch

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key):/ɪŋ/

Etymology 1

InheritedfromMiddle Dutch-inge,fromOld Dutch-inga,-unga,-onga,fromProto-West Germanic*-ingu,*-ungu,fromProto-Germanic*-ungō.

Suffix

-ingf(plural-ingen,diminutive-inkjeor-ingetje)

1. Createsaction nounsreferring to theperformanceof a verb, or theresultthereof.

Derived terms

Dutch terms suffixed with -ing

Etymology 2

FromMiddle Dutch-inc,fromOld Dutch-ing,fromProto-West Germanic*-ing,fromProto-Germanic*-ingaz.

Alternative forms

• -inck,-ink

Suffix

-ingm

1. (no longerproductive)Forms nouns for a person originating from a place or family.

Usage notes

The suffix is no longer productive and is not generally recognised in this meaning. It is found in many place names and surnames, however.

East Central German

Alternative forms

• -üng

Suffix

-ing

1. (Erzgebirgisch)-ing

French

Etymology

BorrowedfromEnglish-ing.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key):/iŋ(ɡ)/
• (Canada)IPA^(key):/ɪŋ/

Suffix

-ingm(plural-ings)

1. Used to formverbal nounsfrom verbs

Usage notes

• Most terms suffixed with-ingare borrowed directly from English, but some are not (e.g.,surbooking,relooking).

Fuyug

Noun

-ing

1. plural marker

   amul(“woman”):amuling(“women”)

References

• Robert L. Bradshaw,Fuyug grammar sketch(2007)

German

Etymology

BorrowedfromEnglish-ing.Doublet of native-ung.

Suffix

-ingn(genitive-ings,plural-ings)

1. (in English borrowings)-ing
2. (productive,colloquial,humorous)Used to form verbal nouns which jocularly imply that something is a sport, trend, or fashionable concept.

   Extremsparing―extreme saving:saving money as a sport

   Cloud-Abwasching―cloud dish washing:dish washing following the cloud principle

   • 2001,Ulrich Busse,Typen von Anglizismen,in: Gerhard von Stickel (ed.),Neues und Fremdes im deutschen Wortschatz,De Gruyter, Berlin/Boston, p. 131-155 [only a mentioning]

     Typen von Anglizismen: vonder heilago geistbisExtremsparing– aufgezeigt anhand ausgewählter lexikographischer Kategorisierungen.

     Types of anglicisms: fromder heilago geist[Old High German for “the Holy Spirit” ] toextreme saving– illustrated by means of selected lexicographic categorisations.

   • 2012,Hans Zippert, “Wir verlagern das ganze Leben in die Internetwolke”,inWebsite ofDie Welt:

     Beim Cloud-Abwaschingwird das schmutzige Geschirr einfach ausgelagert, damit es keinen Speicherplatz in der Spüle wegnimmt und jeder darauf zugreifen kann, der die Lizenz zum Abwasch hat.

     In cloud dish washing,the dirty crockery is simply swapped out, so it doesn’t take up any memory in the kitchen sink and everybody who has a wash-up licence can access it.

Usage notes

• Productive use is chiefly restricted to ad-hoc formations (such as the two examples above).

German Low German

Etymology

InheritedfromMiddle Low German-inc,fromOld Saxon-ing,fromProto-West Germanic*-ing,fromProto-Germanic*-ingaz.

Suffix

-ing

1. (Mecklenburg-Vorpommern)Used to form diminutives.

Usage notes

• Nouns derived with this suffix are neuters and their plural end in-ings.
• The suffix can not only be added to nouns, but also to other parts of speech like adverbs.

Derived terms

• Bläuming
• Bräuding=Brüderchen(little brother)
• Dirning=Dirnken<Dirn(young girl)
• Döchting=Töchterchen(little daughter)
• fi xing
• Körling
• Nahwersching
• nipping

See also

• -ken
• (East Frisian)-je,-tje,-ke

References

• Carl Friedrich Müller,Zur Sprache Fritz Reuters. Ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis der mecklenburgischen Mundart,Leipzig: Max Hesse's Verlag, 1902, pp. 41-2, 47.

Hungarian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key):[iŋɡ]

Suffix

-ing

1. (frequentativesuffix)Added to averbor to anonomatopoeicstem to form averbdenoting repetitive action.

   kering(“to circulate, orbit”)

Usage notes

• (frequentative suffix) Variants:

  -ongis added to back-vowel words

  ‎hajol(“to bend”)+ ‎-ing→ ‎hajlong(“to bow repetitively”)

  -engis added to unrounded front-vowel words

  ‎derül(“to clear up”)+ ‎-ing→ ‎dereng(“to dawn; to appear vaguely”)

  -öngis added to rounded front-vowel words

  ‎őrül(“to go insane”)+ ‎-ing→ ‎őrjöng(“to be wild, furious, raging”)

  ‎düh(“fury, rage”)+ ‎-ing→ ‎dühöng(“to be in a raging temper”)

  -angis added to back-vowel words (rare)

  lappang(“to lurk”)

  -ingis added to front-vowel words (rare)

  kering(“to circulate, orbit”)

Derived terms

Hungarian verbs suffixed with -ing

See also

• Appendix:Hungarian suffixes

References

• -ngin Zaicz, Gábor (ed.).Etimológiai szótár: Magyar szavak és toldalékok eredete(‘Dictionary of Etymology: The origin of Hungarian words and affixes’). Budapest: Tinta Könyvkiadó, 2006, page 568,→ISBN.(See alsoits 2nd edition.)

Icelandic

Etymology

InheritedfromOld Norse-ing,fromProto-Germanic*-ingō,*-ungō.

Suffix

-ingf

1. -ing;Indicates an action performed by a verb.

Derived terms

Icelandic terms suffixed with -ing

Middle English

Etymology 1

InheritedfromOld English-ing,-ung,fromProto-West Germanic*-ungu,fromProto-Germanic*-ingō,*-ungō.

Alternative forms

• -inge,-yng,-ynge,-ingue,-inng,-ung,-unge,-eng,-enge

Pronunciation

• (mainly Early ME)IPA^(key):/unɡ/,[uŋɡ]
• IPA^(key):/inɡ/,[iŋɡ]

Suffix

-ing

1. Forms gerunds from verbs, typically referring to the process of performing the verb, but also referring to the effect of the verb, what the verb affects, the capability or permission of performing the verb, or that which performs the verb.
2. Forms collective nouns from verbs meaning "to utilise (a given thing)".

Derived terms

Middle English terms suffixed with -ing

Descendants

• English:-ing,-in',-in
• Scots:-in,-in',-ing
• Yola:-een,-en

References

• “-ing(e,suf.(1).”,inMED Online,Ann Arbor, Mich.:University of Michigan,2007,retrieved2018-06-27.

Etymology 2

FromOld English-ing,fromProto-West Germanic*-ing,fromProto-Germanic*-ingaz.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key):/inɡ/,[iŋɡ]

Suffix

-ing

2. Forms diminutives; these can be either affective or insulting.
3. (marginally productive)Forms nouns meaning "son of".

Descendants

• English:-ing,-in'
• Scots:-in,-in',-ing

References

• “-ing,suf.”,inMED Online,Ann Arbor, Mich.:University of Michigan,2007,retrieved2018-06-27.

Norwegian Bokmål

Etymology

InheritedfromOld Norse-ingrm,-ingim,-ingf,fromProto-Germanic*-ingō,*-ungō.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key):/ɪŋ/
• Rhymes:-ɪŋ

Suffix

-ingmorform(see below)

1. Used to formverbal nounsfrom verbs;-ing.

   Han var lei avmasing.―He was tired ofnagging.

2. Used to formdemonyms.

   ‎Færøyene+ ‎-ing→ ‎færøying

Usage notes

The gender is usuallymorf(in Bokmål) if the word ended in-ingin Old Norse andmif it ended in-ingror-ingi.Living things likeislending(“Icelander”)anddumming(“idiot”)are usuallymwhilst inanimate things likestråling(“radiation”)andeting(“the act of eating”)usually aremorf.

Derived terms

Norwegian Bokmål terms suffixed with -ing

• austlending
• estlending
• finlending
• flamlending
• færøying
• grønlending
• helgelending
• hjaltlending(Nynorsk)
• hollending
• hordalending
• innlending
• irlending
• islending
• leiglending(Nynorsk)
• leilending(Bokmål)
• lettlending
• nederlending
• newzealending
• nordlending
• nyzealending
• shetlending
• swazilending
• sørlending
• thailending
• utlending
• vestlending
• viking
• østlending

See also

• -ning

References

• “-ing”inThe Bokmål Dictionary.

Norwegian Nynorsk

Etymology 1

InheritedfromOld Norse-ingf.

Suffix

-ingf

1. Used to formverbal nounsfrom verbs;-ing.

Derived terms

Norwegian Nynorsk terms suffixed with -ing

Etymology 2

FromOld Norse-ingrm,-ingim.

Suffix

-ingm

1. Used to formdemonyms.

   ‎Færøyane+ ‎-ing→ ‎færøying

See also

• -ning

References

• “-ing”inThe Nynorsk Dictionary.

Ojibwe

Final

-ing

1. used in certain adverbs

Derived terms

• ingoding
• ningoding

Suffix

-ing

1. A suffix denoting thelocativeform of a noun

See also

• -ang
• -aang
• -iing
• -ng
• -ong

References

• The Ojibwe People's Dictionaryhttps://ojibwe.lib.umn.edu/word-part/ing-final

Old English

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key):/inɡ/,[iŋɡ]

Etymology 1

Variant of-ung.

Alternative forms

• -ung

Suffix

-ingf

1. Formingnounsfromverbs,indicatingaction,processormaterial.

Declension

Declension of-ing(strong ō-stem)

Case	Singular	Plural
nominative	-ing	-inga,-inge
accusative	-inge	-inga,-inge
genitive	-inge	-inga
dative	-inge	-ingum

Derived terms

Old English terms suffixed with -ing

Etymology 2

FromProto-West Germanic*-ing,fromProto-Germanic*-ingaz.

Suffix

-ingm

1. Formingderivativesof nouns withsenseof ‘belongingto, son of’.

Declension

Declension of-ing(strong a-stem)

Case	Singular	Plural
nominative	-ing	-ingas
accusative	-ing	-ingas
genitive	-inges	-inga
dative	-inge	-ingum

Derived terms

Old English terms suffixed with -ing

Old Norse

Alternative forms

• -ung

Etymology

InheritedfromProto-Germanic*-ingō,*-ungō.

Suffix

-ingf

1. Forms gerund nouns from verbs

Declension

Declension of-ing(strongō-stem)

feminine	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	-ing	-ingin	-ingar	-ingarnar
accusative	-ing	-ingina	-ingar	-ingarnar
dative	-ingu	-ingunni	-ingum	-ingunum
genitive	-ingar	-ingarinnar	-inga	-inganna

Note the dative-uthat is a staple of the declension of these words

Derived terms

Old Norse terms suffixed with -ing

Descendants

• Icelandic:-ing,-ung
• Faroese:-ing
• Norwegian Nynorsk:-ing
• Norwegian Bokmål:-ing
• Old Swedish:-ing,-ung
  • Swedish:-ing,-ung(fossilized)
• Danish:-ing

See also

• -anf
• -ingim,-ingrm

Old Sundanese

Etymology

Fromaing(“I, me”).

Pronoun

-ing

1. cliticpossessiveofaing(“I, me”);my
   • 14th century,Pendakian Sri Ajnyana (Kropak 625)[The Ascension of Sri Ajnyana]‎^[2],line10:

     "...Saurna sang Sri Ajnyana: `Adiing,ambet ka dini. Mulah ceurik nangtung dinya!... "

     "Sri Ajnyana said: 'Mylittle sister, please come here. Do not weep, standing there! "

   anaking–mychild

   ambuing–mymother

Descendants

• Sundanese:-ing

Old Swedish

Etymology

InheritedfromOld Norse-ing,fromProto-Germanic*-ingō,*-ungō.

Suffix

-ing

1. Forms gerund nouns from verbs

Declension

Declension of-ing(strongō-stem)

masculine	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	-ing	-ingin	-ingar	-ingarnar,-inganar
accusative	-ing	-ingina	-ingar	-ingarnar,-inganar
dative	-ing,-ingo	-inginni,-inginne	-ingum,-ingom	-ingumin,-ingomen
genitive	-ingar	-ingarinnar	-inga	-inganna

Descendants

• Swedish:-ing,-ung

Ottawa

Suffix

-ing

1. locative

References

Jerry Randolph Valentine (2001)Nishnaabemwin Reference Grammar,University of Toronto, page194

Polish

Etymology

BorrowedfromEnglish-ing.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key):/iŋk/
• Rhymes:-iŋk
• Syllabification:[please specify syllabification manually]

Suffix

-ingminan

1. Forms colloquial or humorous nouns.

   ‎grzyb+ ‎-ing→ ‎grzybing

Declension

Declension of-ing

	singular	plural
nominative	-ing	-ingi
genitive	-ingu	-ingów
dative	-ingowi	-ingom
accusative	-ing	-ingi
instrumental	-ingiem	-ingami
locative	-ingu	-ingach
vocative	-ingu	-ingi

Derived terms

Polish terms suffixed with -ing

Scots

Suffix

-ing

1. Alternative form of-in(“ing”)

Spanish

Alternative forms

• -in

Etymology

Unadapted borrowingfromEnglish-ing.

Suffix

-ingm(noun-forming suffix,plural-ings)

1. formsverbal nounsfrom verbs

Usage notes

• Most terms suffixed with-ingare borrowed directly from English, but some are not (e.g.,footing(pseudo-anglicism),puenting,edredoning).

Usage notes

According toRoyal Spanish Academy(RAE) prescriptions, unadapted foreign words should be written in italics in a text printed in roman type, and vice versa, and in quotation marks in a manuscript text or when italics are not available. In practice, this RAE prescription is not always followed.

Derived terms

Spanish terms suffixed with -ing

Swedish

Etymology 1

InheritedfromOld Swedish-ing,-ung,fromOld Norse-ing,-ung,fromProto-Germanic*-ingō,*-ungō.Cognate withGerman-ung.

Suffix

-ingcorf

2. Used to formverbal nounsfrom verbs;-ation.

Derived terms

Swedish terms suffixed with -ing (verbal noun)

Related terms

• -ning
• -ung(archaic)

Etymology 2

FromOld Swedish-inger,fromOld Norse-ingr,fromProto-Germanic*-ingaz.Cognate withIcelandic-ingur,English-ing(derivative suffix).

Suffix

-ingcorm

2. (rarely productive)added to a noun stem, causing i-mutation (if applicable), forming a noun denoting an inhabitant or original of a particular place, a descendant of a person, etc.;-er,-ite.See also-ling.

   ‎Skåne(“Scania”)+ ‎-ing→ ‎skåning(“Scanian”)

   ‎Island(“Iceland”)+ ‎-ing→ ‎islänning(“Icelander”)

4. (rarely productive)diminutive suffix

   ‎get(“goat”)+ ‎-ing→ ‎geting(“wasp”)

   ‎släkt(“(extended) family”)+ ‎-ing→ ‎släkting(“relative”)

   ‎galen(“crazy”)+ ‎-ing→ ‎galning(“crazy person, lunatic, madman”)

Derived terms

Swedish terms suffixed with -ing (demonym)

Swedish terms suffixed with -ing (diminutive)

Anagrams

• gin,nig

Tagalog

Alternative forms

• -ng—for roots ending in vowels

Etymology

Possibly fromSpanish-ín.ComparetsikitingwithSpanishchiquitínand list of Derived terms.

Pronunciation

• (Standard Tagalog)IPA^(key):/ˈiŋ/[ˈiŋ]
• Rhymes:-iŋ
• Syllabification:-ing

Suffix

-ing(proper noun-forming suffix,Baybayin spellingᜒᜅ᜔)

1. diminutivesuffix,used to formdiminutivesending inconsonants,especiallygiven names,often one already shortened or with a diminutive suffix.

Derived terms

• Tagalog terms suffixed with -ing

See also

• -ay
• -ita
• -ito
• -ng
• -oy

Uzbek

Etymology

(Thisetymologyis missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at theEtymology scriptorium.)

Suffix

postconsonantal	-ing
postvocalic	-ng

Other scripts
Yangi Imlo
Cyrillic	-инг‍
Latin	‍
Perso-Arabic (Afghanistan)

-ing

1. second-person singular possessive suffix, used after a noun ending in a consonant

   Bu kitobing.―This isyourbook.

Usage notes

When directly addressing another person, it is polite to use the plural-ingizor-ngizforms.