Gen

Gen (londo bahasaBelanda:gen) uyito-yito unit pewarisan watade uwolo organisme tumu-tumulo.^[1]Huhutu fisikliyo uyito-yito urutanDNAu melekat to tuwawuprotein,polipeptida, mealo seuntaiRNAu pungsi uwoloorganismeu woluo oliyo. Batasan modern gen uyito-yitotuwawu lokasi tertentu to genom u berhubungan wolo pewarisan watade wau mowali popoayito lo pungsi odelo regulator (pengendali), sasaran transkripsi, mealo peran-peran fungsional lainnya.^[2]^[3]Upohuna "gen" modelomo percakapan sehari-hari (misalnya "gen cerdas" mealo "gen laku rambut" ) layito makusuduo ode alel: tulaoto variasi u tersedia ole tuwawu gen. Openu ekspresi alel mowali serupa, tau lebe layito mopohuna istilah alel ode ekspresi gen u wolo fenotipik berbeda.

Gen berguna mamopolaahe tombaango genetik wolo pengkodean protein to toonu molandu watade fisik u mapopolahu lo tau panggola ode walilio.^[1]

Sojara

Gregor Mendel lo berspekulasi pasali woluo oliyo tuwawu bahan u terkait wolo tuwawu watade mealo karakter to delomo wawa'o tuwawu individu u mowali popowarisio londo tuwawu generasi ode generasi de'uyito-yito oliyo. Tio molaapali oliyo, "faktor" ole Hugo de Vries, konsep u serupa tiyo namakan pangen (baca: pan-gen). Dipo mobaca tuladu Mendel, De Vries mopopatata pangen odelo "partikel kecil u mewakili tuwawu penciri terwariskan". Wilhelm Johannsen lapata'o menyingkatnya odelo gen duluwo pulo taawunu lapata'o.^[4]To 1910, Thomas hunt Morgan mopobilohe uyito-yito gen dutu-dutu tokromosom.Lapatio, yiloali 'perlombaan' mola mo'otapu substansi u mowali gen. Dadaata penghargaan nobel u lapata'o lodehu to peneliti u terlibat modelomo subjek botiya.

To sa'ati boito DNA malolotapu wau otawa bo mota to kromosom (1896), dabo tau dipo mongotota uyito-yito DNA terkait wolo gen. Melalui ponolitian Oswald Avery ode bakteri pneumococcus (1943), wawu Alfred Hershey wau Martha Chase (publikasi 1953) wolo pirus bakteriofag T2, barulah tau motota uyito-yito DNA uyito-yito bahan genetik.

Struktur gen

To sel eukariot, gen terdiri mondo:^[4]

domain regulasi inisiasi transkripsi, u terdiri dari wolota uwewo mondo: jeejeri GCCACACCC, ATGCAAAT, kotak GC, kotak CCAAT wawu kotak TATA.
intron
ekson, moali area kodikasi protein u mowali ditranskripsi wolo ovverlapping mealo nonoverlapping, odelo contoh to kode wolo tolo jeejeri nukleotida AUU GCU CAG mealo bacaa wolo overlapping odelo AUU UUG UGC GCU CUC CAG.^[4]
domain regulasi pulito transkripsi.

Ekspresi gen

Ekspresi gen uyito-yito proses to toonu kode-kode tombaango u ma'o to gen boli'o mowali protein-protein, u beroperasi bo to delomos sel. Ekspresi gen terdiri mondo duluwo tahap:^[4]

Transkripsi,proes lo pembuatan salinanRNA.
translasi,proses sintesis polipeptida u spesifik to delomoribosom.

Proses transkripsi DNA mowali mRNA wau translasi mRNa moali ngobotu polipeptida pole dogma sentral. Dogma sentral na'o-na'o to prokoriat wau eukariat. Dabo to eukariot woluo tahap tambahan u yilowali to wolota transkripsi wau translasi u pole tahap pre-mRNA. Tahap pre mRNA uyito-yito ode momili mRNA u ma dikirim lumuala nukleus ode ditranslasikan to ribosom.Eksonmowali mRNA u ma dikirim lumuala nukleus ode ditranslasikan, hiambola intron mowali mRNA u ma dikirim mawoluo mai to delomo nukleus sababu konungkinan mRNA boito mamotitihutu protein u diila fungsional (diila hunawa) wonu ditranslasikan. Intron lapata'o ma terurai mohualinga mota motitihutu rande mRNA bohu.^[4]

Motota poli uyito-yito ngoolo totala u pole mutasi mowali yiloali to proses ekspresi gen botia.^[4]

Referensi

↑^1,0^1,1Media, Kompas Cyber (2020-10-31)."Gen: Pengertian, Fungsi, dan Simbol-Simbolnya".KOMPAS(dalam bahasa Indonesia).Diakses tanggal2021-04-21.
↑Pearson, Helen (2006-05-01)."What is a gene?".Nature(dalam bahasa Inggris).441(7092): 398–401.doi:10.1038/441398a.ISSN 1476-4687.
↑Pennisi, Elizabeth (2007-06-15)."DNA Study Forces Rethink of What It Means to Be a Gene".Science(dalam bahasa Inggris).316(5831): 1556–1557.doi:10.1126/science.316.5831.1556.ISSN 0036-8075.PMID 17569836.
↑^4,0^4,1^4,2^4,3^4,4^4,5Griffiths, Anthony JF; Miller, Jeffrey H.; Suzuki, David T.; Lewontin, Richard C.; Gelbart, William M. (2000)."Genes as determinants of the inherent properties of species".An Introduction to Genetic Analysis. 7th edition(dalam bahasa Inggris).

[:1-1] 1,0^1,1Media, Kompas Cyber (2020-10-31)."Gen: Pengertian, Fungsi, dan Simbol-Simbolnya".KOMPAS(dalam bahasa Indonesia).Diakses tanggal2021-04-21.

[2] Pearson, Helen (2006-05-01)."What is a gene?".Nature(dalam bahasa Inggris).441(7092): 398–401.doi:10.1038/441398a.ISSN 1476-4687.

[3] Pennisi, Elizabeth (2007-06-15)."DNA Study Forces Rethink of What It Means to Be a Gene".Science(dalam bahasa Inggris).316(5831): 1556–1557.doi:10.1126/science.316.5831.1556.ISSN 0036-8075.PMID 17569836.

[:0-4] 4,0^4,1^4,2^4,3^4,4^4,5Griffiths, Anthony JF; Miller, Jeffrey H.; Suzuki, David T.; Lewontin, Richard C.; Gelbart, William M. (2000)."Genes as determinants of the inherent properties of species".An Introduction to Genetic Analysis. 7th edition(dalam bahasa Inggris).

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