Turkiera
Turkiera[1][2]turkiar hizkuntzabat da, berezTurkian,Zipren,Bulgarianeta antzinakoOtomandar Inperiokozenbait herrialdetan (Bosnia-Herzegovinan.Kosovon,Ipar Mazedonian...), hitz egiten dena, bai etaEuropar BatasuneraetaAmerikaraemigratutako milioika turkiarrek ere darabiltena.
Haren ezaugarri nagusiakbokal harmoniaetaaglutinazioadira. Esaldietako oinarrizko ordenasubjektua-objektua-aditzada. Ez duizen klaserikez etagenero gramatikalikere.Tratamenduarenerabilera garrantzitsua da, batez ereohorezkoa.Bigarren pertsonakoizenordainakerabiltzen dira gizalege mailak, urruntze soziala, adina edo senidetasuna adierazteko.
1928azgeroztik,latindar alfabetoaz idazten da,arabiarrarenordez,Kemal Atatürkenekimenez.
Sailkapena
[aldatu|aldatu iturburu kodea]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Kyzyl_orkhon_inscription.jpg/170px-Kyzyl_orkhon_inscription.jpg)
Turkiar hizkuntzen % 40 inguruk turkiera hitz egiten dute. Haien guztien ezaugarri nagusiak bokal harmonia, aglutinazioa eta genero gramatikalik eza da. Guztira, 30 hizkuntza bizik osatzen dute taldea eta Europako ekialdean, Asiako erdialdean eta Siberian hitz egiten dira.
Turkiar hizkuntzen baitan, turkieraoghuz hizkuntzenazpimultzokoa da. Elkarrekiko ulermen maila handia dute turkieraren eta gainera oghuz hizkuntzen artean (azerbaijanera,turkmenera,qashqaiera,gagauzera).
Idazkera
[aldatu|aldatu iturburu kodea]Otomandar inperioaren garaian, turkieraalfabeto pertso-arabiarrazidazten zen.Mustafa Kemal Atatürkagintera iritsi eta errepublika ezarri zuenetik, 1923an, alfabetoaren erreforma lehenetasunetako bat izan zen eta 1928ko azaroaren 1ean ezarri zen alfabeto latindarraren bertsio turkiarra, zenbait zeinudiakritikodituena[3].
- A / a (euskaraz bezala).
- B / b
- C / c Italierazkogiroedo ingelesezkoGeorgebezala.
- Ç / ç Euskarazkotxbezala
- D / d
- E / e.
- F / f
- G / g
- Ğ / ğ Ez da ahoskatzen: aurreko bokala luzatzen du.
- H / h Behe-nafarrerazkohorbezala.
- I / ı (punturik gabeak) "i" ren antzekoa baina mihia atzealdera eramanik.
- İ / i (biak ere puntudunak) Euskaraz bezala.
- J / j Frantsesezkojanvieredo katalanezkoJordibezala.
- K / k
- L / l
- M / m
- N / n
- O / o
- Ö / ö Frantsesezkofeuedo alemanezkoKöhlerizenetan bezala.
- P / p
- R / r Euskarazkoerebezala.
- S / s Euskarazkozubezala.
- Ş / şXabierbezala.
- T / t
- U / u
- Ü / ü Zubererazkoü,dügüaditzean bezala.
- V v Frantsesezkovieizenean bezala.
- W / w Bakarrik atzerriko hitzetan.
- X / x Bakarrik atzerriko hitzetan; bestela, "ks"idazten da. Adibidez:taksi(taxia),Meksika(Mexiko).
- Y / y Euskarazkoiaioadjektiboan bezala.
- Z / z Zubererazkodeusikedo frantsesezkozérobezala.
Esamolde eta hitzak
[aldatu|aldatu iturburu kodea]Acı | (Janari) mina |
Açık | Zabalik, irekita |
Araba | Kotxe |
Arkadaş | Lagun, adiskide |
Ateş | Su |
Balık | Arrain |
Baskça | Euskara |
Ben | Ni |
Çok iyi | Oso ona, oso ondo |
Evet | Bai |
Günaydın | Egun on |
Hayır | Ez |
İsminiz ne? | Nola duzu izena? |
İyi akşamlar | Arratsalde on |
İyi geceler | Gabon |
Nasılsın? | Zer moduz? Zelan? |
Nerelisiniz? | Nongoa zara? |
Kaç yaşındasınız? | Zenbat urte duzu? |
Kapalı | Itxita |
Sen | Zu |
Su | Ur |
Teşekkürler | Eskerrik asko |
Yemek | Jan |
Literatura
[aldatu|aldatu iturburu kodea]Erdi AroanNezami eta Jami olerkariak nabarmendu ziren, eta ondorengo mendeetakoak dira Baki, Nefi eta Nedim idazleak, poesia arloan ere bai.
Idazle garaikideen artean,Yasar KemaletaOrhan Pamukaipatzekoak dira.
Erreferentziak
[aldatu|aldatu iturburu kodea]- ↑38. araua - Munduko estatu-izenak, herritarren izenak, hizkuntza ofizialak eta hiriburuak.Euskaltzaindia(Noiz kontsultatua: 2011-6-29).
- ↑53. araua - Munduko estatuetako hizkuntza ofizialak.Euskaltzaindia(Noiz kontsultatua: 2011-6-29).
- ↑(Ingelesez)«Turkish Alphabet: The Legacy of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk»Learning Turkish2019-07-28(Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-05-13).
Bibliografia
[aldatu|aldatu iturburu kodea]- Akalın, Şükrü Haluk (January 2003). "Türk Dil Kurumu'nun 2002 yılı çalışmaları (Turkish Language Association progress report for 2002)" (PDF). Türk_Dili (in Turkish). 85 (613). ISSN 1301-465X. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 27, 2007. Retrieved 2007-03-18.
- Bazin, Louis (1975). "Turcs et Sogdiens: Les Enseignements de L'Inscription de Bugut (Mongolie), Mélanges Linguistiques Offerts à Émile Benveniste". Collection Linguistique, Publiée Par la Société de Linguistique de Paris (in French) (LXX): 37–45.
- Brendemoen, B. (1996). Phonological Aspects of Greek-Turkish Language Contact in Trabzon. Conference on Turkish in Contact, Netherlands Institute for Advanced Study (NIAS) in the Humanities and Social Sciences, Wassenaar, 5–6 February 1996.
- Encyclopaedia Britannica, Expo 70 Edition Vol 12. William Benton. 1970.
- Coulmas, Florian (1989). Writing Systems of the World. Blackwell Publishers Ltd, Oxford. ISBN 0-631-18028-1.
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- Ergin, Muharrem (1980). Orhun Abideleri (in Turkish). Boğaziçi Yayınları. ISBN 0-19-517726-6.
- Findley, Carter V. (October 2004). The Turks in World History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-517726-6.
- Glenny, Misha (2001). The Balkans: Nationalism, War, and the Great Powers, 1804-1999. New York: Penguin.
- Johanson, Lars (2001). Discoveries on the Turkic linguistic map (PDF). Stockholm: Svenska forskningsinstitutet i Istanbul. ISBN 978-91-86884-10-9. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 5, 2007. Retrieved 2007-03-18.
- Ishjatms, N. (October 1996). "Nomads In Eastern Central Asia". History of civilizations of Central Asia. Vol. 2. UNESCO Publishing. ISBN 92-3-102846-4.
- Lewis, Geoffrey (1953). Teach Yourself Turkish. English Universities Press. ISBN 978-0-340-49231-4. (2nd edition 1989)
- Lewis, Geoffrey (2001). Turkish Grammar. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-870036-9.
- Lewis, Geoffrey (2002). The Turkish Language Reform: A Catastrophic Success. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-925669-1.
- Özsoy, A. Sumru; Taylan, Eser E., eds. (2000). Türkçe'nin ağızları çalıştayı bildirileri [Workshop on the dialects of Turkish] (in Turkish). Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Yayınevi. ISBN 975-518-140-7.
- Soucek, Svat (2000). A History of Inner Asia. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-65169-1.
- Vaux, Bert (2001). "Hemshinli: The Forgotten Black Sea Armenians" (PDF). Harvard University. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 15, 2007. Retrieved 2007-04-24.
- Zimmer, Karl; Orgun, Orhan (1999). "Turkish" (PDF). Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 154–158. ISBN 0-521-65236-7.
- Center for Studies on Turkey, University of Essen (2003). "The European Turks: Gross Domestic Product, Working Population, Entrepreneurs and Household Data" (PDF). Turkish Industrialists' and Businessmen's Association. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 4, 2005. Retrieved 2007-01-06.
- "CIA Factbook:Iraq". 2013.
- "Güncel Türkçe Sözlük" (in Turkish). Turkish Language Association. 2005. Archived from the original on 2007-03-12. Retrieved 2007-03-21.
- "Turkish Etymological Dictionary online" (in Turkish). Sevan Nişanyan. 2006. Retrieved 2007-09-11.
- "Language Materials Project: Turkish". UCLA International Institute, Center for World Languages. February 2007. Archived from the original on 2007-10-11. Retrieved 2007-04-26.
- Special Eurobarometer 243 / Wave 64.3: Europeans and their Languages (PDF). European Commission Directorate of General Press and Communication. February 2006. Retrieved 2007-03-28.
- "Turkish Language Association: Sesler ve ses uyumları" Sounds and Vovel karmony "" (in Turkish). Turkish Language Association. Archived from the original on 2012-07-28. Retrieved 2013-01-13.
- Göknel, Yüksel (2012). "Turkish Grammar Updated Academic edition". Retrieved 2013-01-16.
- Turkish Language Association. "Türk Dil Kurumu – Tarihçe (History of the Turkish Language Association)" (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 2007-03-16. Retrieved 2007-03-18.
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- Eyüboğlu, İsmet Zeki (1991). Türk Dilinin Etimoloji Sözlüğü [Etymological Dictionary of the Turkish Language] (in Turkish). Sosyal Yayınları, İstanbul. ISBN 978975-7384-72-4.
- Özel, Sevgi; Haldun Özen; Ali Püsküllüoğlu, eds. (1986). Atatürk'ün Türk Dil Kurumu ve Sonrası [Atatürk's Turkish Language Association and its Legacy] (in Turkish). Bilgi Yayınevi, Ankara. OCLC 18836678.
- Püsküllüoğlu, Ali (2004). Arkadaş Türkçe Sözlük [Arkadaş Turkish Dictionary] (in Turkish). Arkadaş Yayınevi, Ankara. ISBN 975-509-053-3.
- Rezvani, B. "Türkçe Mi: Türkçe’deki İrani (Farsca, Dimilce, Kurmançca) Orijinli kelimeler Sözlüğü.[Turkish title (roughly translated): Is this Turkish? An etymological dictionary of originally Iranic (Persian, Zazaki, and Kurmanji Kurdish) words]." (2006).
Kanpo estekak
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