r

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rU+0072,r
LATIN SMALL LETTER R
q
[U+0071]
Basic Latin s
[U+0073]

Translingual

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EnglishWikipediahas an article on:
Wikipedia

Etymology 1

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Upper case R, the source for lower case r Modification of capital letterRby not closing the bottom of the loop but continuing into the leg to save a pen stroke, later shortening the right leg into a simple arc.

Alternative forms

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Letter

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r(upper caseR)

  1. The eighteenth letter of thebasic modern Latin Alpha bet.
See also
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Etymology 2

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Pronunciation

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  • Pronunciation of IPA[rɑː, ɑrrɑː]with the sound[r]:(file)

Symbol

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EnglishWikipediahas an article on:
Wikipedia

r

  1. Abbreviationofronto-.
  2. (engineering,geometry)radius
  3. (IPA)(a) analveolartrill.
    (b)Used inbroad transcriptionfor any rhotic consonant, e.g. in English, French or Japanese where the⟨r⟩is not a trill[r].
    (c)(superscript⟨ʳ⟩)an[r]-trillrelease(of aplosive); a weak, fleeting or epenthetic[r].
    (d)(superscript,obsolete)a non-trilledrhoticcoloration oroffglideof avowel;arhotic vowel,now formed with⟨◌˞⟩or a more-precise transcription such asʴ– see⟨ʳ⟩.
  4. (transcription)used in several romanization systems of non-Latin scripts to represent variousrhoticsounds:
    1. Romanization of the Hebrewר(reish”, “resh”, “rēš)in the Common Israeli, Hebrew Academy (1953 and 2006), and ISO 259 transliteration schemes
    2. Romanization of the Hebrewרּ(reish”, “resh”, “rēš ḥāzāq)in the Common Israeli transliteration scheme
  5. (chemistry)of a tactic diad, having structural units in opposition.
  6. (physics)relative.E.g.vrorvrfor relativevelocity.
Synonyms
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  • (Romanization ofרּ,“reish”, “resh”, “rēš ḥāzāq”):rr(in the Hebrew Academy (1953 and 2006) and ISO 259 transliteration schemes)
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See also

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Other representations of R:

English

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Etymology 1

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Anglo-Saxon Futhorc letter ᚱ, the Old English letter replaced by Latin r
Anglo-Saxon Futhorc letter ᚱ, the Old English letter replaced by Latin r

Old English lower case letterr,from 7th century replacement by Latin lower caserof the Anglo-Saxon Futhorc letter.

Pronunciation

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Letter

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r(lower case,upper caseR,pluralrsorr's)

  1. The eighteenthletterof the EnglishAlpha bet,calledarand written in theLatin script.
See also
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Number

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r(lower case,upper caseR)

  1. Theordinalnumbereighteenth,derived from thisletterof the EnglishAlpha bet,calledarand written in theLatin script.

Etymology 2

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Fromareandour,pronounced like the name of the letterr.

Verb

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r

  1. (Internetslang,text messaging)Abbreviationofare.
    HowruHowareyou?
Translations
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Determiner

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r

  1. (Internetslang,text messaging)Abbreviationofour.
    • 2013,Jessica Burkhart,Home for Christmas(Canterwood Crest;Super Special), New York, NY:Aladdin M!X,→ISBN,page44:
      This was supposed 2 be a SURPRISE, but the girls got it out of me. ☺ I wanted all of us 2 spend Xmas 2gether. By all, I meanrhorses 2. Sooo... B, C, G, Z, & D, you have guests waiting @ BC. Zane, Valentino, Scout, Nero, & Polo r there! Now we can riderhorses when we r not volunteering & spend Xmas w them. ☺

Etymology 3

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Abbreviations.

r

  1. (stenoscript)the sound sequence /ɑr/, including the verbare
  2. (stenoscript)Abbreviationofherand inflectionhers.
  3. (stenoscript)Abbreviationofour,inflectionours,and homophonehour.

See also

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Azerbaijani

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Pronunciation

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Letter

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rlower case(upper caseR)

  1. The twenty-fourthletterof the AzerbaijaniAlpha bet,written in theLatin script.

See also

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Basque

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Pronunciation

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Letter

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r(lower case,upper caseR)

  1. The nineteenthletterof the BasqueAlpha bet,callederreand written in theLatin script.

See also

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Central Mazahua

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Pronunciation

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Letter

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r(upper caseR)

  1. A letter of theMazahuaAlpha bet.

See also

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Dutch

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Pronunciation

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Letter

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r(lower case,upper caseR)

  1. The eighteenthletterof the DutchAlpha bet,written in theLatin script.

Derived terms

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See also

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  • Previous letter:q
  • Next letter:s

See also

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Egyptian

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Etymology 1

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The actual reading of this word is uncertain, as it is always written as an ideogram, but evidence from Coptic suggests the original wasrꜣ.The extension in meaning to ‘part, piece, fraction’ might be either by way of a mouthful being used as a standard share in some distribution of food or goods,[1]or else extended from its meaning of ‘opening’ > ‘division’.

Pronunciation

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Noun

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r
Z1

m

  1. mouth(of humans or animals)
    • Reign of Amenemhat II or Senusret II,c.1929–1878BCE,Stela of Hekaib (Rijksmuseum van Oudheden,AP 78):
      nw
      k
      n&DsA1iq
      r
      D&dmr
      Z1
      f
      jnk nḏs jqr ḏd mr(ꜣ).f
      I was an excellent individual, one who spoke with his ownmouth.
  2. (figuratively,chiefly in titles)speaker,mouthpiece
  3. utterance,statement
  4. especially,ritualutterance,spell
  5. (rare)language,mannerofspeech
  6. opening,hole
  7. bodilyorifice,openingof thehumanbodyin general, includingeyes,ears,nostrils,thevulva,andopenwounds
  8. entranceto abuildingor otherenclosedstructure,doorway
    • c.1401BCE,Amduat of Amenhotep II(tomb of Amenhotep II, KV35) First Hour, closing text, lines 8–9:
      iwhiiY2
      n
      r
      a
      raZ1r
      rZ1
      O31
      O31
      tA
      N23Z1

      hnwWA4n
      k
      z
      r
      q
      Y2
      AxxH_SPACE
      ra
      waqq
      H_SPACE
      kdwApr
      n
      wr
      r
      t
      xAst
      jw hy n rꜥ rr(ꜣ)ꜥꜣwj tꜣ hnw n.k srq ꜣḫw ꜥq.k sbꜣ n(j) wrt
      May there be cries of joy for Ra at theopeningof the double doors of the earth, and acclaim for you who make theakh-spirits breathe when you enter the door of the Great (i.e. the afterworld).
  9. entranceto alandorplacein general
  10. mouthof ariver
  11. water’sedge,waterline
  12. (especially in compounds)placeorthingseen as anopeningfrom one point to another,passage,thoroughfare
  13. ameasureofvolumeequivalent to132of ahnwor1320of aḥqꜣt(about15millilitres);mouthful
  14. part,piece,fraction
  15. (mathematics)used as a numerator of 1 in fractions, literally “piece of (the denominator)”.
    • 12th Dynasty,Siut Tomb I, 285, published in Griffith, Francis Llewellyn,The inscriptions of Siûṭ and Dêr Rîfeh:
      r
      V1V1V1
      V20V20V20
      V20V20V20
      r(ꜣ)ḫmtw-št sjsjw
      1360
Usage notes
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Following Sethe,[3]it has often been suggested thatrshould also be taken to mean ‘one third’ as a reading of the sign
D150
(questionably attested in hieroglyphs proper), extrapolating backward from the dual formrwj(two thirds);however, such a usage remains uncertain, and the reading of the formḫmt-rw(three fourths)argues against the interpretation ofrinrwjas specifically meaning a third.
Inflection
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In the sense of ‘mouth’ the plural is rare, as the singular is usually used even in reference to the mouths of multiple people.

Alternative forms
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The senses relating to ‘opening, doorway’ sometimes carry different determinatives:

The sense ‘water’s edge’ is similarly sometimes found with a different determinative:

Derived terms
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Descendants
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Etymology 2

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Possibly cognate toHebrewאֶל(ʾel,to, at),Arabicإِلَى(ʔilā,to, until, near).[4]

Pronunciation

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Preposition

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r
  1. regarding,with respect to,concerning,according to
  2. in order to,for(the purpose of)
  3. (with following infinitive)forms theperiphrasticprospectiveof a verb
  4. (with verbs of motion,of places)to,towards
  5. (in adverbial sentences,of places, roles, or functions)headedfor,destinedfor,boundfor
  6. (of time)at,in,on
  7. against,inoppositionto
  8. from,apart from (ablative)
  9. (after an adjective or adverb,forming the comparative)than,bycomparisonto
  10. (generally in sentence-initial formjr)introduces theprotasisof aconditionalsentence;if,when,as
  11. (with a verb in theterminativeas object)until
Inflection
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Alternative forms
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Derived terms
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Descendants
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Particle

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r

enclitic

  1. (with attached suffix pronoun)so,regarding(that,you,me,etc.),as for(that,you,me,etc.)
Usage notes
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This usage is distinguished from the preposition by the fact that it occurs as the enclitic second element in a clause instead of at the end of a clause, as is otherwise the case with prepositional phrases.

Alternative forms
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See also

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References

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  1. ^Palma, Helena Lopez (2015) “Egyptian Fractional Numerals: The grammar of Egyptian NPs and statements with fractional number expressions” inLingua Aegyptia,volume 23, page 199
  2. ^Loprieno, Antonio (1995)Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction,Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,→ISBN,page58
  3. ^Sethe, Kurt (1916)Von Zahlen und Zahlworten bei den alten Ägyptern,page 82–83
  4. ^Hoch, James (1997)Middle Egyptian Grammar,Mississauga: Benben Publications,→ISBN,page15

Esperanto

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Pronunciation

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Letter

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r(lower case,upper caseR)

  1. The twenty-firstletterof the EsperantoAlpha bet,calledroand written in theLatin script.

See also

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Estonian

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EstonianWikipediahas an article on:
Wikipediaet

Pronunciation

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Letter

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r(lower case,upper caseR)

  1. The eighteenthletterof the EstonianAlpha bet,callederrand written in theLatin script.

See also

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Faroese

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Pronunciation

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Letter

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r(upper caseR)

  1. The twentiethletterof the FaroeseAlpha bet,written in theLatin script.

See also

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Finnish

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Etymology

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The Finnish orthography using the Latin script was based on those of Swedish, German and Latin, and was first used in the mid-16th century. No earlier script is known. Seethe Wikipedia article on Finnish for more information,andrfor information on the development of the glyph itself.

Pronunciation

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Letter

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r(lower case,upper caseR)

  1. The eighteenthletterof the FinnishAlpha bet,calledärorerand written in theLatin script.

Derived terms

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compounds

See also

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French

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Pronunciation

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Letter

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r(lower case,upper caseR)

  1. The eighteenthletterof the FrenchAlpha bet,written in theLatin script.

Fula

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Pronunciation

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Letter

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r(lower case,upper caseR)

  1. Aletterof the FulaAlpha bet,written in theLatin script.

Usage notes

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See also

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Gothic

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Romanization

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r

  1. Romanization of𐍂

Hungarian

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Pronunciation

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Letter

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r(lower case,upper caseR)

  1. The twenty-ninthletterof the HungarianAlpha bet,callederrand written in theLatin script.

Declension

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Inflection (stem in-e-,front unrounded harmony)
singular plural
nominative r r-ek
accusative r-et r-eket
dative r-nek r-eknek
instrumental r-rel r-ekkel
causal-final r-ért r-ekért
translative r-ré r-ekké
terminative r-ig r-ekig
essive-formal r-ként r-ekként
essive-modal
inessive r-ben r-ekben
superessive r-en r-eken
adessive r-nél r-eknél
illative r-be r-ekbe
sublative r-re r-ekre
allative r-hez r-ekhez
elative r-ből r-ekből
delative r-ről r-ekről
ablative r-től r-ektől
non-attributive
possessive - singular
r-é r-eké
non-attributive
possessive - plural
r-éi r-ekéi
Possessive formsofr
possessor single possession multiple possessions
1st person sing. r-em r-jeim
2nd person sing. r-ed r-jeid
3rd person sing. r-je r-jei
1st person plural r-ünk r-jeink
2nd person plural r-etek r-jeitek
3rd person plural r-jük r-jeik

See also

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Further reading

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  • rinBárczi, GézaandLászló Országh.A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára( “The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language”, abbr.:ÉrtSz.). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962. Fifth ed., 1992:→ISBN

Icelandic

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Letter

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r(upper caseR)

  1. The twenty-firstletterof the IcelandicAlpha bet,written in theLatin script.

See also

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Ido

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Pronunciation

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  • (context pronunciation)IPA(key):/ɾ/
  • (letter name)IPA(key):/ɾe/

Letter

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r(upper caseR)

  1. The eighteenthletterof the IdoAlpha bet,written in theLatin script.

See also

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Italian

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Letter

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rform(invariable,lower case,upper caseR)

  1. The sixteenthletterof the ItalianAlpha bet,callederreand written in theLatin script.

Kankanaey

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Etymology

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BorrowedfromTagalogr.Letter pronunciation is influenced byEnglishr.

Pronunciation

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Letter

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r(lower case,upper caseR)

  1. The twentiethletterof the KankanaeyAlpha bet,calledarand written in theLatin script.

See also

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References

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  • Komisyon ng Wikang Filipino (2016)Ortograpiya di Kankanaëy[4](in Kankanaey and Tagalog),→ISBN,pages10-11

Kashubian

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Etymology

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The Kashubian orthography is based on the Latin Alpha bet. No earlier script is known. See theKashubian Alpha betarticle on Wikipedia for more, andrfor development of the glyph itself.

Letter

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r(lower case,upper caseR)

  1. The twenty-fifthletterof the KashubianAlpha bet,written in theLatin script.

See also

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Latin

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Letter

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r(lower case,upper caseR)

  1. A letter in theLatin Alpha bet,representing the sound /r/

See also

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Latvian

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LatvianWikipediahas an article on:
Wikipedialv

Etymology

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Proposed in 1908 as part of the new Latvian spelling by the scientific commission headed byK. Mīlenbahs,which was accepted and began to be taught in schools in 1909. Prior to that, Latvian had been written in GermanFraktur,and sporadically inCyrillic.

Pronunciation

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This entry needs anaudio pronunciation.If you are a native speaker with a microphone, pleaserecord this word.The recorded pronunciationwill appear herewhen it's ready.

Letter

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R

r(lower case,upper caseR)

  1. The twenty-fifthletterof the LatvianAlpha bet,callederand written in theLatin script.

See also

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Livonian

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Pronunciation

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Letter

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r(upper caseR)

  1. The twenty-ninthletterof the LivonianAlpha bet,written in theLatin script.

See also

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Malay

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Letter

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r(lower case,upper caseR)

  1. The eighteenthletterof the MalayAlpha bet,written in theLatin script.

See also

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Maltese

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Pronunciation

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Letter

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r(lower case,upper caseR)

  1. The twenty-secondletterof the MalteseAlpha bet,written in theLatin script.

See also

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Mandarin

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Romanization

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r(r5r0,Zhuyin˙ㄖ)

  1. Hanyu Pinyinreading ofNhiNhi

References

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North Frisian

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Pronunciation

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  • IPA(key):[r],(more recently among some speakers)[ʁ]

Letter

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r(lower case,upper caseR)

  1. Aletterof the North FrisianAlpha bet,written in theLatin script.

Usage notes

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  • In the syllablecoda,⟨r⟩ is vowelized to[ɐ̯],creating diphthongs (similarly to German and non-rhotic English). After ⟨ia, ua⟩, insofar as they have[ɐ̯]to begin with, it may be lost entirely.
  • In Sylt and Föhr-Amrum Frisian, ⟨r⟩ before a voicelessstopis frequently not vowelized, but becomes[x]instead. This development is not related (or at least not directly so) to the use ofuvular R,since it happens equally in those speakers who say[r].

See also

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Norwegian

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Pronunciation

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  • (letter name):IPA(key):/ærː/,/æɾː/
  • (phoneme):IPA(key):/r/,/ɾ/,/ʁ/
  • Audio:(file)

Letter

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r

  1. The eighteenthletterof the NorwegianAlpha bet,written in theLatin script.

Usage notes

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  • /ʁ/is the pronunciation of r usually found in southern and southeastern dialects of Norway. Bergen has the dialect best known for this sound. Said to come from Danish and/or German, originally from French.
  • Dialects with/ʁ/do not have retroflex consonants.
  • Silent before l in many dialects, such as [ˈdɔːlɪ] or [ˈdɔrlɪ] (dårlig/dårleg).

Nupe

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Pronunciation

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Letter

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r(lower case,upper caseR)

  1. The twentiethletterof the NupeAlpha bet,written in theLatin script.

See also

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Polish

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Etymology

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The Polish orthography is based on the Latin Alpha bet. No earlier script is known. See thehistory of Polish orthographyarticle on Wikipedia for more, andrfor development of the glyph itself.

Pronunciation

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Letter

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r(upper caseR,lower case)

  1. The twenty-thirdletterof the PolishAlpha bet,callederand written in theLatin script.

See also

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Portuguese

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Pronunciation

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Letter

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r(lower case,upper caseR)

  1. The eighteenthletterof the PortugueseAlpha bet,written in theLatin script.

See also

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Romani

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Pronunciation

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Letter

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r(lower case,upper caseR)

  1. (International Standard)The twenty-secondletterof the RomaniAlpha bet,written in theLatin script.
  2. (Pan-Vlax)The twenty-thirdletterof the RomaniAlpha bet,written in theLatin script.

See also

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References

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  • Yūsuke Sumi (2018) “R, r”, inニューエクスプレスプラス ロマ ( ジプシー ) ngữ(in Japanese), Tokyo: Hakusuisha, published2021,→ISBN,→OCLC,page14

Romanian

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Pronunciation

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Letter

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r(lower case,upper caseR)

  1. The twenty-firstletterof the RomanianAlpha bet,calleder,re,orand written in theLatin script.

See also

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Scottish Gaelic

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Letter

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r(lower case,upper caseR)

  1. The fifteenthletterof the Scottish GaelicAlpha bet,written in theLatin script.It is preceded bypand followed bys.Its traditional name isruis(elder).

See also

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Serbo-Croatian

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Alternative forms

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  • R(uppercase)

Pronunciation

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Letter

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r(Cyrillic spellingр)

  1. The 23rd letter of the Serbo-Croatian Latin Alpha bet (gajica), preceded bypand followed bys.

Silesian

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Etymology

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The Silesian orthography is based on the Latin Alpha bet. No earlier script is known. See theSilesian languagearticle on Wikipedia for more, andrfor development of the glyph itself.

Letter

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r(lower case,upper caseR)

  1. The twenty-fifthletterof the SilesianAlpha bet,written in theLatin script.

See also

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Skolt Sami

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Pronunciation

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Letter

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r(upper caseR)

  1. The twenty-seventhletterof the Skolt SamiAlpha bet,written in theLatin script.

See also

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Spanish

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Pronunciation

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Letter

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r(lower case,upper caseR)

  1. The nineteenthletterof the SpanishAlpha bet,written in theLatin script.

Derived terms

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See also

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Swedish

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Letter

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r(lower case,upper caseR)

  1. The eighteenthletterof the SwedishAlpha bet,written in theLatin script.

See also

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Tagalog

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Etymology

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BorrowedfromSpanishr.Each pronunciation has a different source:

  • Filipino Alpha bet pronunciation is influenced byEnglishr.
  • Abakada Alpha bet pronunciation is influenced by Baybayin character(da/ra).
  • Abecedario pronunciation is fromSpanishr.

Pronunciation

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  • (Standard Tagalog)
    • IPA(key):/ˈʔaɾ/[ˈʔaɾ](letter name, Filipino Alpha bet)
    • IPA(key):/ˈɾa/[ˈɾa](letter name, Abakada Alpha bet)
    • IPA(key):/ˈʔeɾe/[ˈʔɛː.ɾɛ](letter name, Abecedario)
    • IPA(key):/ɾ/[ɾ](phoneme)

Letter

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r(lower case,upper caseR,Baybayin spellingᜀᜇ᜔)

  1. The twentiethletterof the TagalogAlpha bet(theFilipino Alpha bet), calledarand written in theLatin script.

See also

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Letter

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r(lower case,upper caseR,Baybayin spelling)

  1. The fifteenthletterof the TagalogAlpha bet(theAbakada Alpha bet), calledraand written in theLatin script.

Letter

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r(lower case,upper caseR,Baybayin spellingᜁᜇᜒ)

  1. (historical)The twenty-firstletterof the TagalogAlpha bet(theAbecedario), calledereand written in theLatin script.

Further reading

[edit]
  • r”,inPambansang Diksiyonaryo | Diksiyonaryo.ph,Manila,2018

Turkish

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Pronunciation

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Letter

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r(lower case,upper caseR)

  1. The twenty-firstletterof the TurkishAlpha bet,calledreand written in theLatin script.

See also

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Turkmen

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Pronunciation

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Letter

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r(upper caseR)

  1. The twenty-firstletterof the TurkmenAlpha bet,callederand written in theLatin script.

See also

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Welsh

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Pronunciation

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Letter

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r(lower case,upper caseR)

  1. The twenty-thirdletterof the WelshAlpha bet,callederand written in theLatin script.It is preceded byphand followed byrh.

See also

[edit]

Further reading

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  • R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “r”,inGeiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online(in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies

Yoruba

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Pronunciation

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Letter

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r(lower case,upper caseR)

  1. The nineteenthletterof the YorubaAlpha bet,calledand written in theLatin script.

See also

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Zulu

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Letter

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r(lower case,upper caseR)

  1. The eighteenthletterof the ZuluAlpha bet,written in theLatin script.

See also

[edit]

{{c:nb:Clocks}}