gad

See also:Gad,GAD,gád,andgàd

English

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key):/ɡæd/

  • Audio(Southern England):

    (file)

• Rhymes:-æd

Etymology 1

Euphemistic alteration ofGod.

Interjection

gad

1. An exclamation roughly equivalent toby God,goodness gracious,for goodness' sake.
   • 1905,Edith Wharton,chapter13,inThe House of Mirth:

     That's the trouble — it was too easy for you — you got reckless — thought you could turn me inside out, and chuck me in the gutter like an empty purse. But, bygad,that ain't playing fair: that's dodging the rules of the game.

Derived terms

• egads
• egad

Etymology 2

FromMiddle Englishgadden(“to hurry, to rush about”).

Verb

gad(third-person singular simple presentgads,present participlegadding,simple past and past participlegadded)

1. (intransitive)To move from one location to another in an apparently random andfrivolousmanner.

   Synonym:gallivant

   • 1852,Alice Cary,Clovernook....‎^[1]:

     This, I suppose, is the virgin who abideth still in the house with you. She is not given, I hope, togaddingovermuch, nor to vain and foolish decorations of her person with ear-rings and finger-rings, and crisping-pins: for such are unprofitable, yea, abominable.

   • 1903,Howard Pyle, The Story of King Arthur and His Knights, Part III, Chapter Fourth, page 123

     So when he saw King Arthur he said: "Thou knave! Wherefore didst thou quit thy work to go a-gadding?"

   • 1888–1891,Herman Melville,“[Billy Budd, Foretopman.] Chapter [HTTP://GUTENBERG.NET.AU/EBOOKS06/0608511H.HTML 19].”, inBilly Budd and Other Stories,London:John Lehmann,published1951,→OCLC:

     But there is no telling the sacrament, seldom if in any case revealed to thegaddingworld, wherever under circumstances at all akin to those here attempted to be set forth, two of great Nature's nobler order embrace.

   • 1960,P[elham] G[renville] Wodehouse,chapter XIII, inJeeves in the Offing,London:Herbert Jenkins,→OCLC:

     If you are on the board of governors of a school and have contracted to supply an orator for the great day of the year, you can be forgiven for feeling a trifle jumpy when you learn that the silver-tongued one hasgaddedoff to the metropolis, leaving no word as to when he will be returning, if ever.

2. (of cattle)Torunwith thetailin theair,bentover theback,usually in an attempt toescapethewarble fly.

Derived terms

• gadabout
• gaddish,gaddishness

Translations

to move about at random with seemingly little purpose

• Bulgarian:скитам се(skitam se),шляя се(šljaja se)
• Czech:toulat seimpf,chodit za zábavouimpf,vyrážet za zábavouimpf
• Galician:vagar(gl)
• Georgian:ხეტიალი(ka)(xeṭiali),წანწალი(c̣anc̣ali)
• Maori:kaihanu,tihoi
• Russian:слоня́ться(ru)(slonjátʹsja),шля́ться(ru)(šljátʹsja)
• Ukrainian:вештатися(veštatysja),тинятися(tynjatysja),шлятися(šljatysja),швендяти(švendjaty)

Noun

gad(pluralgads)

1. One whoroamsabout idly; agadabout.

Etymology 3

FromMiddle Englishgade(“a fool, simpleton, rascal, scoundrel; bastard”),fromOld English*gada(“fellow, companion, comrade, associate”),fromProto-West Germanic*gadō,fromProto-Germanic*gadô,*gagadô(“companion, associate”),related toProto-West Germanic*gaduling(“kinsman”).Cognate withDutchgade(“spouse”),GermanGatte(“male spouse, husband”).See alsogadling.

Alternative forms

• ged,gade

Noun

gad(pluralgads)

1. (Northern England,Scotland,derogatory)A greedy and/or stupid person.

   Get over here, ye good-for-nothinggadǃ

   • 1913,George Gordon,The Auld Clay Biggin:

     Ye greedyged,ye have taken the very breath out o' me.

References

• The Dictionary of the Scots Language

Etymology 4

FromMiddle Englishgad,gadde,borrowed fromOld Norsegaddr(“goad,spike”),fromProto-Germanic*gazdaz(“spike, rod, stake”).Doubletofgoadandyard.

Noun

gad(pluralgads)

1. (especiallyUK,US,dialect)Agoad,a sharp-pointedrodfor driving cattle, horses, etc, or one with a whip or thong on the end for the same purpose.

   Hyponym:goad

   • 1684,Meriton,Praise Ale,l. 100, in1851,James Orchard Halliwell-Phillipps,The Yorkshire Anthology: A Collection of Ancient and Modern Ballads, Poems and Songs, Relating to the County of Yorkshire,page 71:

     Ist yoakes and bowes andgadand yoaksticks there?

   • c.1844,Prairie Farmer:

     Does your cow kick? Do not fly into a passion and pound her with a handspike, or trim her with agador a cow-hide.

   • 1885December 17,Detroit Free Press‎^[2]:

     Twain finds his voice after a short search for it and when he impels it forward it is a good, strong, steady voice in harness until the driver becomes absent-minded, when it stops to rest, and then thegadmust be used to drive it on again.

   • 1888,“Robin Spraggon's Auld Grey Mare”, inThe Monthly Chronicle of North-country Lore and Legend,page171:

     Our thrifty dame, Mally, she rises soon at morn, She goes and tells the master I'm pulling up the corn; He clicks up the oxengadand sair belabours me, For I'm Robin Spraggon's auld grey mare, ae how he's guided me!

   • 1908,Folklore Society (Great Britain),Publications,page288:

     On the morning of Palm-Sunday, the gamekeeper, some servant on the estate, brings with him a largegador whip, with a long thong; the stock is made of the mountain ash,[…]

2. (UK,US,dialect)Arodorstick,such as afishingrod or ameasuringrod.
   • 1836,A Collection of Right Merrie Garlands for North Country Anglers,page 4:

     And we'll prepare our limbergads,
     Lang lines, and braw brass wheels;

   • 1876,Armstrong,Wanny Blossoms,page33:

     Seek out thy tackle, thy creel and thygad.

   • 1879,William Henderson, Folklore Society (Great Britain),Notes on the Folk-lore of the Northern Counties of England and the Borders:

     Woe to the lad / without a rowen-treegad.

   • 1896,Proudlock,Borderland Muse,page268:

     We'll splice oorgadsnigh Barra Mill, Beneath yon auld birk tree.

3. (especiallymining)A pointed metal tool for breaking or chiselling rock.
   • c.1588–1593(date written), William Shakespeare, “The Lamentable Tragedy of Titus Andronicus”,inMr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies[…](First Folio), London:[…]Isaac Iaggard,andEd[ward]Blount,published1623,→OCLC,[Act IV, scene i]:

     I will go get a leaf of brass, / And with agadof steel will write these words.

   • 2006,Thomas Pynchon,Against the Day,Vintage, published2007,page327:

     Frank was able to keep his eyes open long enough to check his bed with a miner'sgadand douse the electric lamp

4. (obsolete)A metalbar.
   • 1485,Thomas Malory,Le Morte d'Arthur,Book XV:

     they sette uppon hym and drew oute their swerdys to have slayne hym – but there wolde no swerde byghte on hym more than uppon agaddeof steele, for the Hyghe Lorde which he served, He hym preserved.

   • 1677–1683,Joseph Moxon,“(please specify the page)”,inMechanick Exercises, or The Doctrine of Handy-Works,[…],volume(please specify |volume=I or II),London:[…]Joseph Moxon, published1678–1683,→OCLC:

     Flemish steel[…]some in bars and some ingads.

   • 1836,Walter Scott,Guy Mannering, Or, The Astrologer: With the Author's Last Notes and Additions,page372:

     When a man received sentence of death, he was put upon thegadas it was called, that is, secured to the bar of iron in the manner mentioned in the text. The practice subsisted in Edinburgh[…]

5. (dated,metallurgy)An indeterminate measure of metal produced by afurnace,sometimes equivalent to abloomweighing around 100 pounds.
   • 1957,H.R. Schubert,History of the British Iron and Steel Industry,page146:

     Twice a day a 'gad'of iron, i.e., a bloom weighing 1cwt.was produced, which took from six to seven hours.

6. Aspikeon agauntlet;agadling.

   Synonyms:gadling,spike

   • 1840,Charles Henry Hartshorne,An Endeavor to Classify the Sepulchral Remains in Northamptonshire, Or, a Discourse on Funeral Monuments in that County: Delivered Before the Members of the Religious and Useful Knowledge Society, at Northampton,page35:

     Sometimes we see the knuckles ornamented withgadsor gadlings.

   • 1842,Ecclesiological Society,Illustrations of Monumental Brasses...,page70:

     His gauntlets have embroidered cuffs; there aregadsor gadlings on the fingers.

   • 1858,Edward Cave,The Gentleman's Magazine: Or, Monthly Intelligencer: Volume the first[-fifth],for the year 1731[-1735]...,page215:

     Another curious device was that of arming the knuckles of the gauntlets with spikes (gadsor gadlings), by which they became weapons as well as defences.

   • 1992,Sir Guy Francis Laking,A Record of European Armour and Arms Through Seven Centuries,page214:

     On both finger joints aregads,which are beautifully faceted and brought to a point.

Derived terms

• gadfly

Translations

A sharp-pointed object; a goad

• Bulgarian:шип(bg)m(šip),острие(bg)n(ostrie)

See also

• Baal-gad(etymologically unrelated)

Anagrams

• DAG,GDA,dag

Afar

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key):/ˈɡad/ [ˈɡʌd]
• Hyphenation:gad

Noun

gádm(pluralgadoowáforgadittéforgadoodáf)

1. song
2. sungpoetry

Declension

Declension ofgád
absolutive	gád
predicative	gáda
subjective	gád
genitive	gaddí
Postpositioned forms l-case gádal k-case gádak t-case gádat h-case gádah

References

• E. M. Parker, R. J. Hayward (1985) “gad”, inAn Afar-English-French dictionary (with Grammatical Notes in English),University of London,→ISBN
• Mohamed Hassan Kamil (2015)L’afar: description grammaticale d’une langue couchitique (Djibouti, Erythrée et Ethiopie)‎^[3],Paris: Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (doctoral thesis)

Danish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key):[ˈɡ̊æˀð],[ˈɡ̊æðˀ]

Verb

gad

1. pastofgide

Fingallian

Etymology

BorrowedfromIrishgad.

Noun

gad

1. withe
   • 1689James Farewell,The Irish Hudibras, or, Fingallian prince taken from the sixth book of Virgil's Æneids, and adapted to the present times.(Appendix: "Alphabetical Table" of "Fingallian Words, or Irish Phrases" ):

     Gad,

     A With.

Haitian Creole

Etymology

FromFrenchgarde.

Noun

gad

1. guard

Related terms

• gadò
• gadyen

Verb

gad

1. Alternative form ofgade(“to watch”)

Irish

Pronunciation

• (Munster,Aran)IPA^(key):/ɡɑd̪ˠ/
• (Cois Fharraige,Mayo,Ulster)IPA^(key):/ɡad̪ˠ/

Etymology 1

FromOld Irishgat,fromProto-Celtic*gazdos,from lateProto-Indo-European*ǵʰasdʰos(“branch ~ spear, sharp spine”),a root also connected toProto-Germanic*gazdaz(“spike”),Latinhasta(“spear”).

Noun

gadm(genitive singulargaid,nominative pluralgaid)

1. withe
2. string,rope,band
3. Obsoletespelling ofgoid.
4. Obsoletespelling ofcad.

Declension

Declension ofgad(first declension)

bare forms case singular plural nominative gad gaid vocative aghaid aghada genitive gaid gad dative gad gaid forms with thedefinite article case singular plural nominative angad nagaid genitive anghaid nangad dative leis anngad donghad leis nagaid

Derived terms

• gad bráidm(“scrofula”)
• gad brollaigh(“breast-strap”)
• gad tairrm(“bellyband, cinch”)
• pionós an ghaid(“garrotte”)
• ropaire gaid(“gallows-bird”)

Descendants

• →Fingallian:gad

Etymology 2

FromOld Irishgataid(“to take away”).

Verb

gad(present analyticgadann,future analyticgadfaidh,verbal noungad,past participlegadta)

1. (transitive,intransitive,literary)take away,remove;snatch,carry off
2. Alternative form ofgoid

Conjugation

conjugation ofgad(first conjugation– A)

		singular			plural			relative	autonomous
		first	second	third	first	second	third
indicative	present	gadaim	gadanntú; gadair†	gadannsé, sí	gadaimid	gadannsibh	gadannsiad; gadaid†	aghadann;aghadas/ angadann*	gadtar
	past	ghadmé;ghadas	ghadtú;ghadais	ghadsé, sí	ghadamar;ghadmuid	ghadsibh;ghadabhair	ghadsiad;ghadadar	aghad/ arghad*	gadadh
	past habitual	ghadainn/ngadainn‡‡	ghadtá/ngadtᇇ	ghadadhsé, sí /ngadadhsé, s퇇	ghadaimis;ghadadhmuid /ngadaimis‡‡;ngadadhmuid‡‡	ghadadhsibh /ngadadhsibh‡‡	ghadaidís;ghadadhsiad /ngadaidís‡‡;ngadadhsiad‡‡	aghadadh/ angadadh*	ghadtaí/ngadta퇇
future		gadfaidhmé; gadfad	gadfaidhtú; gadfair†	gadfaidhsé, sí	gadfaimid; gadfaidhmuid	gadfaidhsibh	gadfaidhsiad; gadfaid†	aghadfaidh;aghadfas/ angadfaidh*	gadfar
conditional		ghadfainn/ngadfainn‡‡	ghadfá/ngadfᇇ	ghadfadhsé, sí /ngadfadhsé, s퇇	ghadfaimis;ghadfadhmuid /ngadfaimis‡‡;ngadfadhmuid‡‡	ghadfadhsibh /ngadfadhsibh‡‡	ghadfaidís;ghadfadhsiad /ngadfaidís‡‡;ngadfadhsiad‡‡	aghadfadh/ angadfadh*	ghadfaí/ngadfa퇇
subjunctive	present	gongadamé; gongadad†	gongadatú; gongadair†	gongadasé, sí	gongadaimid; gongadamuid	gongadasibh	gongadasiad; gongadaid†	—	gongadtar
	past	dángadainn	dángadtá	dángadadhsé, sí	dángadaimis; dángadadhmuid	dángadadhsibh	dángadaidís; dángadadhsiad	—	dángadtaí
imperative		gadaim	gad	gadadhsé, sí	gadaimis	gadaigí; gadaidh†	gadaidís	—	gadtar
verbal noun		gad
past participle		gadta

* indirect relative
† archaic or dialect form
‡‡ dependent form used with particles that triggereclipsis

Mutation

Mutated formsofgad

radical	lenition	eclipsis
gad	ghad	ngad

Note:Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Modern Irish.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

Further reading

• Ó Dónaill, Niall(1977) “gad”,inFoclóir Gaeilge–Béarla,Dublin: An Gúm,→ISBN
• Dinneen, Patrick S.(1904) “gad”, inFoclóir Gaeḋilge agus Béarla,1st edition, Dublin: Irish Texts Society,page344
• Dinneen, Patrick S.(1904) “gadaim”, inFoclóir Gaeḋilge agus Béarla,1st edition, Dublin: Irish Texts Society,page344
• de Bhaldraithe, Tomás(1959) “gad”,inEnglish-Irish Dictionary,An Gúm
• “gad”,inNew English-Irish Dictionary,Foras na Gaeilge,2013-2024

Lower Sorbian

Etymology

FromProto-Slavic*gadъ(“serpent”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key):/ɡat/

Noun

gadmanim

1. (archaic)venomoussnake,viper,adder

Declension

Declension ofgad

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	gad	gada	gady
Genitive	gada	gadowu	gadow
Dative	gadoju	gadoma	gadam
Accusative	gada	gadowu	gady,gadow
Instrumental	gadom	gadoma	gadami
Locative	gaźe	gadoma	gadach

Noun

gadminan

1. poison,venom

Declension

Declension ofgad

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	gad	gada	gady
Genitive	gada	gadowu	gadow
Dative	gadoju	gadoma	gadam
Accusative	gad	gada	gady
Instrumental	gadom	gadoma	gadami
Locative	gaźe	gadoma	gadach

Further reading

• Muka, Arnošt(1921, 1928) “gad”,inSłownik dolnoserbskeje rěcy a jeje narěcow(in German), St. Petersburg, Prague:ОРЯС РАН,ČAVU;Reprinted Bautzen: Domowina-Verlag,2008
• Starosta, Manfred (1999) “gad”,inDolnoserbsko-nimski słownik / Niedersorbisch-deutsches Wörterbuch(in German), Bautzen: Domowina-Verlag

Middle English

Alternative forms

• gadd,gadde

Etymology

BorrowedfromOld Norsegaddr,fromProto-Germanic*gazdaz(“spike, rod, stake”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key):/ɡad/

Noun

gad(pluralgads)

1. gad

Descendants

• English:gad

References

• “gad(de,n.”,inMED Online,Ann Arbor, Mich.:University of Michigan,2007.

Navajo

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key):/kàt/,[kàt],[kɣàt]

Noun

gad

1. juniper,cedar(especiallyJuniperus deppeana)

Old English

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key):/ɡɑːd/

Etymology 1

FromProto-West Germanic*gaidu,fromProto-Germanic*gaidwą.

Alternative forms

• gǣd

Noun

gādn

1. lack,want
2. desire,need

Declension

Stronga-stem:

	singular	plural
nominative	gād	gād
accusative	gād	gād
genitive	gādes	gāda
dative	gāde	gādum

Derived terms

• *ǣgǣde

Etymology 2

FromProto-West Germanic*gaidu,fromProto-Germanic*gaidō.

Alternative forms

• gaad

Noun

gādf

1. point,tip
2. spearheadorarrowhead
3. spike,goad

Declension

Strongō-stem:

	singular	plural
nominative	gād	gāda,gāde
accusative	gāde	gāda,gāde
genitive	gāde	gāda
dative	gāde	gādum

Descendants

• Middle English:gade,gode
  • English:goad
  • Scots:gade,gaid

Polish

Alternative forms

• gád(“snake”)(Żywiec)

Etymology

InheritedfromProto-Slavic*gadъ.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key):/ˈɡat/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes:-at
• Syllabification:gad
• Homophone:Gad

Noun

gadmanimal(related adjectivegadzi)

1. reptile(cold-blooded vertebrate of the class Reptilia)

Declension

Declension ofgad

	singular	plural
nominative	gad	gady
genitive	gada	gadów
dative	gadowi	gadom
accusative	gada	gady
instrumental	gadem	gadami
locative	gadzie	gadach
vocative	gadzie	gady

Noun

gadmpers

1. scoundrel(villain)

Declension

Declension ofgad

	singular	plural
nominative	gad	gady
genitive	gada	gadów
dative	gadowi	gadom
accusative	gada	gadów
instrumental	gadem	gadami
locative	gadzie	gadach
vocative	gadzie	gady

Further reading

• gadinWielki słownik języka polskiego,Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
• gadin Polish dictionaries at PWN

Scots

Etymology 1

Unknown. Possibly fromgaud(“a bar of iron; a rod”).Alternatively, compareIcelandicgaddr(“packed snow”).Attested from the 19th century.

Noun

gad(pluralgads)

1. amassofice

Etymology 2

Unknown. Attested from the 20th century.Comparecaddle,cad(“stones used to play the game ofcherry pit”).Compare alsoScottish Gaelicgad(“a twig, stick”).

Noun

gad(pluralgads)

1. aballofwoodorcorkused to playshinty

See also

• gads

Scottish Gaelic

Etymology 1

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key):/kat̪/

Pronoun

gad

1. you(informal singular,direct object)

   Bruidhinn nas labhaire, chan eil migadchluinntinn ceart.―Speak louder, I don't hear you well.

Usage notes

• Lenitesthe following word.

Related terms

• ga
• gam
• gan
• gar
• gur
• iad
• tu

Etymology 2

FromOld Irishgat,fromProto-Celtic*gazdo-,from lateProto-Indo-European*ǵʰasto-or*ǵʰasdʰo-(“branch ~ spear, sharp spine”),a root also connected toProto-Germanic*gazdaz(“spike”),Latinhasta(“spear”).

Noun

gadm(genitive singulargaid,pluralgaidorgadan)

1. withy,withe

Etymology 3

See the etymology of the correspondinglemmaform.

Conjunction

gad

1. Alternative form ofged

Mutation

Mutationofgad

radical	lenition
gad	ghad

Note:Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Scottish Gaelic.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

Serbo-Croatian

Etymology

InheritedfromProto-Slavic*gadъ.

Noun

gȁdm(Cyrillic spellingга̏д)

1. arepulsiveperson
2. scoundrel
3. cad
4. asshole
5. snake;lizard

Declension

Declension ofgad

	singular	plural
nominative	gad	gadovi
genitive	gada	gadova
dative	gadu	gadovima
accusative	gada	gadove
vocative	gade	gadovi
locative	gadu	gadovima
instrumental	gadom	gadovima

Somali

Verb

gad

1. tobuy

Torres Strait Creole

Noun

gad

1. (eastern dialect)animmaturecoconut

Usage notes

Gadorsmol koknatis the third stage of coconut growth. It is preceded bygiru(eastern dialect)ormusu koknat(western dialect),and followed bykopespes.

Veps

Etymology

Borrowed fromRussianгад(gad).

Noun

gad

1. snake

Inflection

Inflection ofgad(inflection type 5/sana)
nominative sing.	gad
genitive sing.	gadan
partitive sing.	gadad
partitive plur.	gadoid
	singular	plural
nominative	gad	gadad
accusative	gadan	gadad
genitive	gadan	gadoiden
partitive	gadad	gadoid
essive-instructive	gadan	gadoin
translative	gadaks	gadoikš
inessive	gadas	gadoiš
elative	gadaspäi	gadoišpäi
illative	gadaha	gadoihe
adessive	gadal	gadoil
ablative	gadalpäi	gadoilpäi
allative	gadale	gadoile
abessive	gadata	gadoita
comitative	gadanke	gadoidenke
prolative	gadadme	gadoidme
approximative I	gadanno	gadoidenno
approximative II	gadannoks	gadoidennoks
egressive	gadannopäi	gadoidennopäi
terminative I	gadahasai	gadoihesai
terminative II	gadalesai	gadoilesai
terminative III	gadassai	—
additive I	gadahapäi	gadoihepäi
additive II	gadalepäi	gadoilepäi

Volapük

Noun

gad(nominative pluralgads)

1. garden

Declension

declension ofgad

	singular	plural
nominative	gad	gads
genitive	gada	gadas
dative	gade	gades
accusative	gadi	gadis
vocative1	ogad!	ogads!
predicative2	gadu	gadus

• ¹status as a case is disputed
• ²in later, non-classical Volapük only

Derived terms

• bimagad
• brasidagad
• celepagad
• floragad
• flukagad
• gadabam
• gadam
• gadamöb
• gadan
• gadanik
• gadapiadil
• gadaplan
• gadatail
• gadatuin
• gadav
• gadavaklub
• gadavam
• gadavan
• gadavik
• gadik
• gadil
• gadilik
• gadimeik
• gadöm
• gadön
• higadan
• härbatagad
• jigadan
• kasedagad
• labürenagad
• legad
• legadik
• nimagad
• planavagad
• rosadagad
• sanakebagad
• spatagad
• tedagadan
• vitidagad

Welsh

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key):/ɡaːd/
• Rhymes:-aːd

Etymology 1

Noun

gad

1. Soft mutation ofcad.

Mutation

Mutated formsofcad

radical	soft	nasal	aspirate
cad	gad	nghad	chad

Note:Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

Etymology 2

Alternative forms

• gadawa(colloquial)

Verb

gad

1. (literary)second-personsingularimperativeofgadael

Mutation

Mutated formsofgad

radical	soft	nasal	aspirate
gad	ad	ngad	unchanged

Note:Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

Western Apache

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key):[kàt]

Noun

gad

1. cedarorjunipertree,especiallyJuniperus deppeana.

References

• 2007.The UCLA Phonetics Lab Archive.Los Angeles, CA: UCLA Department of Linguistics.