son

See also:Appendix:Variations of "son"

Languages (48)

Translingual•English

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Translingual

Symbol

son

1. (international standards)ISO 639-2&ISO 639-5language codeforSonghay languages.

English

Alternative forms

• sonne(obsolete)

Pronunciation

• (offspring, beget)IPA^(key):/sʌn/
• (Northern England,Ireland)IPA^(key):/sʊn/
• (Spanish borrowing)IPA^(key):/sɒn/

• Audio(UK):

  (file)

• Audio(US):

  (file)

• Rhymes:-ʌn,-ɒn
• Homophone:sun

Etymology 1

FromMiddle Englishsonn,sone,sun,sune,fromOld Englishsunu(“son”),fromProto-Germanic*sunuz(“son”),fromProto-Indo-European*suHnús(“son”),fromProto-Indo-European*sewH-(“to bear; give birth”).

Noun

son(pluralsons)

1. One'smaleoffspring.

   Synonyms:seeThesaurus:son

   Before the birth of the man's child, he said: "I want ason,not a daughter. "

   • 1671,John Milton,“The First Book”, inParadise Regain’d. A Poem. In IV Books. To which is Added, Samson Agonistes,London:[…]J[ohn]M[acock]for John Starkey[…],→OCLC,page10,lines165-166:

     From what conſummate vertue I have choſe / This perfect Man, by merit call'd mySon,

2. A maleadoptedperson in relation to his adoptive parents.
3. Amaleperson who has such a closerelationshipwith anolderor otherwise moreauthoritativeperson that he can be regarded as a son of the other person.
   • 1832,Noah Webster, “SON”, inA Dictionary of the English Language Intended to Exhibit the Origin of Words, the Orthography and Definitions: in Two Volumes · Volume 2‎^[3]:

     Eli called Samuel hisson.Be plain, goodson,and homely in thy drift.

4. A male person considered to have been significantly shaped bysocial conflict.

   He was asonof the mafia system.

5. A person regarded as the product of some place.
   • 1850,Oliver P. Badger, convention member from Putnam, Indiana,Report of the Debates and Proceedings of the Convention for the Revision of the Constitution of the State of Indiana, 1850 Volume 1‎^[4],page827:

     I hold it to be true, that the people are thesonsof the soil; and we are only their instruments here.

6. A familiar address to a male person from an older or otherwise more authoritative person.
   • 1984,“Working on the Highway”,inBruce Springsteen(music),Born in the U.S.A.:

     Son,can't you see that she's just a little girl?

   • 2012,BioWare,Mass Effect 3(Science Fiction), Redwood City: Electronic Arts,→OCLC,PC, scene: Citadel:

     Shepard: Stay with me. We're almost through this.
     Admiral Anderson: You did good,son.You did good. I'm proud of you.
     Shepard: Thank you, sir. Anderson?

7. (UK,New York City,colloquial)An informal address to a friend or person of equal authority.
8. (computing)Thecurrentversionof afile,derived from the precedingfatherfile.
   • 2004,Ray Bradley,The Ultimate Computing Glossary for Advanced Level,page31:

     Three generations of file are usually kept, being the grandfather, father andsonfiles.

   • 2007,O. Ray Whittington, Patrick R. Delaney,Wiley CPA Exam Review 2008: Auditing and Attestation,page779:

     After the update, the new file master file is theson.The file from which the father was developed with the transaction files of the appropriate day is the grandfather. The grandfather andsonfiles are stored in different locations.

Antonyms

• (with regards to gender)daughter
• (with regards to ancestry)father,mother,parent

Hypernyms

• child

Derived terms

• bachelor's son
• batchelor's son
• favorite son/favourite son
• from father to son
• grandfather-father-son
• grandson
• I'll be a son of a gun
• like father, like son
• like father like son
• mother's son
• my son
• native son
• natural son
• only son
• paper son
• prodigal son
• sexy son hypothesis
• sonhead
• son-in-law
• sonny
• son of a
• son of a bachelor
• son of a bitch
• son of Adam
• son of a duck
• son of a fuck
• son of a gun
• son of a jackal
• son of a motherless goat
• son of a sea-cook
• son of a snake
• son of a whore
• son of bitch
• son of God
• son of privilege
• son of the manse
• son of the morning
• son of the soil
• son-out-law
• stepson
• whoreson
• Wisdom of Jesus son of Sirach

Translations

Seeson/translations § Noun.

Etymology 2

FromMiddle Englishsonen,sunen,from the noun (see above).

Verb

son(third-person singular simple presentsons,present participlesonning,simple past and past participlesonned)

1. (transitive)Toproduce(i.e.bear,father,beget) a son.
   • 1997,Noel Polk,Outside the Southern Myth:

     Isonneda father who would not besonned,[…]

2. (transitive)Toaddress(someone) as "son".
   • 2005,Jerry Flesher,Tomorrow I'll Miss You:

     “Don't 'son'me.” “I'm old enough to be your father,” he said with a dismissive wave of his hand.

   • 2014,Stuart A. McKeever,Becoming Joey Fizz:

     “Son—now's not the time, please.” “It's the perfect time—it's the best time fucking time I ever had. There's not gonna be another time, so don'tsonme, you bastard.[…]”

Etymology 3

FromSpanishson(literally“tone, sound”).

Noun

son(uncountable)

2. (music)Son cubano,a genre of music and dance blendingSpanishandAfricanelements that originated inCubaduring the late 19th century.
   • 2017,Mark Kurlansky,Havana: A Subtropical Delirium‎^[5],Bloomsbury,→ISBN:

     Whensonfirst emerged in the streets of Havana, in the early twentieth century, it was shut down by the police, as were most forms of African culture.Songroups,conjuntos,caught playing on the street, as was the tradition, had their instruments confiscated.

Further reading

• sonon Wikipedia.Wikipedia
• son cubanoon Wikipedia.Wikipedia

Anagrams

• ons,Nos,Nos.,nos.,NSO,ONS,nos,NOS,Nºˢ

Afrikaans

Etymology

FromDutchzon,fromMiddle Dutchsonne,fromOld Dutchsunna,fromProto-Germanic*sunnǭ,fromProto-Indo-European*sh₂un-,*sóh₂wl̥.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key):/sɔn/

• Audio:

  (file)

Proper noun

son

1. Sun,sun(star of the solar system)

Derived terms

• middernagson
• sonbril
• Sondag
• sonlig
• sonneblom
• sonnestelsel
• sonnig
• sonpaneel
• sonskyn

Aromanian

Etymology

FromLatinsonus.Compare Daco-Romaniansun.

Noun

sonn(pluralsonuri)

1. sound

Related terms

• asun

Ashkun

Etymology

Borrowed from a descendant ofSanskritसुवर्ण(suvárṇa).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key):/ˈson/

Noun

son(Sanu)

1. gold

Asturian

Etymology

FromLatinsunt.

Verb

son

1. third-personpluralpresentindicativeofser

Azerbaijani

Other scripts

Cyrillic		сон
Abjad		سوْن

Etymology

FromProto-Turkic*soŋ(“back, end”).CompareTurkishsonbelow.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key):[son]

• Audio:

  (file)

Noun

son(definite accusativesonu,pluralsonlar)

1. end,ending

   Synonym:axır

   Antonym:baş

   sonda isə başa düşdük ki...―but at the end we understood that...

   Filminsonundaəsas personaj ölür.―The main character diesat the endof the movie.

Declension

Declension ofson
	singular	plural
nominative	son	sonlar
definite accusative	sonu	sonları
dative	sona	sonlara
locative	sonda	sonlarda
ablative	sondan	sonlardan
definite genitive	sonun	sonların

Possessive forms ofson
	nominative
	singular	plural
mənim(“my”)	sonum	sonlarım
sənin(“your”)	sonun	sonların
onun(“his/her/its”)	sonu	sonları
bizim(“our”)	sonumuz	sonlarımız
sizin(“your”)	sonunuz	sonlarınız
onların(“their”)	sonuorsonları	sonları
	accusative
	singular	plural
mənim(“my”)	sonumu	sonlarımı
sənin(“your”)	sonunu	sonlarını
onun(“his/her/its”)	sonunu	sonlarını
bizim(“our”)	sonumuzu	sonlarımızı
sizin(“your”)	sonunuzu	sonlarınızı
onların(“their”)	sonunuorsonlarını	sonlarını
	dative
	singular	plural
mənim(“my”)	sonuma	sonlarıma
sənin(“your”)	sonuna	sonlarına
onun(“his/her/its”)	sonuna	sonlarına
bizim(“our”)	sonumuza	sonlarımıza
sizin(“your”)	sonunuza	sonlarınıza
onların(“their”)	sonunaorsonlarına	sonlarına
	locative
	singular	plural
mənim(“my”)	sonumda	sonlarımda
sənin(“your”)	sonunda	sonlarında
onun(“his/her/its”)	sonunda	sonlarında
bizim(“our”)	sonumuzda	sonlarımızda
sizin(“your”)	sonunuzda	sonlarınızda
onların(“their”)	sonundaorsonlarında	sonlarında
	ablative
	singular	plural
mənim(“my”)	sonumdan	sonlarımdan
sənin(“your”)	sonundan	sonlarından
onun(“his/her/its”)	sonundan	sonlarından
bizim(“our”)	sonumuzdan	sonlarımızdan
sizin(“your”)	sonunuzdan	sonlarınızdan
onların(“their”)	sonundanorsonlarından	sonlarından
	genitive
	singular	plural
mənim(“my”)	sonumun	sonlarımın
sənin(“your”)	sonunun	sonlarının
onun(“his/her/its”)	sonunun	sonlarının
bizim(“our”)	sonumuzun	sonlarımızın
sizin(“your”)	sonunuzun	sonlarınızın
onların(“their”)	sonununorsonlarının	sonlarının

Derived terms

• son qoymaq(“put an end to”)
• sonuncu(“last, ultimate”)
• sonsuz(“endless; barren, sterile”)
  • sonsuzluq
• sonlandırmaq(“to terminate”)
  • sonlandırılma(“termination”)

Adjective

son

1. recent,latest
2. last,final

   Synonym:axırıncı

   ötən əsrinsononilliyi―last decade of thepreviouscentury

Catalan

Etymology 1

InheritedfromOld Catalanson,fromVulgar Latinsum,reduced form ofLatinsuum,accusative ofsuus,fromProto-Italic*sowos.CompareOccitanandFrenchson.

In unstressed position in Vulgar Latinsuum, suametc. were monosyllabic and regularly becameson, saetc. in Catalan. When stressed they were disyllabic and becameseu,sua>seuaetc.

Pronunciation

• (Balearic,Central)IPA^(key):/sun/(always unstressed)
• (Valencia)IPA^(key):/son/(always unstressed)

Determiner

sonm(femininesa,masculine pluralsos,feminine pluralses)

1. his,her,its
2. their
3. your(alluding tovostèorvostès)

Usage notes

• The use ofsonand the other possessive determiners is mostly archaic in the majority of dialects, with articulated possessive pronouns (e.g.el meu) mostly being used in their stead. However,mon,ton,andsonare still widely used before certain nouns referring to family members and some affective nouns, such asamic,casa,andvida.Which nouns actually find use with the possessive determiners depends greatly on the locale.

The standard masculine plural form issos,butsonscan be found in some dialects.

In Algherese,sonand its forms mainly give reference tovostè.

See also

• seu
• llur
• vostre

References

El Català de l'Alguer: un model d'àmbit restringit,Barcelona,2003,→ISBN,page31

Etymology 2

InheritedfromOld Catalanson,fromLatinsomnus,fromProto-Indo-European*swépnos.Feminine noun by analogy withfam(“hunger”)andset(“thirst”).

Alternative forms

• so(Balearic)

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key):(Central,Balearic,Valencia)[ˈsɔn]

Noun

sonm(pluralsons)

1. sleep

Noun

sonf(uncountable)

1. sleepiness

   Synonym:somnolència

Derived terms

• malson

Related terms

• somni

References

• “son”inDiccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició,Institut d’Estudis Catalans.
• “son”inDiccionari català-valencià-balear,Antoni Maria Alcover and Francesc de Borja Moll, 1962.

Danish

Verb

son

1. imperativeofsone

Faroese

Noun

son

1. indefiniteaccusativesingularofsonur

Finnish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key):/ˈson/,[ˈs̠o̞n]
• Rhymes:-on
• Syllabification^(key):son

Contraction

son

1. (dialectal)Contraction ofseon.

Usage notes

This spelling is only used in texts meant to represent dialectal speech. The same contraction is common in rapid speech in many Finnish varieties, but the spelling is usually not used even in the most informal text or chat messages.

Franco-Provençal

Etymology

InheritedfromVulgar Latin*sum.Doubletofsin(possessive pronoun).

Determiner

son(femininesa,masculine pluralsosorses,feminine pluralses)(ORB, broad)

1. his,her,its(third-personal singular possessor)

See also

Franco-Provençal possessive determiners

			Possessee
			singular		plural
			m	f	m	f
Possessor	singular	1st	mon	ma	mos	mes
		2nd	ton	ta	tos	tes
		3rd	son	sa	sos	ses
	plural	1st	noutron	noutra	noutros	noutres
		2nd	voutron	voutra	voutros	voutres
		3rd	lor		lors

References

• son [1] in DicoFranPro:Dictionnaire Français/Francoprovençal– ondicofranpro.llm.umontreal.ca
• sonin Lo trèsor Arpitan – onarpitan.eu

French

Etymology 1

InheritedfromOld Frenchson,suen,suon,fromLatinsonus(the current form may be remade after or influenced bysonner).

Pronunciation

• (Europe)IPA^(key):/sɔ̃/
• (Canada)IPA^(key):/sõ(ː)/
• Homophones:sons,sont

Noun

sonm(pluralsons)

1. sound

   Lesonde ce piano est agréable.

   Thesoundof this piano is nice.

Derived terms

• au son de
• ingénieur du son
• mur du son
• son de cloche

Related terms

• sonner
• sonore

Etymology 2

InheritedfromMiddle Frenchson,fromOld Frenchson,fromVulgar Latinsum,a reduced/atonic variant ofsuus, suum,fromProto-Italic*sowos,fromProto-Indo-European*sewos,from*swé(“self”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key):/sɔ̃/,(before a vowel)/sɔ̃.n‿/,/sɔ.n‿/

Determiner

sonm(femininesa,pluralses)

1. (possessive)his,her,their,its(used to qualify masculine nouns and before a vowel)

   Elle a perdusonchapeau.

   She lostherhat.

   Il a perdusonchapeau.

   He losthishat.

   J’aimesonamie.

   I likehis/hergirlfriend.

   La décision a été prise pendantsonabsence.

   The decision was taken inher/hisabsence.

Usage notes

Sonis used before all singular nouns beginning with a vowel or a mute H, even those that are feminine. However,sais used with singular feminine nouns beginning with a consonant or an aspirated H.

Derived terms

• sondit

Related terms

French possessive determiners

			Possessee
			singular		plural
			m	f
Possessor	singular	1st	mon1	ma	mes
		2nd	ton1	ta	tes
		3rd	son1	sa	ses
	plural	1st	notre		nos
		2nd	votre2		vos2
		3rd	leur		leurs

¹Also used before feminine adjectives and nouns beginning with a vowel ormute h.

²Also used as the polite singular form.

For the singular persons there are gender-neutral neologismsman,tan,san.These are extremely rare.

Etymology 3

InheritedfromLatinsecundus(presumably through an earlierOld Frenchform*seon;compare an attestedMedieval Latinseonno, seonnum). Cognate withCatalansegó,Old Occitansegon.The meaning derives from the fact that bran results from a second sifting of flour.Doubletofsecond,a borrowing.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key):/sɔ̃/

Noun

sonm(pluralsons)

1. bran

   Ceci est du pain deson.

   This bread is done withbran.

Further reading

• “son”,inTrésor de la langue française informatisé[Digitized Treasury of the French Language],2012.

Anagrams

• nos

Galician

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key):/ˈsoŋ/[ˈs̺oŋ]
• Rhymes:-oŋ
• Hyphenation:son

Etymology 1

InheritedfromOld Galician-Portuguesesõo,son(13th century,Cantigas de Santa Maria,probably influenced by or possibly borrowed fromOld Occitanson), fromLatinsonus.Alternatively, regressively derived from the verbsoar.ComparePortuguesesom,Spanishson.

Alternative forms

• som(reintegrationist)

Noun

sonm(pluralsons)

1. sound
   • 1370,R. Lorenzo, editor,Crónica troiana,A Coruña: Fundación Barrié, page561:

     Et começou o torneo a creçer tãto, et a seer o acapelamento tã grande, et a uolta et os braados et os alaridos et ossõosdos cornos et das tronpas tã grandes et tã esquiuos que ome nõ se podía oýr

     And the tournament began to grow so much, and the carnage was so large, and the din and the roars and the yells and thesoundsof the horns and of the trumpets so big and harsh that a man couldn't heard himself

   • 1409,J. L. Pensado Tomé, editor,Tratado de Albeitaria,Santiago de Compostela: Centro Ramón Piñeiro, page69:

     Et pasando porllos ditos, hu ha gran roido et gransoonse se o Cauallo espantar no no deuen ferir con açorregos, nen con vara, nen con espora, mais deuen no trager mansamente, con hũa cana afaagandoo et lleuandoo porllos ditos llugares a miude

     And passing by the mentioned places, where there is big noise and bigsound,if the horse frightens, they should not wound him with whips nor with a stick, nor with spoor, rather they should bring him meekly, fondling him with a twig and taking him through this places often

Related terms

• soar
• sónico
• sonoro

Etymology 2

Alternative forms

• som(reintegrationist)
• são(reintegrationist)

Verb

son

1. inflection ofser:
   1. first-personsingularpresentindicative
   2. third-personpluralpresentindicative

   Sonparvo―I'mstupid

   Sonparvos―They'restupid

References

• Ernesto Xosé González Seoane,María Álvarez de la Granja,Ana Isabel Boullón Agrelo(2006–2022) “son”,inDicionario de Dicionarios do galego medieval(in Galician), Santiago de Compostela:Instituto da Lingua Galega
• Xavier Varela Barreiro, Xavier Gómez Guinovart (2006–2018) “soon”,inCorpus Xelmírez - Corpus lingüístico da Galicia medieval(in Galician), Santiago de Compostela:ILG
• Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández,editor (2006–2013), “son”,inDicionario de Dicionarios da lingua galega(in Galician), Santiago de Compostela:Instituto da Lingua Galega
• Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández,Ernesto Xosé González Seoane,María Álvarez de la Granja,editors (2003–2018), “son”,inTesouro informatizado da lingua galega(in Galician), Santiago de Compostela:Instituto da Lingua Galega
• Rosario Álvarez Blanco,editor (2014–2024), “son”,inTesouro do léxico patrimonial galego e portugués(in Galician), Santiago de Compostela:Instituto da Lingua Galega,→ISSN

German

Pronunciation

• Audio:

  (file)

Pronoun

son

1. Alternative form ofso'n
   • 1857,Der Glücksstern. Novelle von Julie Burow(Frau Pfannenschmidt),Bromberg, page 95:

     „[...] Macht Platz Leute! en Wagen wär' so übel nicht insonerHitze. “

     (pleaseadd an English translationof this quotation)

Further reading

• “son”inDudenonline
• “son”inDigitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache

Icelandic

Noun

son

1. indefiniteaccusativesingularofsonur

Indonesian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key):/ˈson/,[ˈson]
• Rhymes:-sɔn
• Hyphenation:son

Etymology 1

Unknown(Thisetymologyis missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at theEtymology scriptorium.)

Noun

son(pluralson-son,first-person possessivesonku,second-person possessivesonmu,third-person possessivesonnya)

1. (agriculture)harvested young garlic at the age of 70 days after planting

Etymology 2

Unadapted borrowingfromJapaneseThôn(そん)(son,“village”).Romanised according modifiedKunrei-shiki romanization.

Noun

son

1. (historical,1942-1945)Synonym ofkecamatan

Suffix

son

1. (historical,1942-1945)Synonym ofkecamatan

Further reading

• “son”inKamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia,Jakarta:Agency for Language Development and Cultivation–Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia,2016.

Irish

Noun

son

1. Only used inar son

Istriot

Verb

son

1. first-personsingularpresentindicativeofièsi
2. second-personsingularpresentindicativeofièsi
   • 1877,Antonio Ive,Canti popolari istriani: raccolti a Rovigno,volume 5, Ermanno Loescher, page29:

     Tisonla manduleîna inzucherada.

     Youarethe sugared almond.

Italian

Verb

son

1. Apocopicform ofsono

Japanese

Romanization

son

1. Rōmajitranscription ofそん

Ladin

Etymology 1

Alternative forms

• sun

Verb

son

1. first-personsingularpresentindicativeofester

Etymology 2

Alternative forms

• sun
• sion

Verb

son

1. third-personsingularpresentindicativeofester

Lower Sorbian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key):[sɔn]

Noun

sonmanim

1. (archaic)swan(waterfowl of genusCygnus)

Declension

Declension ofson

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	son	sona	sony
Genitive	sona	sonowu	sonow
Dative	sonoju	sonoma	sonam
Accusative	sona	sonowu	sony,sonow
Instrumental	sonom	sonoma	sonami
Locative	sonje	sonoma	sonach

Synonyms

• kołp
• šwon

Manx

Alternative forms

• er son

Etymology

A contraction ofer son,fromMiddle Irishar sonof unknown etymology. Cognate toIrishar sonandScottish Gaelicairson;see the Irish entry for further etymology.

Preposition

son

1. for

   Cur booise da Jeesondty hlaynt.

   Thank God for your health.

   Eeckee oosonshen.

   You'll pay for that.

   C're vees ainsonjinnair?

   What shall we have for dinner?

2. by

   Dy cadjin ta mee ec y thiesonqueig er y chlag.

   I'm usually home by five o'clock.

3. (used withverbal noun)want

   Cha nel eesoncredjal yn irriney.

   She doesn't want to believe the truth.

   Cha nel ehsonpoosey.

   He's not the marrying kind.

   As myr shen, bee oosongee?

   You'll be wanting to eat, then?

Usage notes

Not used with pronouns. Seeer sonfor inflected forms.

Derived terms

• cre hon(“for what purpose?”)
• son shickyrys(“for certain”)

Middle English

Etymology 1

Noun

son

1. Alternative form ofsonne(“sun”)

Etymology 2

Noun

son

1. Alternative form ofsone(“son”)

Middle French

Etymology

FromOld Frenchson.

Noun

sonm(pluralsons)

1. sound

Descendants

• French:son

Mirandese

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key):/ˈsõ/

Verb

son

1. third-personpluralpresentofser

Northern Sami

Etymology

FromProto-Samic*sonë.

Pronoun

son

1. he,she,it

Inflection

Inflection ofson(irregular)
Nominative	son
Genitive	sū
Nominative	son
Genitive	sū
Accusative	sū
Illative	sutnje
Locative	sūs
Comitative	suinna
Essive	sūnin

See also

Personal pronouns
	singular	dual	plural
1st person	mun	moai	mii
2nd person	don	doai	dii
3rd person	son	soai	sii

Further reading

• Koponen, Eino, Ruppel, Klaas, Aapala, Kirsti, editors (2002–2008),Álgu database: Etymological database of the Saami languages‎^[6],Helsinki: Research Institute for the Languages of Finland

Norwegian Nynorsk

Etymology

FromOld Norsesonr,fromProto-Germanic*sunuz,fromProto-Indo-European*suHnús.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key):[so̞ːn]

Noun

sonm(definite singularsonen,indefinite pluralsøner,definite pluralsønene)

1. ason

   Han hadde tosøner.

   He had twosons.

Derived terms

• steson

Related terms

Male given names:

• Son
• Sone,Sune

References

• “son”inThe Nynorsk Dictionary.

Occitan

Etymology 1

Determiner

sonmsg(feminine singularsa,masculine pluralsos,feminine pluralsas)

1. his;her;its

   Synonyms:seu,sieu

Etymology 2

Verb

son

1. third-personpluralpresentindicativeofèsser

Old English

Etymology

FromLatinsonus.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key):/soːn/

Noun

sōnm

1. amusicalsound;vocal,instrumental

Derived terms

• sōncræft

References

• Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller (1898) “sōn”, inAn Anglo-Saxon Dictionary‎^[7],2nd edition, Oxford:Oxford University Press.

Old French

Alternative forms

• soun(Anglo-Norman)
• sun(Anglo-Norman)

Etymology

FromVulgar Latinsum,a reduced/atonic variant ofLatinsuum.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key):/sun/
• Rhymes:-on

Determiner

sonm(femininesa,pluralses)

1. his/hers/its(third-person singular possessive)

Descendants

• Middle French:son
  • French:son

Old Frisian

Etymology

FromProto-West Germanic*sān(“immediately”).Cognates includeOld Englishsōna,Old SaxonsānandOld Dutch*sān.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key):/ˈsɔːn/

Adverb

sōn

1. soon

References

• Bremmer, Rolf H. (2009)An Introduction to Old Frisian: History, Grammar, Reader, Glossary,Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company,→ISBN

Old Irish

Etymology 1

Borrowed fromLatinsonus.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key):/son/

Noun

sonm

1. sound

Inflection

Masculine o-stem
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	son	sonL	suinL
Vocative	suin	sonL	sunuH
Accusative	sonN	sonL	sunuH
Genitive	suinL	son	sonN
Dative	sunL	sonaib	sonaib
Initial mutations of a following adjective: H= triggers aspiration L= triggers lenition N= triggers nasalization

Etymology 2

Pronoun

son

1. Alternative spelling ofsón

Mutation

Old Irish mutation
Radical	Lenition	Nasalization
son	ṡon	unchanged
Note:Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

Further reading

• Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “son”,ineDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

Old Norse

Noun

son

1. accusativesingularofsonr

Old Swedish

Alternative forms

• sun

Etymology

FromOld Norsesonr,fromProto-Germanic*sunuz.

Noun

sonm

1. son

Declension

Declension ofson(u-stem)

	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	son	son	syni(r),-e(r)	synini(r),-ene(r)
accusative	son	sonin	syni,-e	synina,-ena
dative	syni,-e	syninum,-enom	sonum,-om	sonumin,-omen
genitive	sona(r)	sonsins	sona	sonanna

Descendants

• Swedish:son

Scots

Etymology

FromOld Englishsunu(“son”),fromProto-Germanic*sunuz(“son”),fromProto-Indo-European*suHnús(“son”),from*sewH-(“to bear, give birth”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key):[sɪn]

Noun

son(pluralsons)

1. son,malechild

Derived terms

Derived terms

• brither-son,sister-son(“nephew”)
• guid-son(“son-in-law”)
• son-afore-the-faither(“flowering currant”)

Scottish Gaelic

Noun

sonm(indeclinable)

1. sake,account

   Dèan seo air arson.

   Do this for us/for our sake.

   Dèan seo air moshon.

   Do this for me/for my sake.

Usage notes

Note that a grammaticalised unit meaning‘for’is formed by a prepositional phrase combining the prepositionair/ar with a nominal or pronominal argument andson.(These structures are sometimes called‘compound prepositions’.)

Derived terms

• airson,carson

Preposition

son(+ genitive)

1. Colloquialform ofairson.

Alternative forms

• 'son

Skolt Sami

Etymology

FromProto-Samic*sonë.

Pronoun

son

1. he,she,it

Inflection

Declension ofson

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	son	suäna	sij
genitive	suu	suännai	sij
accusative	suu	suännaid	siʹjjid
illative	suʹnne	suännaid	siʹjjid
locative	suʹst	suännast	siiʹst
comitative	suin	suännain	siʹjjivuiʹm
abessive	suutää	suännaitää	siʹjjitää
essive	suuʹnen	suännan	—
partitive	suuʹđed	—	—

Further reading

• Koponen, Eino, Ruppel, Klaas, Aapala, Kirsti, editors (2002–2008),Álgu database: Etymological database of the Saami languages‎^[8],Helsinki: Research Institute for the Languages of Finland

Spanish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key):/ˈson/[ˈsõn]

• Audio(Colombia):

  (file)

• Rhymes:-on
• Syllabification:son

Etymology 1

FromLatinsonus,probably through the intermediate ofOld Occitanson(or influenced by it); alternatively, but less likely, regressively derived from the verbsonar(the more expected form issuenothat appeared in some Medieval texts).CompareEnglishsoundandPortuguesesom.

Noun

sonm(pluralsones)

1. tone(pleasant sound)
2. (music,genre,uncountable)son(Afro-Cuban musical form)

   Synonym:son cubano

3. (music)musical composition in this form

Derived terms

• bailar al son que le tocan
• en son de
• sin ton ni son
• ¿a qué son?
• ¿a son de qué?

Related terms

• sonar

Etymology 2

See the etymology of the correspondinglemmaform.

Verb

son

1. third-personpluralpresentindicativeofser

Further reading

• “son”,inDiccionario de la lengua española(in Spanish), online version 23.7,Royal Spanish Academy,2023 November 28
• sonon the Spanish Wikipedia.Wikipedia^es
• son cubanoon the Spanish Wikipedia.Wikipedia^es

Sranan Tongo

Etymology

FromEnglishSun(fromMiddle Englishsunne,fromOld Englishsunne(“sun; the Sun”)) orDutchzon(fromMiddle Dutchsonne(“sun”),fromOld Dutchsunna), both fromProto-Germanic*sunnǭ,fromProto-Indo-European*sh₂un-,*sóh₂wl̥.

Noun

son

1. Sun

Derived terms

• sonde

Descendants

• →Saramaccan:sónu

Swedish

Etymology 1

FromOld Swedishson,sun,fromOld Norsesonr,sunrfromProto-Germanic*sunuz,fromProto-Indo-European*suHnús.Masculine inLate Modern Swedish.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key):/soːn/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes:-oːn

Noun

sonc

1. ason

   Antonym:dotter

Declension

Declension ofson

		nominative	genitive
singular	indefinite	son	sons
	definite	sonen	sonens
plural	indefinite	söner	söners
	definite	sönerna	sönernas

Related terms

• -son(see there for more derivations)

• brorson
• dotterson
• sonbarn
• sondotter
• sonhustru
• sonlig
• sonnamn
• sonson
• sonsonsson
• styvson
• svärson
• systerson

Etymology 2

See the etymology of the correspondinglemmaform.

Noun

son

1. definitesingularofso

References

• soninSvensk ordbok(SO)
• soninSvenska Akademiens ordbok(SAOB)

Anagrams

• nos,ons,sno

Turkish

Etymology

FromOttoman Turkishصوڭ(soŋ,“end, consequence”),fromProto-Turkic*soŋ(“back, end, after”).

Cognate with Old Turkic[script needed](soŋ,“after; late”); Tatar,Kazakh,Kyrgyzсоң(soñ),Southern Altaiсоҥ(soŋ), Uzbekso'ng(“after”), Yakutонтон(onton,“then”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key):/ˈson/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Hyphenation:son

Adjective

son

1. last,final

   Antonym:ilk

Noun

son(definite accusativesonu,pluralsonlar)

1. end,ending

   sona erdirmek―bring to an end, put an end to

2. consequence,result,conclusion

Declension

Inflection
Nominative	son
Definite accusative	sonu
	Singular	Plural
Nominative	son	sonlar
Definite accusative	sonu	sonları
Dative	sona	sonlara
Locative	sonda	sonlarda
Ablative	sondan	sonlardan
Genitive	sonun	sonların
Possessive forms Nominative Singular Plural 1st singular sonum sonlarım 2nd singular sonun sonların 3rd singular sonu sonları 1st plural sonumuz sonlarımız 2nd plural sonunuz sonlarınız 3rd plural sonları sonları Definite accusative Singular Plural 1st singular sonumu sonlarımı 2nd singular sonunu sonlarını 3rd singular sonunu sonlarını 1st plural sonumuzu sonlarımızı 2nd plural sonunuzu sonlarınızı 3rd plural sonlarını sonlarını Dative Singular Plural 1st singular sonuma sonlarıma 2nd singular sonuna sonlarına 3rd singular sonuna sonlarına 1st plural sonumuza sonlarımıza 2nd plural sonunuza sonlarınıza 3rd plural sonlarına sonlarına Locative Singular Plural 1st singular sonumda sonlarımda 2nd singular sonunda sonlarında 3rd singular sonunda sonlarında 1st plural sonumuzda sonlarımızda 2nd plural sonunuzda sonlarınızda 3rd plural sonlarında sonlarında Ablative Singular Plural 1st singular sonumdan sonlarımdan 2nd singular sonundan sonlarından 3rd singular sonundan sonlarından 1st plural sonumuzdan sonlarımızdan 2nd plural sonunuzdan sonlarınızdan 3rd plural sonlarından sonlarından Genitive Singular Plural 1st singular sonumun sonlarımın 2nd singular sonunun sonlarının 3rd singular sonunun sonlarının 1st plural sonumuzun sonlarımızın 2nd plural sonunuzun sonlarınızın 3rd plural sonlarının sonlarının
Predicative forms Singular Plural 1st singular sonum sonlarım 2nd singular sonsun sonlarsın 3rd singular son sondur sonlar sonlardır 1st plural sonuz sonlarız 2nd plural sonsunuz sonlarsınız 3rd plural sonlar sonlardır

Related terms

• sonra
• sonlu
• sonsuz
• sonuç
• sonlanmak

References

• “son”,inTurkish dictionaries,Türk Dil Kurumu

Anagrams

• ons

Uzbek

Etymology

(Thisetymologyis missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at theEtymology scriptorium.)

Noun

son(pluralsonlar)

1. thigh

Venetan

Verb

son

1. first-personsingularpresentindicativeofèser

Vietnamese

Etymology

This word had initial*k-r-in Old Vietnamese.

Pronunciation

• (Hà Nội)IPA^(key):[sɔn˧˧]
• (Huế)IPA^(key):[ʂɔŋ˧˧]~[sɔŋ˧˧]
• (Saigon)IPA^(key):[ʂɔŋ˧˧]~[sɔŋ˧˧]

Adjective

son•(Luân,Luân,Luân,󱏟,󰅬,𣗾,𣘈,𪳔,𧹪,𪿽,󱠟)

1. vermilion

   rệp son―a cochineal

2. (literary)unshakable;firm

Noun

(classifierthỏi,cây( “lipstick” ))son•(Luân,Luân,Luân,󱏟,󰅬,𣗾,𣘈,𪳔,𧹪,𪿽,󱠟)

1. redcosmetic
2. (by extension)lipstick

See also

Derived terms

• đỏ son
• sắt son
• son môi
• son phấn
• son sắt
• vàng son

Volapük

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key):[son]

Noun

son(nominative pluralsons)

1. son
   • 1952,Arie de Jong,Diatek nulik: Gospul ma ‚Matthaeus’. Kapit: II:

     Se Lägüptän evokobsoniobik.

     I called mysonout of Egypt.

   • 1952,Arie de Jong,Diatek nulik: Gospul ma ‚Matthaeus’. Kapit: I:

     Ekö! jivirgan ogrodikof, ed omotofsoni,keli onemoy eli ‚Emmanuel’, kela tradutod binon: God binom ko obs.

     Look! the virgin is with child and will give birth to asonwhom they will call Immanuel, a name which means „God-is-with-us”.

Declension

declension ofson

	singular	plural
nominative	son	sons
genitive	sona	sonas
dative	sone	sones
accusative	soni	sonis
vocative1	oson!	osons!
predicative2	sonu	sonus

• ¹status as a case is disputed
• ²in later, non-classical Volapük only

Synonyms

• hicil

Hypernyms

• cil

Coordinate terms

• daut
• jicil

Derived terms

• leson
• lüson
• posson
• sonef
• sonik
• soniko
• sono

See also

• famül
• fat
• ledaut
• mot
• pal
• palik
• poscil
• posdaut

Zhuang

Etymology

FromProto-Tai*soːlᴬ(“to teach”).Cognate withThaiสอน(sɔ̌ɔn),Northern Thaiᩈᩬᩁ,Laoສອນ(sǭn),Lüᦉᦸᧃ(ṡoan),Tai Damꪎꪮꪙ,Shanသွၼ်(sǎun),Tai Nüaᥔᥩᥢᥴ(sóan),Ahom𑜏𑜨𑜃𑜫(son).

Pronunciation

• (Standard Zhuang)IPA^(key):/θoːn˨˦/
• Tone numbers: son¹
• Hyphenation: son

Verb

son(1957–1982 spellingson)

1. toteach