As stated by film production expert Eve Light Honthaner inThe Complete Film Production Handbook,(Focal Press, 2001 p. 211.):

"Publicity photos (star headshots) have traditionally not been copyrighted. Since they are disseminated to the public, they are generally considered public domain, and therefore clearance by the studio that produced them is not necessary."

Nancy Wolff, includes a similar explanation:

"There is a vast body of photographs, including but not limited to publicity stills, that have no notice as to who may have created them." (The Professional Photographer's Legal HandbookBy Nancy E. Wolff, Allworth Communications, 2007, p. 55.)

Film industry author Gerald Mast, inFilm Study and the Copyright Law(1989) p. 87, writes:

"According to the old copyright act, such production stills were not automatically copyrighted as part of the film and required separate copyrights as photographic stills. The new copyright act similarly excludes the production still from automatic copyright but gives the film's copyright owner a five-year period in which to copyright the stills. Most studios have never bothered to copyright these stills because they were happy to see them pass into the public domain, to be used by as many people in as many publications as possible."

Kristin Thompson, committee chairperson of thefor Cinema and Media Studieswrites in the conclusion of a 1993 conference with cinema scholars and editors, that they "expressed the opinion that it is not necessary for authors to request permission to reproduce frame enlargements... [and] some trade presses that publish educational and scholarly film books also take the position that permission is not necessary for reproducing frame enlargements and publicity photographs."[1]

Cette œuvre est dans ledomaine publiccar elle a été publiée aux États-Unis entre 1929 et 1963 et, qu'il y eut ou non unavis de copyright,cecopyright n'a pas été renouvelé.À moins que son auteur ne soit décédé depuis suffisamment longtemps, il reste "copyrighté" dans les pays ou lieux qui n'appliquent pas larègle du terme le plus courtpour les œuvres américaines, comme l'Allemagne (70 ans), le Canada (70 ans), la Chine continentale (50 ans; sauf pour Hong-Kong et Macao), le Mexique (100 ans), la Suisse (70 ans), et d'autres pays avec des traités individuels. VoirCommons:Hirtle chartpour davantage d'explications. العربية∙Deutsch∙English∙español∙français∙galego∙italiano∙Nhật bổn ngữ∙한국어∙македонски∙português∙português do Brasil∙русский∙sicilianu∙slovenščina∙українська∙Giản thể trung văn∙Phồn thể trung văn∙+/−