dur

See also:Appendix:Variations of "dur"

English

Etymology 1

FromGermanDur,fromLatindūrus(“hard, firm, vigorous”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key):/duːɹ/

Adjective

dur(notcomparable)

1. (music,obsolete)Major;in the major mode.

   Cdur

See also

• dur-brain(etymologically unrelated)

Further reading

• “dur”,inWebster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary,Springfield, Mass.:G. & C. Merriam,1913,→OCLC.
• “dur”,inThe Century Dictionary[…],New York, N.Y.:The Century Co.,1911,→OCLC.

Etymology 2

Interjection

dur

1. Alternative form ofduh(“indicating stupidity etc.”)
   • 2015,Liberty Kratz-Gullickson,Write Like a Girl,page29:

     "Well,dur.I'm not that stupid, I knew that. "

Etymology 3

Noun

dur(pluraldurordurs)

1. (Belize,slang)A marijuana dealer.
   • 2023June 13, Jules Vasquez, “Who Put Marybeth's Fraudulent Approval on Chester's Desk?”, in7 News Belize‎^[2]:

     He began to tell me that Marybeth is accused or it is alleged she is one of thedurin Crooked Tree.

Anagrams

• Urd,rud,urd,Rud,RUD,Dru

Aragonese

Alternative forms

• duro

Etymology

Akin toCatalandur,fromLatindūrus.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key):/ˈdu(ɾ)/
• Rhymes:-u(ɾ)
• Syllabification:dur

Adjective

dur(pluraldurs)

1. hard

References

• “duro”,inAragonario, diccionario castellano–aragonés(in Spanish)

Azerbaijani

Etymology

BorrowedfromClassical Persianدور(dūr).

Adjective

Other scripts

Cyrillic		дур
Abjad		دور

dur(comparativedahadur,superlativeəndur)

1. (Classical Azerbaijani)far

Further reading

• “dur”inObastan.

Catalan

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key):(Central,Balearic)[ˈdu]
• IPA^(key):(Valencia)[ˈduɾ]
• Rhymes:-u(ɾ)

Etymology 1

InheritedfromLatindūrus.

Adjective

dur(femininedura,masculine pluraldurs,feminine pluraldures)

1. hard(resistant to pressure)

   Antonym:tou

2. difficult

   Synonym:difícil

   Antonym:fàcil

Derived terms

• aigua dura
• anar dur
• cap dur
• disc dur
• durament
• durbec
• duròmetre
• endurir
• ou dur
• pell dura

Related terms

• duresa
• durícia

Etymology 2

InheritedfromLatindūcere,fromProto-Italic*doukō,fromProto-Indo-European*déwketi,from the root*dewk-.

Verb

dur(first-person singular presentduc,first-person singular preteriteduguí,past participledut)

1. (transitive)tocarry

   Synonym:portar

2. (transitive)tobring

   Synonym:portar

Conjugation

Conjugation ofdur(second conjugation,irregular, with velar infix)

infinitive			dur
gerund			duent
past participle				masculine		feminine
		singular		dut		duta
		plural		duts		dutes
person		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
indicative		jo	tu	ell/ella vostè	nosaltres nós	vosaltres vós	ells/elles vostès
	present	duc	duus,dus	duu,du	duem	dueu	duen
	imperfect	duia	duies	duia	dúiem	dúieu	duien
	future	duré	duràs	durà	durem	dureu	duran
	preterite	duguí	dugueres	dugué	duguérem	duguéreu	dugueren
	conditional	duria	duries	duria	duríem	duríeu	durien
subjunctive		jo	tu	ell/ella vostè	nosaltres nós	vosaltres vós	ells/elles vostès
	present	dugui	duguis	dugui	duguem	dugueu	duguin
	imperfect	dugués	duguessis	dugués	duguéssim	duguéssiu	duguessin
imperative		—	tu	vostè	nosaltres	vosaltres vós	vostès
	affirmative	—	duu,du	dugui	duguem	dueu	duguin
	negative(no)	—	noduguis	nodugui	noduguem	nodugueu	noduguin

In Balearic, second person plural present indicative isduis,first person plural present indicative isduim.

Derived terms

• dur a plaça
• dur a terme

Related terms

• abduir
• conduir
• deduir
• duta
• eduir
• induir
• introduir
• produir
• reduir
• seduir
• subduir
• traduir

Further reading

• “dur”inDiccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició,Institut d’Estudis Catalans.
• “dur”,inGran Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana,Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana,2024
• “dur”inDiccionari normatiu valencià,Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua.
• “dur”inDiccionari català-valencià-balear,Antoni Maria Alcover and Francesc de Borja Moll, 1962.

Czech

Etymology

BorrowedfromGermanDur.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key):[ˈdur]
• Hyphenation:dur

Noun

durn(indeclinable)

1. (music)major

Dalmatian

Alternative forms

• duor

Etymology

FromLatindāre,present active infinitive ofdō.

Verb

dur(first-person singular presentda,past participledut)

1. togive

Danish

Etymology

FromGermanDur,fromLatindurus(“hard”).

Noun

dur

1. (music)major

Antonyms

• mol

Franco-Provençal

Etymology

InheritedfromLatindūrus.

Adjective

dur(femininedura,masculine pluraldurs,feminine pluraldures)(ORB, broad)

1. hard

   Antonym:dox

References

• durin DicoFranPro:Dictionnaire Français/Francoprovençal– ondicofranpro.llm.umontreal.ca
• durin Lo trèsor Arpitan – onarpitan.eu

French

Etymology

InheritedfromOld French,fromLatindūrus,fromProto-Indo-European*deru-,*drew-(“hard, fast”).

Pronunciation

• (Europe)IPA^(key):/dyʁ/
• (Canada)IPA^(key):/d͡zʏʁ/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes:-yʁ

Adjective

dur(femininedure,masculine pluraldurs,feminine pluraldures)

1. hard,tough(difficult to penetrate)
2. hard(not soft)
3. hard,tough(not easy, difficult)
4. harsh(e.g. harsh conditions)
5. (art)harsh(of a penstroke)

Derived terms

• à la dure
• avoir la peau dure
• avoir la vie dure
• croire dur comme fer
• c’est quand le jeu devient dur que les durs commencent à jouer
• disque dur
• drogue dure
• dur à cuire
• dur de la feuille
• dur d’oreille
• dur en affaires
• durement
• dureté
• eau dure
• en dur
• palais dur
• pur et dur
• science dure
• signe dur

Adverb

dur

1. hard

   travaillerdur―to work hard

Noun

durm(pluraldurs)

1. firmness,solidity

Noun

durm(pluraldurs,femininedure)

1. hard case(tough person)

Further reading

• “dur”,inTrésor de la langue française informatisé[Digitized Treasury of the French Language],2012.

Anagrams

• dru

Interlingua

Adjective

dur(comparativeplusdur,superlativeleplusdur)

1. hard,notsoft

Kalasha

Etymology

FromSanskritद्वार(dvāra),ultimately fromProto-Indo-European*dʰwer-(“door”).

Noun

dur(Arabicدوُر)

1. house

   Synonyms:abádi,khatumán,ku,kuš

2. door

Latvian

Verb

dur

1. inflection ofdurt:
   1. second/third-personsingularpresentindicative
   2. third-personpluralpresentindicative
   3. second-personsingularimperative
2. (with the particlelai)third-personsingularimperativeofdurt
3. (with the particlelai)third-personpluralimperativeofdurt

Lombard

Alternative forms

• dür(Modern orthography)

Etymology

FromLatindūrus,fromProto-Italic*dūros,fromProto-Indo-European*duh₂-ró-s(“long”),from*dweh₂-(“far, long”).Cognate withAncient Greekδηρός(dērós,“long”),Sanskritदूर(dūrá,“distant, far, long”).

Pronunciation

• (Milan)IPA^(key):/dyːr/

Adjective

durm(feminine singulardura,masculine and feminine pluraldur)(Classical Milanese orthography)

1. hard
2. tough,harsh
3. stringy(of food)

References

• Francesco Cherubini, Vocabolario milanese-italiano, Volume 2, 1843, p. 58

Occitan

Etymology

FromLatindūrus,fromProto-Indo-European*deru-,*drew-(“hard, fast”).Attested from the 12th century.

Pronunciation

• Audio:

  (file)

Adjective

durm(feminine singulardura,masculine pluraldurs,feminine pluralduras)

1. hard(resistant to pressure)
2. difficult

Derived terms

• durament

Related terms

• duretat

Polish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key):/ˈdur/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes:-ur
• Syllabification:dur

Etymology 1

InheritedfromProto-Slavic*durь.

Noun

durminan

1. typhus(any of several similar diseases, characterized by high recurrent fever, caused byRickettsiabacteria)

   Synonym:tyfus

   durbrzuszny―typhoidfever

   durplamisty―epidemictyphus

   durpowrotny―relapsingfever

   durrzekomy―paratyphoidfever

2. (literary)daze,stupor,befuddlement(state of confusion caused by some strong stimulus, such as love)

   Synonym:zamroczenie

Declension

Declension ofdur

	singular
nominative	dur
genitive	duru
dative	durowi
accusative	dur
instrumental	durem
locative	durze
vocative	durze

Related terms

adjective

• durny

noun

• dureń

verb

• durzyćimpf

Etymology 2

BorrowedfromGermanDur.

Noun

durminan(indeclinable,related adjectivedurowy)

1. (music)major(scale)

   Synonym:major

   Antonyms:minor,moll

Adjective

dur(notcomparable,no derived adverb)

1. (music)major(scale)

   Synonyms:durowy,major,majorowy

   Antonyms:minor,minorowy,moll,mollowy

Further reading

• dur IinWielki słownik języka polskiego,Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
• dur IIinWielki słownik języka polskiego,Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
• durin Polish dictionaries at PWN

Romani

Etymology

FromSanskritदूर(dūrá),fromProto-Indo-Aryan*duHrás,fromProto-Indo-Iranian*duHrás,fromProto-Indo-European*duh₂-ró-s,from*dweh₂-(“far, long”).Cognate withHindiदूर(dūr),Bengaliদূর(dur),Kamkata-viribādūř,Persianدور(dur).

Adverb

dur

1. far

Romanian

Etymology

BorrowedfromFrenchdur,Latindūrus.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key):/dur/

Adjective

durmorn(feminine singulardură,masculine pluralduri,feminine and neuter pluraldure)

1. hard,tough

   Synonym:tare

2. rough,harsh,severe

   Synonyms:aspru,sever

Declension

Declension ofdur

		singular			plural
		masculine	neuter	feminine	masculine	neuter	feminine
nominative/ accusative	indefinite	dur		dură	duri	dure
	definite	durul		dura	durii	durele
genitive/ dative	indefinite	dur		dure	duri	dure
	definite	durului		durei	durelor	durilor

Related terms

• duritate

Slovak

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key):[dur]

Noun

durminan(genitivesingularduru,nominativepluraldury,genitivepluraldurov,declension pattern ofdub)

1. (music)major scale

Declension

Declension ofdur

	singular	plural
nominative	dur	dury
genitive	duru	durov
dative	duru	durom
accusative	dur	dury
locative	dure	duroch
instrumental	durom	durmi

References

• “dur”,inSlovníkový portál Jazykovedného ústavu Ľ. Štúra SAV[Dictionary portal of the Ľ. Štúr Institute of Linguistics, Slovak Academy of Science] (in Slovak),https://slovnik.juls.savba.sk,2024

Sursurunga

Adjective

dur

1. dirty

Further reading

• Sursurunga Organised Phonology Data(2011)
• Don Hutchisson,Sursurunga grammar essentials(1975)

Swedish

Pronunciation

• Rhymes:-ʉːr

Noun

durc

1. (music)major scale

Related terms

• durackord
• durskala
• durton
• durtonard

References

• durinSvenska Akademiens ordlistaöver svenska språket(8th ed., 1923)

Turkish

Turkish stop sign

Verb

dur

1. second-personsingularimperativeofdurmak

Welsh

Etymology

FromMiddle Welshdur,fromProto-Brythonic*dʉr,fromLatindūrus(“hard”).

Pronunciation

• (North Wales)IPA^(key):/dɨːr/
• (South Wales)IPA^(key):/diːr/
• Rhymes:-ɨːr
• Homophone:dir(South Wales)

Noun

durm(uncountable)

1. steel

Adjective

dur(feminine singulardur,pluraldur,notcomparable)

1. (made of)steel
2. (figurative)steely,hard,cruel

Mutation

Welsh mutation
radical	soft	nasal	aspirate
dur	ddur	nur	unchanged
Note:Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.