Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/pénkʷe
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ThisProto-Indo-Europeanentry containsreconstructed terms and roots.As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directlyattested,but are hypothesized to have existed based oncomparativeevidence. |
Proto-Indo-European
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Usually explained as a derivation from the words for “fist” and “finger”:
- Proto-Indo-European*pn̥kʷ-sti-s(“fist”)>Proto-Germanic*funhstiz>*funstiz>Proto-West Germanic*fūsti(>Old Englishfȳst(“fist”),Old Frisianfest(“fist”),Old High Germanfūst(“fist”));Proto-Slavic*pę̑stь,Lithuaniankumštis.
- Proto-Indo-European*penkʷ-ró-s(“finger”)>Proto-Germanic*fingraz(“finger”)(>Gothic𐍆𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍂𐍃(figgrs,“finger”),Old Norsefingr,Old Englishfinger,Old High Germanfinger)
Ultimately all of these forms may go back to a verbal stem*penkʷ-(“to take in hand, to handle”),though such a verb is not attested in any of the daughter languages. In contrast, Blažek (1999: 229) argues that the meanings “fist”, etc. are primary.[1]A relation to*ponkʷ-to-(“all, whole”)has also been suggested, possibly seen inLatincūnctusandHittite𒉺𒀭𒆪𒍑(pa-an-ku-uš,“family”),thus*pénkʷemeaning “the whole (hand)”.[2]
Numeral
[edit]| < 4 | 5 | 6 > |
|---|---|---|
| Cardinal:*pénkʷe Ordinal:*penkʷetós[3] | ||
*pénkʷe
Declension
[edit]Uninflected.
Descendants
[edit]- Proto-Albanian:*penče(see there for further descendants)
- Anatolian:
- Luwian:𒉺𒀭𒋫(paⁿta)
- Armenian:
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:*pénki(see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Celtic:*kʷenkʷe(see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic:*fimf(see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic:*pénkʷe(see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian:*pánča(see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic:*kʷenkʷe(see there for further descendants)
- Messapic:𐌐𐌄𐌍𐌊𐌀-(penka-)
- Phrygian:πινκε(pinke)
- Proto-Tocharian:*p'ä́ñćä[4](see there for further descendants)
References
[edit]- ^Franklin E. Horowitz (1992). “On the Proto-Indo-European etymon for ‘hand’.”WORD―Journal of the International Linguistic Association,43(3), 411-419.
- ^Sihler, Andrew L.(1995)New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin,Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press,→ISBN
- ^Fortson, Benjamin W.(2004, 2010)Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction,Oxford: Blackwell
- ^Adams, Douglas Q.(2013) “piś”, inA Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged(Leiden Studies in Indo-European;10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi,→ISBN,pages415-416
- Blažek, Václav(1999)Numerals: comparative-etymological analyses of numeral systems and their implications(Opera Universitatis Masarykianae Brunensis, Facultas philosophica;322)[1],Brno: Masarykova Univerzita
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