essere

See also:èssere

Afar

Pronunciation

IPA^(key):/esːeˈre/ [ʔɛsːɛˈɾɛ]
Hyphenation:es‧se‧re

Verb

esseré

(transitive)ask
- Saytun Qhuraan kee kay maqnah tarjamaty Qafar afal tani[The clear Qur'an and its explanation translated into the Afar language]‎^[3],Suurat Al-Faatica, verse 5:
  Diggah nanu Ni Rabbow koo inkittosnaah Qibaada dibuk koo caglisna, nanu ni-caagiidah inkih cato kooesserra.
  Our God, with strength we make you whole, only you we give [our] adoration,weas oneaskyou for help with our affairs.
(transitive)visit

Conjugation

Conjugation ofessere(type II verb)

1st singular

2nd singular

3rd singular

1st plural

2nd plural

3rd plural

m

f

perfective

V-affirmative

N-affirmative

esseré

esseré

negative

imperfective

V-affirmative

N-affirmative

negative

prospective

V-affirmative

esseréliyoh
esseréyyoh

esserélitoh
esseréttoh

esseréleh

esserélinoh
esserénnoh

esserélitoonuh
esseréttoonuh

N-affirmative

esseréliton
esserétton

esserélon

conjunctive I

V-affirmative

N-affirmative

negative

esseréwáyuh

esseréwáytuh

esseréwáyuh

esseréwáytuh

esseréwáynuh

esseréwaytóonuh

esseréwóonuh

conjunctive II

V-affirmative

N-affirmative

negative

esseréwáankeh

esseréwaytánkeh

esseréwáankeh

esseréwaytánkeh

esseréwaynánkeh

esseréwaytaanánkeh

esseréwáankeh

jussive

affirmative

negative

esseréwáay

esseréwáytay

esseréwáay

esseréwáytay

esseréwáynay

esseréwaytóonay

esseréwóonay

past
conditional

affirmative

negative

esseréwanniyóy

esseréwannitóy

esseréwannáy

esseréwanninóy

esseréwannitoonúy

esseréwanninoonúy

present
conditional I

affirmative

negative

esseréwéek

esseréwayték

esseréwéek

esseréwayték

esseréwaynék

esseréwayteeník

esseréweeník

singular

plural

singular

plural

consultative

affirmative

esseróo

esserróo

imperative

affirmative

negative

negative

-h converb

-i form

-k converb

-in(n)uh converb

-innuk converb

infinitive

indefinite participle

V-focus

N-focus

Compound tenses
past perfect		affirmative perfective+perfective ofénorsugé
present perfect		affirmative perfective+imperfective ofén
future perfect		affirmative perfective+prospective ofsugé
past progressive		-k converb+imperfective ofénorsugé
present progressive		affirmative imperfect+imperfective ofén
future progressive		-k converb+prospective ofsugé
immediate future		affirmative conjunctive I+imperfective ofwée
imperfect potential I		affirmative conjunctive I+imperfective oftakké
imperfect potential II	affirmative	imperfective+-m+*takké*
imperfect potential II	negative	esseré+imperfective ofwée+-m+*takké*
perfect potential	affirmative	perfective+-m+*takké*
perfect potential	negative	esseré+perfective ofwée+-m+*takké*
present conditional II	affirmative	imperfective+object pronoun+*tekkék*
present conditional II	negative	esseré+perfective ofwée+object pronoun+*tekkék*
perfect conditional	affirmative	perfective+imperfective ofsugé+-k
perfect conditional	negative	perfective+*sugé+imperfective ofwée*-k
irrealis		esseré+perfective ofxaaxéorraaré

References

E. M. Parker, R. J. Hayward (1985) “essere”, inAn Afar-English-French dictionary (with Grammatical Notes in English),University of London,→ISBN

Italian

Etymology

InheritedfromEarly Medieval Latinessere,fromLatinesse.The past participlestatois fromLatinstātus.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key):/ˈɛs.se.re/
Audio: (file)
Rhymes:-ɛssere
Hyphenation:ès‧se‧re

Verb

èssere(first-person singular presentsóno,first-person singular past historicfùi,past participlestàto,first-person singular imperfectèro,first-person singular futuresarò,first-person singular subjunctivesìa,first-person singular imperfect subjunctivefóssi,second-person singular imperativesìi,auxiliaryèssere)

(auxiliary,the non-perfect forms followed by a past participle, used to form composite (perfect) tenses of passive intransitive verbs and of their reflexive forms)to have (done something); tobein the state of having (done something);SeeCategory:Italian verbs taking essere as auxiliary.
Essendopartito e nonessendosi ancora fermato, lui è tutt’ora in movimento.
Beingstarted and nothavingstopped yet, he is still moving.
(literally, “Beingstarted and nothavingstopped yet, he is all now in movement.”)

(io) sono
(io)sonostato
I am
I (have) been

(io) sto
(io)sonostato
I stay
I (have) stayed

(io) mi fermo
(io) misonofermato
I stop me/myself
I (have) stopped myself

(tu) ti fermi
(tu) tiseifermato
you stop yourself
you (have) stopped yourself

(lui/lei/egli/ella/esso/essa) si ferma
(lui/lei/egli/ella/esso/essa) sièfermato
he/she/it stops himself/herself/itself
he/she/it (has) stopped himself/herself/itself

(noi) ci fermiamo
(noi) cisiamofermati
we stop ourselves
we (have) stopped ourselves

(voi) vi fermate
(voi) visietefermati
you stop yourselves
you (have) stopped yourselves

(loro/essi/esse) si fermano
(loro/essi/esse) sisonofermati
they stop themselves
they (have) stopped themselves

accade
èaccaduto
it happens
it (has) happened

(io) vado
(io)sonoandato
I go
I (have) gone
(auxiliary,the non-perfect forms followed by a past participle, used to form composite (perfect) tenses of reflexive forms of transitive verbs)tohave(done something to oneself/oneselves); tobein the state of having (done something to oneself/oneselves);SeeCategory:Italian reflexive verbs.
Lui guardando verso lo specchio sieravisto.―He, looking towards the mirror, (had) seen himself.

(io) mi ho
(io) misonoavuto
I have me/myself
I (have) had me/myself

(io) mi faccio […]
(io) misonofatto […]
I make myself [...]
I (have) made myself […]
(auxiliary,both non-perfect and perfect forms followed by a past participle, used to form the passive forms of transitive verbs)tobe(done something); tobein the state of being (done something);SeeCategory:Italian transitive verbs.
Luièamato da lei.―Heisloved by her.

Leiera stataamata da lui.―Shehad beenloved by him.

(io) avevo/possedevo
(io)eroavuto/posseduto
(io)ero statoavuto/posseduto
I owned/possessed
Iwasowned/possessed
Ihad beenowned/possessed

(io) amavo
(io)eroamato
(io)ero statoamato
I loved
Iwasloved
Ihad beenloved
(intransitive,absolutive,as predicative verb,affirms the existence, the essence in itself, the pure act, without further determination)tobe,toexist(regionally, chiefly in Tuscany, can be found in the singular also when referring to plural subjects)
Synonym:esistere

Dioè―Godexists

cisonovarie specie di rose―therearevarious/many species of roses

discutere se visianoil paradiso e l’inferno―discuss whether thereisheaven and hell/heaven and hellexist

Cisonomolti laureati in legge.―Therearemany law graduates.
- 2008[c.600BCE], chapter 1, inCEI 2008 (Bibbia)[Bible]‎^[4],volumeGenesi[Genesis] (religious text,creation myth), line 3:
  Dio disse: «Siala luce!». E la lucefu.
  God said: «Let there belight», and the lightwas.
- 1314 (volume), 1321 (full book),Dante Alighieri,“III”,inDivina Commedia[Divine Commedy], volumeInferno[hell] (allegorical-didacticpoem,lyric poetry), lines7–8:
  Dinanzi a me nonfuorcose create / se non etterne, […]
  Before meexistednot created things / if not eternal, […]
  (literally, “Before me [there]weren’t created things / if not eternal, […]”)
- 1316 (volume), 1321 (full book),Dante Alighieri,“XVI”,inDivina Commedia[Divine Commedy], volumePurgatorio[Purgatory] (allegorical-didacticpoem), line97:
  Le leggi [ci]son,ma chi pon mano ad esse?
  The lawsexist,but who put its hand on them?
  (literally, “The lawsare[there], but who put its hand on them?”)
- 1840,Alessandro Manzoni,“II”,inI Promessi Sposi[The betrothed spouses], 3rd:la Quarantana[the Forty]edition (novel,historical fiction), page34:
  […] “E poi c’èdegli imbrogli” / “Degl’imbrogli? Che imbrogli ci puòessere?”[…]
  […] “And then therearesome entanglements” / “Some entanglements? What entanglements mayexist?”[…]
  (literally, “[…] “And then thereissome cheats” / “Some cheats? What cheats may therebe?”[…]”)
(intransitive,also followed bypresente)tobe(present)
Il verbo “essere”èse stesso.―The verb “to be”isitself.

(L’)iddioè(presente) dappertutto.―(The) godis(present) everywhere.

Non c’eranopersone lungo la strada.―Therewereno (present) people along the road.

Sietegià qui?―Areyou already here?

Sonoio in carne ed ossa―It’sme in person(literally, “It’sme in meat and bones.”)

Sonopresente in carne ed ossa―Iampresent in person(literally, “Iampresent in meat and bones.”)
- 1507–1566,Annibale Caro,(Please provide the book title or journal name):
  […] fate che al mio ritorno la scenasiain essere […]
  […] let the scenebeready at my return […]
- 1600–1602,William Shakespeare,Amleto[Hamlet] (Tragedy), atto III, scena V [act III, scene V], line 1:
  Essere,o nonessere,questoèil dilemma: […]
  To be,or notto be,thatisthe problem: […]
- 1626–1697,Francesco Redi,(Please provide the book title or journal name):
  […] le sue letteresontutte in essere […]
  […] his lettersareall in existence […]
- 14–19 May 1835,Giacomo Leopardi,“Dialogo di un fisico e di un metafisico[Dialogue of a physicist and a metaphysician]”, inOperette morali[Moral operettas] (collection ofphylosophical novellasanddialogues), page66:
  […] Ma se tu vuoi, prolungando la vita, giovare agli uomini veramente; trova un’arte per la qualesienomoltiplicate di numero e di gagliardia le sensazioni e le azioni loro. […]
  […] But if you want, prolonging life, to benefit men; find an art in which their sensations and actionsaremultiplied by number and vigor. […]
  (literally, “[…] But if you want, prolonging life, to benefit men; find an art in whicharemultiplied by number and vigor, sensations and actions of them. […]”)
- 1840,Alessandro Manzoni,“XII”,inI Promessi Sposi[The bethroted spouses], 3rd:la Quarantana[the Forty]edition (novel,historical fiction), page251:
  […] Spesso, in simili circostanze, l’annunzio d’una cosa la faessere [presente].[…]
  […] Often, in similar circumstances, the announcement of a thing makes itpresent.[…]
  (literally, “[…] Often, in similar circumstances, the announcement of a thing makes itto be [present].[…]”)
(intransitive,also followed byvero)tobe true
è(proprio) così―itis(just/exactly) that way

affermare ciò che (in realtà) nonè (vero)―affirm what (in realty)isnot(true)

non puòessere (vero)―it can notbe (true)
(intransitive,used to replace action verbs)tobe
ero statoio (a dare/fare qualcosa)―ithad beenme (who gave/did something)(which replace the clausel’avevodato/fattoio)

l’avevodato/fattoio―it wasgiven/doneby me
(intransitive,impersonal,used to indicate a situation)tobe
oggi (c’)èbel tempo―today (the weather/it)islovely

oggi (il clima)èfreddo/caldo―today (the climate/it)iscold/hot

oggi (il cielo)ègià buio―today (the sky/it)isalready dark
(intransitive,impersonal,used to emphasize)tobe
Èa te che mi rivolgo.―Itisto you who I address (my speech).

Èa te che rivolgo il mio discorso.―Itisto you who I address my speech.

Èper questo che insisto.―Itisfor this reason that I insist.

Quand’èche ci rivedremo?―Whenwill we meet again?
(intransitive)toexist
Synonyms:esistere,sussistere
- 1314 (volume), 1321 (full book),Dante Alighieri,quotingVirgilio[Virgil], “III”,inDivina Commedia[Divine Commedy], volumeInferno[Hell] (allegorical-didacticpoem,lyric poetry), lines49–51:
  […] Fama di loro il mondoessernon lassa; / misericordia e giustizia li sdegna: / non ragioniam di lor, ma guarda e passa.” […]
  […] Fame of them the world does not letexist;/ mercy and justice disdains them: / do not reason about them, but look and pass.” […]
  (literally, “[…] Fame of them the world does not allowto be;/ mercy and justice disdains them: / do not reason about them, but look and pass.” […]”)
(intransitive)tobe,toconsist,tostay,tolay
Synonyms:consistere,stare

in questoèla difficoltà―the difficultyis/lies/consistsin this

la vera felicità nonènel denaro―true happinessisnot/doesnotconsistin money

tutta la sua gioiaènel lavoro―all his joyisin (the) work
(intransitive)tolive
Synonym:vivere

C’erauna volta (ed ora non più) […]―(Itlived) once upon a time (and now no longer) […](literally, “Itwasonce (and now no longer) […]”)
- 1350–1353,Giovanni Boccaccio,“Giornata quinta[Fifth day]”, inDecameronorDecamerone[The Decameron] (collection ofNovellas),Novella nona[Ninth novella], page395:
  […] Dovete adunque sapere che Coppo di Borghese Domenichi, il qualefunella nostra cittá, e forseèancora, uomo di grande e di reverenda autoritá ne’ di nostri, […]
  […] You must therefore know that Coppo di Borghese Domenichi, wholivedin our city, and maybe stilllivesthere,was,and maybe stillis,a man of great and reverend authority in our days […]
  (literally, “[…] You must therefore know that Coppo di Borghese Domenichi, whowasin our city, and maybe stillis,a man of great and reverend authority in of our […]”)
- 1821,Alessandro Manzoni,Il cinque maggio[The Fifth of May] (poetry,ode), page689,line 1:
  Eifu.[…]
  Helived.[…]
  (literally, “Hewas.[…]”)
(intransitive)tohavelife,tohaveorigin
Synonyms:avere vita,avereorigine

Di dovesiete?―From whereareyou?

Lui/Egli/Essoèdi Milano/Napoli.―Hewas born/livesin Milan/Naples.

Lei/Ella/Essaèdi Milano/Napoli.―Shewas born/livesin Milan/Naples.
- 1808,Niccolò (Ugo) Foscolo,Ippolito Pindemonte,Giovanni Torti,Vincenzo Monti,“Carme di Ugo Foscolo[Solemn Song of Ugo Foscolo]”, inDei Sepolcri[Of the sepulchres] (poetry), page12,lines238–240:
  […], ed a Giove diè Dárdano figlio / OndefurTroja e Assáraco e i cinquanta / Talami e il regno della Giulia gente. […]
  […], and to Jove gave Dardanus his son / Where Troy and Assaracuswere bornand the fifty / Marriage beds and the kingdom of the Julia people. […]
  (literally, “[…], and toJovegaveDardanushis son / WhereTroyandAssaracuswereand the fifty / Thalamuses and the kingdom of the Julia people. […]”)
(intransitive)tooccur,tohappen,totakeplace
Synonyms:avvenire,accadere

Cos’è stato?―What(has) happened?

Cosasaràdi noi?―Whatwill happen/occurto us?

Quel cheè statoè stato.―The thing which(has) happenedit(has) happened.(literally, “What(has) happened(has) happened.”)
- 1516,Ludovico Ariosto,“Canto primo[First song]”, inOrlando furioso[Furious Orlando] (poetry,chivalric romance), section 1, lines2–4:
  [...], l’audaci imprese io canto, / chefuroal tempo che passaro i Mori / d’Africa il mare, […]
  […], I sing the audacious enterprises, / whichhappenedat the time the Moors / of Africa passed the sea, […]
  (literally, “[…], the audacious enterpsrises I sing, / which were at the time the Moors / of Africa passed the sea, […]”)
- 1911,Guido Gozzano,“Alle soglie [On the thresholds]”, inI colloqui[The interviews] (poetry),Cocotte,lines27–29:
  […] Non amo che le cose / che potevanoesseree nonsono/state…. […]
  […] I do not like the things that / couldhappenbut whichdidnot /happened…. […]
  (literally, “[…] I do not like that the things that / couldbeanddidnot /been…. […]”)
(intransitive,followed byin,suora,or a locative adverb or phrase,alsofigurative)tobe in/at a place;tobein a particularplace/positioncompared tosomeone/something else
Synonym:stare

esserein casa/nei campi/in ufficio―to beat home/in the fields/in the office

esserea casa/a scuola/a letto―to beat home/at school/in the bed

esseresulla strada di casa―to beon the way home

esseresul posto―to beon the spot

esseredavanti a qualcuno/qualcosa―to bein front of someone/something

esseredietro a qualcuno/qualcosa―to bebehind someone/something

esseresopra a qualcuno/qualcosa―to beover someone/something

esseresotto a qualcuno/qualcosa―to beunder/below someone/something

esseredentro a qualcosa―to beinside something

esserefuori da qualcosa―to beoutside something

la portaèlì―the dooristhere

la collinaèa(d) ovest―the hillisto the west

(loro/essi/esse)eranotutti lì ad aspettarlo―theywereall there waiting for him

quand’eroin collegio―when Iwasin college

esserein compagnia di qualcuno―to bein someone’s company

esserefra/tra amici―to beamong friends

Erogiàstatoin quella città.―I’ve(already)beento that city before.

Il nemicoèalle porte.―The enemyisat the door(s).

esserein guerra/pace―to beat war/peace

essereal sicuro―to besafe

esserein pericolo―to bein danger

esserenei guai/pasticci―to bein trouble

esserenel vero―to be(in) true

esserein colpa―to beat fault

esserein errore―to bein error

essereall’oscuro di tutto―to bein the dark about everything

essereagli ordini di qualcuno―to beunder someone’s orders

esseresotto il dominio di qualcuno―to beunder someone’s domain

esseresotto la protezione di qualcuno―to beunder someone’s protection

esserein agonia―to bein agony

esserein lutto―to bein mourning

esserein simpatia/odio a qualcuno―to bein sympathy/have hatred for someone

esserein/nella grazia di dio/Dio―to bein the grace of god/God

esserein collera per qualcosa―to beangry at something

esserein pena/ansia per qualcosa―to beworried/anxious about something
(intransitive,followed byin,suora,or a locative adverb or phrase)tobe in/at a place,tocome toaplace;tobein/at a particularplace/positioncompared tosomeone/something else,tocometo a particularplace/positioncompared tosomeone/something else
Synonyms:giungere,venire

esserein/a casa/nei campi/in ufficio―to beat home/in the fields/in the office

esserea scuola/a tavola/a letto―to beat school/at the table/in bed

esseresulla via di/per casa/sul posto―to beon the way home/on the spot

quandosaremo(arrivati) a casa―when wewill have(arrived) at home

aspetta chesiavicino―wait for it to be/come close
(intransitive,alsofigurative)tobe(used in relation to the idea of motion)
esserein via (di arrivo)―to beon the way

esserein via di partenza―to bein the start

esserein cammino―to beon the way

esserein viaggio―to betravelling/traveling

esserein via di guarigione―to beon the mend

essereal principio/alla fine―to beat the beginning/end

essereavanti/indietro a fare qualcosa―to beahead/back doing something

esserea buon punto a fare qualcosa―to bewell advanced/on one’s way doing something

esserealla minestra/frutta―to beat the soup/fruit (time)

l’acquaèa bollore―the waterisboiling

esserci (quasi)―to be(almost) there

(noi) cisiamoquasi―wearealmost there

coraggio, cisiamoquasi―courage, wearealmost there
(intransitive)tobe(used in reference to time)
èpresto/tardi―itisearly/late

(Noi)siamogià a Natale.―Wearealready at Christmas.

èdi cinque mesi―itisfive months/five years old

eranato da cinque mesi―itwasborn five months ago

èal quinto mese (di gravidanza)―itisin the fifth months (of pregnancy)

sonole nove―it’snine o’clock

èil tempo di agire―it’stime to act

èprimavera―Itisspring

(noi)siamoin primavera―wearein spring

(Egli)èsulla quarantina―Heisin his forties/Heisabout forty years old

È(da) un’ora (phát) che aspetto.―It’s(from) an hour (ago) that I’m here.

(Io) l’avevo incontrato quindici giornior sono―I (had) met him fifteen daysago(literally, “I him had met fifteen daysnow are.”)
(intransitive)tobe(used in reference to the spatial or temporal distance)
Synonyms:distare,mancare

Da qui al paese dovrebberoessere/esserci almeno 6 miglia.―From here to the town there shouldbeat least six miles.

C’èpiù di un’ora di cammino (ancora da percorrere)―thereismore than an hour of walk (still to go)

Quanti giorni cisono(ancora) per arrivare a Pasqua?―How many daysarethere (still) to get to Easter?
(intransitive,usually followed by the prepositiondior a possessive adjective or pronoun)tobe(of)
essere dibuon appetito―to be (of)good appetite

(esso/essa)èuna personadigusto―he/sheisa personoftaste

il fattoè dinatura diversa―the factisdifferent in nature(literally, “the factis ofdifferent nature”)

essere dibuon umore―to be ina good mood

essere d’aiuto―to behelpful(literally, “to be ofhelp”)

essereutile/d’utilità―to beuseful

essere diconforto―to be ofcomfort/consolation/support

essere diservizio―to be ofservice

essere diguardia―to be onguard

essere diturno―to be onduty

essere digiornata―to be ofthe day

essere dell’opinione/dell’avviso/dell’idea (che)―to be ofthe opinion (that)

essere diritorno―to beback(literally, “to be onreturn”)
- 1314 (volume), 1321 (full book),Dante Alighieri,“IV”,inDivina Commedia[Divine Commedy], volumeInferno[Hell] (allegorical-didacticpoem,lyric poetry), lines16–18:
  […] E io, che del color mi fui accorto, / dissi: “Come verrò, se tu paventi / che suoli al mio dubbiareesserconforto?”. […]
  […] And I, who has noticed the colo(u)r / I said: “How will I come, if you fear / that I have the habit to doubtbe (of)comfort?”. […]
  (literally, “[…] And I, who myself has noticed of the colo(u)r / I said: “How will I come, if you fear / that I have the habit to doubtbecomfort?”. […]”)
(intransitive,usually followed by the prepositionda+verb)tobe(to do something)
Synonyms:dovere,doversi

c’è daspedire subito questo telegramma―This telegram must be sent immediately(literally, “Thereisthis telegramtobe send immediately”)

C’è daattendere molto?―Isthere muchtowait for?

(Queste) nonsonocosedadirsi.―Thesearenot thingstobe said.

Nonè dacredere.―Itisnottobe believed.

È daancora (tutto) vedere.―Itisstill (everything)tobe seen.

C’è daimpazzire.―Thereis tobecome crazy.

C’è damettersi le mani nei capelli.―(please add an English translation of this usage example)(literally, “Thereis toput one’s hands in oneself/oneselves hair.”)

Cisarebbe daguadagnare parecchio.―Therewould bea lottogain.
(intransitive,usually followed by the prepositionda)tobe(from)
nonè datanto (tempo)―itisnotfromso long (time)

Nonè dagalantuomo/gentiluomo comportarsi così.―Itisnot a gentlemen’sbehavio(u)r to do so.
- 1321 (volume and full book),Dante Alighieri,“XXXIII”,inDivina Commedia[Divine Commedy], volumeParadiso[Paradise] (allegorical-didacticpoem,epic poetry), line139:
  […] Ma noneran daciò le proprie penne: […]
  […] But their own penswerenotfromthese […]
  (literally, “[…] But their own featherswerenotfromthese […]”)
(intransitive,followed by the prepositionin,by extension of the figurative use of the meaning 16,alsofigurative)tobe(in)
essere inbuon(o)/cattivo stato―to be in(a) good/bad condition(s)/state

esseremaleinarnese―to bebadintools

essere incastigo/punizione―to be inpunishment

essere inerrore―to be inerror

essere investaglia―to be ina robe

essere inpantofole―to be inslippers

essere inmaniche di camicia―to be inshirt sleeves

essere inmaniche corte/lunghe―to be inshort/long sleeves

essere nei panni di qualcuno―to be insomeone’s shoes

essere inqualcuno―to be insomeone

Se iofossi nei tuoi panni.―If Iwere inyour shoes, I would act differently.

Se iofossi inte.―If Iwere (in)you, I would act differently.

(non)essere insé (stessi)―tobe(not)inoneself/oneselves
(intransitive,followed by the prepositionin,alsofigurative)tobe(in)
Synonyms:stare(a/in),dipendere(da)

(Io) farò tutto quantoè/sia inme.―I will do everything(is/be) inme.

(Io) farò tutto quantoè/sia nei miei doveri.―I will do everything(is/be) inmy duties.

(Noi) faremo tutto, per quant’è/quantosia innoi.―We will do everything, as it(is/be) inus.

(Noi) faremo tutto, per quant’è/quantosia nelle nostre capacità.―We will do everything, as much as it(is/be) inour abilities.
(intransitive,followed byin grado di+verb,alsofigurative)tobe able to(do something)
Synonyms:sapere,potere,esserecapacedi

Io nonsono in grado dirisponderti.―Iamnotable toanswer (to) you.

Loro nonsono in grado dirisponderti.―Theyarenotable toanswer (to) you.

Il ferito nonera in grado dicamminare.―The injured (man)wasunable towalk.

L’uomo ferito nonera in grado dicamminare.―The injured manwasunable towalk.

La (donna) ferita nonera in grado dicamminare.―The injured (woman)wasunable towalk.
(intransitive,followed bya,alsofigurative)tobe(at)
essere atavola―to be atthe table(literally, “to be attable”)

essere acavallo―to be onthe horseback(literally, “to be athorse”)

essere acavallo―to feel good(literally, “to be athorse”)

essere aspasso/passeggio―to be(out)fora walk

essere alla disperazione―to be indespair

essere alla fame―to behungry

essere al verde―to bewithout money(literally, “to be atgreen”)
(intransitive,preceded by a dative pronoun or pronominal phrase)tohave
Synonym:avere
- 1350–1353,Giovanni Boccaccio,“Giornata prima[First day]”, inDecameronorDecamerone[The Decameron] (collection ofNovellas),Introduzione[Introduction], page20:
  […] E per ciò, acciò che noi per ischifiltá o per trascutaggine non cadessimo in quello di che noi per avventura per alcuna maniera volendo potremmo scampare, non so se a voi quello se ne parrá che a me ne parrebbe: io giudicherei ottimamente fatto che noi, sì come noi siamo, sì come molti innanzi a noi hanno fatto e fanno, di questa terra uscissimo, e fuggendo come la morte i disonesti esempli degli altri, onestamente a’ nostri luoghi in contado, de’ quali a ciascunadi noi ègran copia, ce n’andassimo a stare, e quivi quella festa, quell’allegrezza, quello piacere che noi potessimo, senza trapassare in alcuno atto il segno della ragione, prendessimo. […]
  […] And for these reason, to what we in disgust or neglect did not fall into what we as an adventure in some way wanting could escape, I do not know if for you it thinks that I think about it: I would judge excellently the fact that we, as we are, as many before us have made and currently do, we go out from this land, and escaping as the die from the dishonest examples, honestly to our places in the countryside, from which eachof us(it)isa great copy, we went from there to stay, and there that feast, the joy, that pleasure that we could, without going beyond in any act the limit of reason, we took. […]
  (literally, “[…] And for these reason, to what we, in disgust or neglect, did not fall into what we, as an adventure, for some way, wanting, could escape, I do not know if for you itself thinks about that I think about it: I would judge excellently fact that we, as we are, as many ahead to us have made and do, of this land we exit, and escaping as the die the dishonest examples of other, honestly to our places in the countryside, of which eachof usitisa great copy, we went from there to stay, and there that feast, the joy, that pleasure that we could, without going beyond in any act the sign of reason, we took. […]”)
(intransitive,followed by the prepositiona,calque of the French use)tobe(given) to
La parolaè(data)al ministro.―The wordis(given)tothe minister.
(intransitive,followed by the prepositionper,alsofigurative)tobefor
questo (pacco)è perte―this packageis foryou

questa nonèrobaperte―thisisnot (stuff)foryou

essere perqualcuno―to be forsomeone

Iosono perchi supporta la mia causa.―Iam forthose who support the just cause.
(intransitive,followed by the prepositionper+ infinitive,used to express a continous event which is near in the future,alsofigurative)tobe(almost)(+gerund);tobegoingto(+ infinitive)
Synonyms:(more common)stare quasi+ gerund,(more common)stare per+ infinitive

(Io)ero/stavo giàperpartire (per andare da qualche parte).―Iwas (almost)already leaving/starting (to go somewhere).
- 1835,Giacomo Leopardi,“XV. Il sogno[XV. The dream]”, inCanti[Songs] (poetrycollection), page53:
  […] Maseituperlasciarmi un’altra volta? […]
  […]Areyou goingtoleave me another time? […]
  (literally, “[…] Butareyoutoleave me another time? […]”)
(followed by the prepositionscon,suortra/fra,or the prepositional use of the adverbcontro,or of the adverbial phrasea favore di)tobewith/against; tobeon/over; tobebetween/among
Iosono convoi.―Iam withyou

essere controla/a favore della guerra―to be against/in favor ofthe war

essere sulla bocca di tutti―to be onthe everyone’s lips

essere sulle breccia―to be inthe breach

essere tra/fratanti―to be among/betweenothers

essere(uno)tra/fratanti―to be(one)amongothers
(used to form prepositional phrases)tobe;tohave
Quant’è(che costa) quest’orologio?―How muchis/costs this watch?

Quant’è(che pesa/costa) questo cocomero/quest’anguria?―How muchisheavy/costs this watermelon?

Quant’è(che pesa/costa) questo melone?―How muchisheavy/costs this melon?

Cosasarebbea dire?―Whatwould (be)that mean?

Vuol’essere un affare serio.―It wantsto bea serious business.

Così sia.―So be it.

Allora che sia così.―So thatbeit.

Come se nullafosse(accaduto).―As if nothinghadhappened.

Siacosìsia/checosà.―Bothin that wayandin that other way.

Sia cheaccada questo(sia) cheaccada quest’altro.―Either/Whatever ifhappen thisand ifhappen that.

(Che)siachi (si)/chiunquesia.―Bewhoever itbe.
(intransitive,copula,used to put a subject in relation with a predicate (an adjective, a noun, a pronoun, the infinitive form of a verb, an adverb,...))tobe
La neveèbianca.―The snowiswhite.

La neve biancaèqui/lì.―The white snowishere/there.

La neve biancaera stataqui/lì.―The white snowused to behere/there.

Carloèun amico.―Charlesisa friend.

Non so chi lui/egli/essosia./Non so chisialui/egli/esso.―I don’t know whobehe.

Questo nonèvivere (bene).―Thisisnot living (well).

Questo problemaèdifficile.―This problemisdifficult.

Voglio fargli vedere chisono(io/loro).―I want to show him/them who Iam/theyare.

Voglio mostrargli comesono/sonfatto.―I want to show him/them how Iamdone.

Cheè/Cos’èquesto liquido?―Whatisthat liquid?

Essente partito e non essendosi ancora fermato, luiètutt’ora/ancora in movimento.―Being started and not having stopped yet, heisstill moving.(literally, “Being started and not having stopped yet, heisall now/isstill in movement.”)

(Io)sonostanco/affamato/(am)malato.―Iamtired/hungry/sick.

essereseduto/seduta/seduti/sedute/a sedere―to besitting

esseredisteso/distesa/distesi/distese/sdraiato/sdraiata/sdraiati/sdraiate―to belying (down)

esserein piedi/in posizione eretta―to bestanding

esserein ginocchio―to beon one's knees

esseregenuflesso―to begenuflected

esserela metà/il doppio di...―to behalf/double of

essereprimo―to be(the) first

essereil diciottesimo classificato―to beeighteenth ranked

essere(il) diciottesimo in classifica―to beeighteenth in the placings

Quantisiete(voi)?―How manyareyou?

Suo fratelloèun professionista.―His brotherisa professional.

Le tigrisono(dei) felini.―Tigersarefelines.

«sedia»èun nome/sostantivo.―«chair»isa noun/substantive.

èbene tacere―itisgood to be silent

èmeglio non parlarne―itisbetter to not speak about it/them

essereda più―to befor more

nonessereda meno―tonotbeoutdone

esseretutt’uno con qualcuno―to be(all in) one with someone(literally, “to beall one with someone”)

Quel bambinoètutto suo padre/papà/babbo.―That childisall his father/dad.

esseretutt'orecchi/in ascolto―to beall ears/listening

Lo spettacolosaràdi grand’effetto―The showwill beof great effect/impressive.

èfama discussa/indiscussa/èdi discussa/indiscussa fama―itis(of) disputed/undisputed fame

è(una) voce comune che [...]―itisa common voice that [...]

èd’uso comune/non comune―itisof common/uncommon use

èdi tradizione (diffusa)/èdi (diffusa) tradizione―itisof (widespread) tradition
(intransitive,copula,used to put a subject in relation with a predicate (an adjective, a noun, a pronoun, the infinitive form of a verb, an adverb,...))tobe
Synonyms:costituire,rappresentare,risolversi in

Èun piacere vederti.―Itisa pleasure to see you again.

Questoèniente.―Thisisnothing.

Per meègià molto.―For me itisalready a lot.

L’impresaera stata/fuun disastro.―The activitywasa disaster(literally, “The companywasa disaster.”)

L’attivitàera stata/fuun disastro.―The activitywasa disaster

democraziaèlibertà―democracyisfreedom

volontàèpotere―wantispower

^[1]

Usage notes

The present participleessenteis very rare, and is usually replaced withstante,the present participle ofstare,or with the present participles of its synonyms. Similarly the past participleessutohas disappeared, withstato,the past participle ofstare,being used instead.^[2]
The verbessere(including all its forms) is the word that occurs most frequently in speech and the most necessary for the expression of thought. It differs from all other verbs because, in its absolute use, it does notdeterminethesubject,but onlysetsit as existing; used as acopulaor as anauxiliary,it only performs the function of introducing thenominalorverbal predicate;it is therefore never, strictly speaking, a truepredicate.^[1]
When stating an amount, for example amount of money to pay for a service, Italian, unlike English, uses the third pluralsono,not third singularè.An example would be: "It will be €200”, which in Italian would read "Sono 200 €".

Conjugation

Conjugation ofèssere(root-stressed -ere; irregular) (SeeAppendix:Italian verbs)

person	singular			plural
infinitive	èssere
auxiliary verb		èssere	gerund		es sắc ndo
present participle		—	past participle		stàto
person	first	second	third	first	second	third
indicative	io	tu	lui/lei, esso/essa	noi	voi	loro, essi/esse
present	sóno	Sắc i	è¹	siàmo	siéte,siète²	sóno
imperfect	èro	èri	èra	eravàmo	eravàte	èrano
past historic	fùi	fósti	fù³	fùmmo	fóste	fùrono
future	sarò	sarài	sarà	sarémo	saréte	sarànno
conditional	sarèi	sarésti	sarèbbe,sarébbe	sarémmo	saréste	sarèbbero,sarébbero
subjunctive	che io	che tu	che lui/che lei, che esso/che essa	che noi	che voi	che loro, che essi/che esse
present	sìa	sìa	sìa	siàmo	siàte	sìano
imperfect	fóssi	fóssi	fósse	fóssimo	fóste	fóssero
imperative	—	tu	Lei	noi	voi	Loro
imperative		sìi	sìa	siàmo	siàte	sìano
negative imperative		nonèssere	non sìa	non siàmo	non siàte	non sìano

¹With written accent.
²Traditional.
³With syntactic gemination after the verb.

Including lesser-used forms:

Conjugation ofèssere(root-stressed -ere; irregular) (SeeAppendix:Italian verbs)

person	singular			plural
infinitive	èssere
auxiliary verb		èssere	gerund		es sắc ndo,Sắc ndo⁴
present participle		es sắc nte⁸,ènte⁴	past participle		stàto,essùto⁴,sùto⁴
person	first	second	third	first	second	third
indicative	io	tu	lui/lei, esso/essa	noi	voi	loro, essi/esse
present	sóno	Sắc i	è¹	siàmo,sémo²	siéte,siète³,Sắc te⁴	sóno,ènno²,èmmo⁴
imperfect	èro,èra⁷	èri	èra	eravàmo,eràmo⁴,èramo⁴	eravàte,eràte⁴	èrano
past historic	fùi	fósti,fùsti⁴	fù⁶	fùmmo	fóste,fùste⁴	fùrono,fùro⁴,fóre⁴,fòro⁴,fuòro⁴
future	sarò	sarài	sarà,fìa⁴,fìe⁴	sarémo	saréte	sarànno,fìano⁴,fìeno⁴
conditional	sarèi,sarìa⁴,fòra⁴	sarésti	sarèbbe,sarìa⁴,fòra⁴	sarémmo	saréste	sarèbbero,sarìano⁴,fòro⁴
subjunctive	che io	che tu	che lui/che lei, che esso/che essa	che noi	che voi	che loro, che essi/che esse
present	sìa	sìa	sìa	siàmo	siàte	sìano,sìeno⁵
imperfect	fóssi,fùssi⁴	fóssi,fùssi⁴	fósse,fùsse⁴	fóssimo,fùssimo⁴	fóste,fùste⁴	fóssero,fùssero⁴
imperative	—	tu	Lei	noi	voi	Loro
imperative		sìi	sìa	siàmo	siàte	sìano,sìeno⁵
negative imperative		nonèssere	non sìa	non siàmo	non siàte	non sìano,non sìeno⁵

¹With written accent.
²Archaic or regional.
³Traditional.
⁴Archaic.
⁵Literary.
⁶With syntactic gemination after the verb.
⁷Archaic or literary.
⁸Rare.

Truncated apocopic forms exist of many of the above forms:

Form	Inflection	Apocopic equivalent
èssere	infinitive	èsser
sóno	1st singular present indicative; 3rd plural present indicative	són
siàmo	1st plural present indicative/subjunctive/imperative	siàm
sémo	archaic or regional 1st plural present indicative	sém
ènno	archaic or regional 3rd plural present indicative	èn
eravàmo	1st plural imperfect indicative	eravàm
eràmo	1st plural imperfect indicative	eràm^[3]
èrano	3rd plural imperfect indicative	èran
fùmmo	1st plural past historic	fùm
fùrono	3rd plural past historic	fùron
fùro	archaic 3rd plural past historic	fùr
fòro	archaic 3rd plural past historic	fòr
fuòro	archaic 3rd plural past historic	fuòr
sarémo	1st plural future	sarém
sarànno	3rd plural future	saràn
fìano	archaic 3rd plural future	fìan
fìeno	archaic 3rd plural future	fìen
sìano	3rd plural present subjunctive/imperative	sìan
sìeno	literary 3rd plural present subjunctive/imperative	sìen
fóssimo	1st plural imperfect subjunctive	fóssim

Derived terms

riessere(“to be again”)
essermi/essermelo(“first-person singular reflexive/dative/accusative form”)
esserci(“first-person plural reflexive/dative/accusative form, third-person/impersonal strumental/locative/lative form”)/essercelo(“first-person plural reflexive/dative/accusative form”)
esserti/essertelo(“second-person singular reflexive/dative/accusative form”)
esservi(“second-person plural reflexive/dative/accusative form, third-person/impersonal lative form”)/esservelo(“second-person plural reflexive/accusative/dative form”)
essersi/esserselo(“impersonal/third-person reflexive form”)
essergli(“third-person masculine singular dative form, third-person plural dative form”)/esserglielo(“third-person masculine singular accusative form, third-person plural dative form”)
esserla(“third-person feminine singular dative form”)/esserle(“third-person plural feminine dative form, third-person singular feminine accusative form”)
esserli(“third-person plural masculine accusative form”)/esserlo(“third-person masculine singular accusative form”)
esserne(“third-person/impersonal relative form”)

Noun

esserem(pluralesseri,diminutive(informal)esserìno,endearingesserùccio)

(uncountable,substantival use of the verbal voice,the condition of have life, reality, existence,the act of be living)being,living
Synonyms:essenza,esistere,esistenza

l’essereed il nulla―beingand nothingness
(countable,substantival use of the verbal voice,the condition of have life, reality, existence,the act of be living)being,living
Synonym:(more common)vivere

passare dall’essereal nonessere―to pass from thelivingto the non-living

scienza/problema dell’essere―science/problem ofbeing

L’esseresemplicissimo/Il semplicissimoessere―The very simplebeing

L’esserestesso/Il semplicissimoessere―Thebeingitself

la totalità dell’essere―the totality ofbeing
(uncountable,substantival use of the verbal voice,the act/fact of exist,existence,life)being
Synonyms:(countable)esistenza,(countable)vita
- 14–19 May 1835,Giacomo Leopardi,“Dialogo di un fisico e di un metafisico[Dialogue of a physicist and a metaphysician]”, inOperette morali[Moral operettas] (collection ofphylosophical novellasanddialogues), page66:
  […] Nel qual modo, accrescerai propriamente la vita umana, ed empiendo quegli smisurati intervalli di tempo nei quali il nostroessereè piuttosto durare che vivere, ti potrai dar vanto di prolungarla. […]
  […] In this way, you will properly increase human life, and by filling up those immense intervals of time in which ourbeingis rather lasting than living, you can boast of prolonging it. […]
(uncountable,way of being, condition, state, in relation to intrinsic qualities and properties,usually accompanied by a determination)being
Synonyms:modo diessere,condizione,stato,essenza

conoscere una persona/una cosa/un fatto nel suo veroessere―to know a person/a thing/a fact in its truebeing

(lui/lei/egli/ella/esso/essa/uno/una) gli domandò/chiese dell’essersuo―he/she/it/one asked him about his being.
- 1802–1874,Niccolò Tommaseo,(Please provide the book title or journal name):
  […] l’esseredell’uomo dista grandemente da quel delle bestie […]
  […] thebeingof the man is very far from that of the beasts […]
(uncountable,in ancient phrases)being;living;existence;condition
trovarsi inessere―to be inbeing/to beliving(literally, “to found oneself/oneselves inbeing”)
- 1626–1697,Francesco Redi,(Please provide the book title or journal name):
  […] le sue lettere son tutte inessere[…]
  […] his letters are all inexistence[…]
(uncountable,in ancient phrases)being,condition
Synonym:(countable)condizione

in buon/cattivoessere―in good/badbeing/conditions

mobili/casa in cattivoessere―furniture/house/home in badconditions
(uncountable,in ancient phrases)being,ingood conditions
Synonym:buone condizioni

mio nonno è sempre inessere―my grandad/grandfather is always ingood conditions/healty/inprosperity
(uncountable,in ancient phrases)ready
Synonym:(countable)pronto

averein essere―to haveready
- 1507–1566,Annibale Caro,(Please provide the book title or journal name):
  […] fate che al mio ritorno la scena sia inessere[…]
  […] let the scene bereadyat my return […]
(uncountable,in ancient phrases)place,operation
Synonym:(uncountable)esercizio

porre inessere―to put inplace/intooperation
(uncountable,concrete)being
- 1321 (volume and full book),Dante Alighieri,“I”,inDivina Commedia[Divine Commedy], volumeParadiso[Paradise] (allegorical-didacticpoem,epic poetry), lines110, 112–113:
  […] Tutte nature […] si muovono a diversi porti / per lo gran mar de l’essere[…]
  […] All natures […] move to different ports / via the great sea ofbeing/god[…]
  (literally, “[…] All natures […] move themselves to different ports / via the great sea ofbeing[…]”)
(countable,concrete)being,creature
È unesserespregevole.―it is a despicablebeing/creature.
(countable,concrete,by extension)living being,creature
Synonyms:essere vivente,creatura

Lo stessoessere (vivente)―The same(living) being/creature
(uncountable,philosophy,followed byci)existence
Synonym:esistenza

l’esserci―theexistence^[4]

Derived terms

essere vivente(“living being”)
essere umano(“human being”)

Related terms

essenza(“essence”)
futuro(“future”)

References

↑^1.0^1.1essere¹in Treccani.it –Vocabolario Treccani on line,Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana
^[1]
^[2]
^essere²in Treccani.it –Vocabolario Treccani on line,Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana

Anagrams

eresse

Latin

Verb

essere(EarlyMedieval Latin)

Alternative form ofesse,present active infinitiveofsum(“to be”)
- Roman epitaph (uncertain date but after the 4th–5th c. AD)^[1]
  omns·qvị[- - -]inhancavlamọ[- - -]/rationem·orateprmẹ/peccatoresid͞mabeatis/protectoremqviacod/estisfvi·etqvodsvm/essereabetisetsiqvis/sepresv̄seritcontra/hoctvmvlv̄mev̄biola/[- - -]ạbeāindeinqvisitio/[- - -]ṭetribvnald͞nin͞r͞i/[- - -]bivcatv̄cv̄/[- - -]irase
  omn[e]s quị... in hanc aulam... [o?]rationem orate pr[o] mẹ peccatore si d(eu)m [h]abeatis protectorem quia [qu]od estis fui et quod sumessere[h]abetis et si quis se pr[a]esu(m)[p]serit contra hoc tumulu(m) meu(m) [v]iola⟨re h⟩ạbea[t] inde inquisitio⟨nem an⟩ṭe tribunal d(omi)ni n(ost)ri... ⟨sub?⟩iu[g?]atu(m) cu(m)...
  All who... in this court... Pray for me, the sinner that I was, if you have God as your protector. For I once was what you are, and you will one daybewhat I am [sc.a corpse]. Should anyone dare desecrate this grave of mine, may he be judged for it before the tribunal of our Lord...
- Lex Curiensis(8th c.)^[2]
  ...tam de facultatem quam et de colonaria familia qui exinde causam cum altero habuerit infra annum prosequat cuiusesseredebeat...
  ...whose it oughtto be...
- Alvarus'Confessio(mid-9th c. AD)^[3]
  Hic enim seritur quod illic metitur nec fas est credi illum lucifluum seculum peccantes recipere in quo tu eum sustinendo dignatus est abitare quem locum retributjonis iustitjeessereuoluisti.
  For here is sown what there is reaped, and it is impossible to believe that the brilliant world you have deigned to live in, and sustain, which you intendedto bea place for the dispensing of justice, accepts sinners.
- Cartulário de San Vicente de Oviedon.ᵒ6 (AD 905)^[4]
  Gundesalvus Nepotiani dumesserepausati in domo istius Gundefredi presentes fuimus.
  I, Gundesalvus Nepotani, was present (as witness for the signing of this document) whilstbeinglodged at the home of this very same Gundefredus.

Descendants

see:sum

References

^https://catalogo.beniculturali.it/detail/HistoricOrArtisticProperty/1201030367B
^Meyer-Marthaler, Elisabeth. 1968.Römisches Recht in Rätien im frühen und hohen Mittelalter.Zurich: Leemann. Page 114.
^Gil, Juan. 1973.Corpus scriptorum muzarabicorum.Vol. I. Madrid: CSIC. Page 328.
^Cruz, Guilherme Braga da. 1979.Obras Esparsas.Vol. 1. Coimbra: Coimbra Editora. Page 72.

Neapolitan

Etymology

InheritedfromEarly Medieval Latinessere,fromLatinesse.

Pronunciation

(Naples)IPA^(key):[ˈɛssərə]
(numerous dialects)IPA^(key):[ˈɛssə]

Verb

essere

tobe

References

AIS:Sprach- und Sachatlas Italiens und der Südschweiz[Linguistic and Ethnographic Atlas of Italy and Southern Switzerland] –map 1701: “forme dell'infinito: dare, potere, volere, sapere, vedere, bere, venire, avere, essere; participio passato: bevuto”– onnavigais-web.pd.istc.cnr.it
Rocco, Emmanuele (1882) “essere”, inVocabolario del dialetto napolitano

Sardinian

Etymology

InheritedfromEarly Medieval Latinessere,fromLatinesse.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key):/ˈessere/,[ˈɛs.sɛ.ɾɛ̆]

Verb

essere

(intransitive)tobe(to exist)
Eososu chiso―Iamwho Iam(literally, “I am that which I am”)
(intransitive)tobe(to occupy a place)
Estin Tatari―[He] is in Sassari

Noun

esserem(pluralesseres)

being
sosesseresumanos―[the] humanbeings

Tarantino

Etymology

FromEarly Medieval Latinessere,fromLatinesse.

Verb

essere

(intransitive)tobe

Usage notes

Not used as an auxiliary verb.

Conjugation

Conjugation ofessere

person	singular			plural
infinitive	essere
gerund		?		past participle		?
person	first	second	third	first	second	third
indicative	ije	tu	jidde / jèdde	nuje	vuje	lóre
present	so'	sì,sìnde	jè,jé,éte	síme	síte	sò,sònde
imperfect	ére	ìre	ére,jéve	èreme	írene	èrene,jèvene
perfect	fuéve	fuìste	fu'	fuèmme	fuèsteve	fúrene
subjunctive	cu ije	cu tu	cu jidde / cu jèdde	cu nuje	cu vuje	cu lóre
present	sije	sía	sije	síme	síte	síene
imperfect	fòsse	fuèsse	fòsse	fòsseme	fuèsseve	fòssere
imperative	–	tu	jidde / jèdde	nuje	vuje	lóre
imperative	—	?	?	?	?	?

[essere1-1] 1.0^1.1essere¹in Treccani.it –Vocabolario Treccani on line,Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana

[2] [1]

[3] [2]

[essere2-4] ssere²in Treccani.it –Vocabolario Treccani on line,Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana

[5] ttps://catalogo.beniculturali.it/detail/HistoricOrArtisticProperty/1201030367B

[6] Meyer-Marthaler, Elisabeth. 1968.Römisches Recht in Rätien im frühen und hohen Mittelalter.Zurich: Leemann. Page 114.

[7] Gil, Juan. 1973.Corpus scriptorum muzarabicorum.Vol. I. Madrid: CSIC. Page 328.

[8] Cruz, Guilherme Braga da. 1979.Obras Esparsas.Vol. 1. Coimbra: Coimbra Editora. Page 72.

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