લખાણ પર જાઓ

સીદી

વિકિપીડિયામાંથી
સીદી સ્ત્રીનું ચિત્ર, ભારતનાં કર્ણાટક રાજ્યનાં હલિયાલ જિલ્લાની વતની.

સીદીઅથવાશીદીભારતીય ઉપમહાદ્વિપમાંવસતો એક માનવ સમુદાય છે, જેમનુ મુળ વતનઆફ્રિકાછે. ભારતમાંગુજરાત,મહારાષ્ટ્ર,કર્ણાટકતથાઆંધ્ર પ્રદેશતથાપાકિસ્તાનનાંમકરાણ અને કરાંચી તેઓની વસ્તીનાં મુખ્ય કેન્દ્ર છે. તેઓની વસ્તી અંદાજે ૫૫,૦૦૦ આસપાસ હોવાનો અંદાજ છે. ગુજરાતમાં મુખ્યત્વેજુનાગઢ જિલ્લાનાંતાલાલાવિસ્તારમાં તેઓની ઘણી વસતી છે. તેઓ ’હબસી’ તરીકે પણ ઓળખાવાય છે અને તેઓને અનુસુચિત જનજાતી (ST)નો દરજ્જો મળેલો છે.[૧]ધાર્મિક દૃષ્ટીએ સીદીઓ મુખ્યત્વેમુસ્લિમધર્મની સુફી પરંપરાનું પાલન કરે છે. જો કે કેટલાંકહિન્દુઅને રોમન કેથૉલિક ખ્રિસ્તી પરંપરામાં પણ માન્યતા ધરાવે છે.[૨]

નામનું વ્યુત્પત્તિ શાસ્ત્ર[ફેરફાર કરો]

There are conflicting hypotheses on the origin of the nameSiddi.One theory is that the word was a term of respect in North Africa, similar to the wordsahibin modern India and Pakistan.[સંદર્ભ આપો]A second theory is that the termSiddiis derived from the title borne by the captains of the Arab vessels that first brought Siddi settlers to India. These captains were known asSayyid.[૩]

Similarly, another term for Siddis,habshi(fromAl-Habsh,the Arabic term forAbyssinia), is held to be derived from the common name for the captains of theEthiopian/Abyssinianships that also first delivered Siddi slaves to the subcontinent.[૪]The term eventually came to be applied to other Africans and not only to emancipated Siddis. In time, it came to be used to refer to their descendants as well. It is sometimes pronounced "Hafsi" and is considered an insult.[૫]

Siddis are also sometimes referred to as Afro-Indians.[૬][૭][૮]Siddis were referred to asZanjiby Arabs; in China, varioustranscriptionsof this Arabic word were used, includingXinji( tân cát ) andJinzhi( tân chi ).[૯][૧૦][૧૧][૧૨]

ઇતિહાસ[ફેરફાર કરો]

A fine example ofIndo-Islamic architecture,theSidi Saiyyed MosqueinAhmedabad,India was constructed in 1572 by Sidi Saiyyed, a slave of SultanAhmad Shah.[૧૩]

The first Siddis are thought to have arrived inIndiain 628 AD at theBharuchport. Several others followed with the first Arab Islamic invasions of the subcontinent in 712 AD.[૧૪]The latter group are believed to have been soldiers withMuhammad bin Qasim's Arab army, and were calledZanjis.

Most Siddis, however, are believed to be the descendants ofslaves,sailors, servants and merchants fromEast Africawho arrived and became resident in the subcontinent during the 1200-1900 AD period.[૧૫]A large influx of Siddis to the region occurred in the 17th century whenPortugueseslave traders sold a number of them to local princes.[સંદર્ભ આપો]

Flag of the Siddis fromMurud-Janjiraan important vassal of theMughal Empire.

InWestern India(the modernIndian statesofGujaratandMaharashtra), the Siddi gained a reputation for physical strength and loyalty, and were sought out as mercenaries by local rulers, and as domestic servants and farm labor.[સંદર્ભ આપો]Some Siddis escaped slavery to establish communities in forested areas, and some even established small Siddi principalities onJanjiraIsland and atJaffrabadas early as the twelfth century. A former alternative name ofJanjirawas Habshan (i.e., land of the Habshis). In theDelhi Sultanateperiod prior to the rise of the Mughals in India,Jamal-ud-Din Yaqutwas a prominent Siddi slave-turned-nobleman who was a close confidant ofRazia Sultana(1205–1240 CE). Although this is disputed, he may also have been her lover.[૧૬]

As a power centre, Siddis were sometimes allied with theMughal Empirein its power-struggle with theMaratha Confederacy.[સંદર્ભ આપો]However,Malik Ambar,a prominent Siddi figure in Indian history at large, is sometimes regarded as the "military guru of the Marathas", and was deeply allied with them.[૧૭]He established the town of Khirki which later became the modern city ofAurangabad,and helped establish the Marathas as a major force in the Deccan. Later, the Marathas adapted Siddiguerrilla warfaretactics to grow their power and ultimately demolish the Mughal empire.[૧૭]Some accounts describe the Mughal emperorJahangiras obsessed by Ambar due to the Mughal empire's consistent failures in crushing him and his Maratha cavalry, describing him derogatorily as "the black faced" and "the ill-starred" in the royal chronicles and even having a painting commissioned that showed Jahangir killing Ambar, a fantasy which was never realised in reality.[૧૮]

Most Siddis are descended fromBantu peoplesfrom Southeast Africa that were brought by the Portuguese.[૧૯]While most of these migrants becameMuslimand a small minority becameChristian,very few becameHindusince they could not find themselves a position in the traditionalHindu castehierarchy.[૨૦]

ભારતનાં સીદીઓ[ફેરફાર કરો]

ગુજરાતનાં સીદીઓ[ફેરફાર કરો]

Siddi Folk Dancers, at Devaliya Naka,Sasan Gir,Gujarat.

Supposedly presented as slaves by thePortugueseto the local Prince,Nawab of Junagadh,the Siddis also live aroundGir Forest National Parkand Wildlife Sanctuary, the last refuge in the world of the almost extinctAsiatic Lions,inJunagadha district of the state ofGujarat,India.[૨૧]

On the way to Deva-dungar is the quaint village of Sirvan, inhabited entirely by Siddis, a tribe of African people. They were brought 300 years ago from Africa, by the Portuguese for the Nawab of Junagadh. Today, they follow very few of their original customs, with a few exceptions like the traditional Dhamal dance.[૨૨]

Although Gujarati Siddis have adopted the language and many customs of their surrounding populations, some African traditions have been preserved. These include theGomamusic and dance form, which is sometimes calledDhamaal(Gujarati: ધમાલ, fun).[૨૩]The term is believed to be derived from theNgoma drummingand dance forms of Bantu East Africa.[૨૩]The Goma also has a spiritual significance and, at the climax of the dance, some dancers are believed to be vehicles for the presence of Siddi saints of the past.[૨૪]

કર્ણાટકનાં સીદીઓ[ફેરફાર કરો]

Siddi Girl from Yellapur District, Karnataka, India.

TheSiddis of Karnataka(કન્નડ:ಕರ್ನಾಟಕದ ಸಿದ್ಧಿಗಳು) (also spelledSiddhis) are an ethnic group of mainly Bantu descent that has madeKarnatakatheir home for the last 400 years.[૧૯]There is a 50,000 strong Siddhi population across India, of which more than a third live inKarnataka.In Karnataka, they are concentrated aroundYellapur,Haliyal,Ankola,Joida,MundgodandSirsitaluks ofUttara Kannadaand inKhanapurofBelgaumandKalghatgiofDharwad district.Many members of the Siddis community of Karnataka had migrated toPakistanafter independence and have settled inKarachi,Sindh.The majority of the Siddhis in Karnataka are descendants of Siddhislaves who were brought fromEast Africa(mostlyMozambique) and Ethiopia toGoaby thePortuguese,Britishand theArabsbetween the 16th and 19th centuries. During theGoan Inquisition,some of these slaves were freed and some escaped into the forests of the neighbouring Karnataka state. It has been reported that these Siddis believe thatBarack Obamashares their genepool and that they wanted to gift a bottle of honey to him on his visit to India in 2010.[૨૫]

હૈદરાબાદ, ભારતનાં સીદીઓ[ફેરફાર કરો]

In the 18th century, a Siddi community was established inHyderabad Stateby theArabSiddi diaspora, who would frequently serve ascavalryguards of theAsif JahiNizam's irregular army. The Asif Jahi Nizams patronized them with rewards and the traditionalMarfa musicgained popularity and would be performed during official celebrations and ceremonies.[૨૬][૨૭][૨૮] The Siddis of Hyderabad have traditionally resided in the A.C. Guards (African Cavalry Guards) area near Masjid Rahmania, known locally as Siddi Risala.

પાકિસ્તાનનાં સીદીઓ[ફેરફાર કરો]

In Pakistan, locals of Black African descent are called "Makrani", or "Sheedi". They live primarily along theMakran CoastinBalochistan(see alsoMakrani), and lowerSindh.In the city ofKarachi,the main Sheedi centre is the area ofLyariand other nearby coastal areas.[૨૯]Technically, the Sheedi are a brotherhood or community distinct from the other Afro-Pakistanis. The Sheedis are divided into four clans, or houses: Kharadar Makan, Hyderabad Makan, Lassi Makan and Belaro Makan.[૩૦]ThesufisaintPir Manghois regarded by many as the patron saint of the Sheedis, and the annualSheedi Melafestival, is the key event in the Sheedi community's cultural calendar.[૩૦]Some glimpses of the rituals at Sidi/Sheedi Festival 2010 include visit to sacred alligators at Mangho pir, playing music and dance.[૩૧]Clearly, the instrument, songs and dance appear to be derived from Africa.[૩૨][૩૩]

Linguistically, Makranis areBalochiandSindhiand speak a dialect ofUrdureferred to as Makrani. InSindh,the Sheedis have traditionally intermarried only with people such as the Mallahs (fisherpeople), Khaskeli (laborers), Khatri (dyeing caste) and Kori (clothmakers).

Famous Sheedis include the historic Sindhi army leaderHoshu Sheedi[૩૪]andUrdu poetNoon Meem Danish.[૩૫][૩૬]Sheedis are also well known for their excellence in sports, especially infootballandboxing.The musical anthem of the rulingPakistan Peoples Party,"Bija Teer", is a Balochi song in the musical style of the Sheedis with Black African style rhythm and drums.[૩૭]Younis Jani is a popular Sheedi singer famous for singing anUrduversion of thereggaetonsong "Papi chulo... (te traigo el mmmm...)."[૩૮]

Most Makranis inPakistanhaveBlack Africanslinks from the female side. ManySindhi feudalsimported African female slaves; so did the Omani Arabs ofGwadar,a coastal city of Balochistan which was in control ofOmanin the 17th century.

નિમ્ન સિંધનાં સીદીઓ[ફેરફાર કરો]

Sheedis are largely populated in different towns and villages in lowerSindh.They are very active in cultural activities and organise annual festivals, like, Habash Festival, with the support of several community organisations. In the local culture, when there is a dance it is not performed by some selected few and watched idly by others but it is participated by all the people present there, ending difference between the performers and the audience.

Sheedis inSindhalso proudly call themselves the Qambranis,ઉર્દૂ:قمبرانی;Sindhi:قمبراڻي.[૩૯]

આનુવંશિકતા[ફેરફાર કરો]

Recent advances in genetic analyses have helped shed some light on theethnogenesisof the Siddi.Genetic genealogy,although a novel tool that uses the genes of modern populations to trace their ethnic and geographic origins, has also helped clarify the possible background of the modern Siddi.

વાય રંગસૂત્ર (Y DNA)[ફેરફાર કરો]

AY-chromosomestudy by Shah et al. (2011) tested Siddi individuals in India for paternal lineages. The authors observed theE1b1a haplogroup,which is frequent amongstBantu peoples,in about 42% and 34% of Siddis fromKarnatakaandGujarat,respectively. Around 14% of Siddis from Karnataka and 35% of Siddis from Gujarat also belonged to the Sub-SaharanB haplogroup.The remaining 30% of Siddi had Indian or Near Eastern-associated clades, including haplogroupsH,L,JandP.[૧૯]

Thangaraj (2009) observed similar, mainly Bantu-linked paternal affinities amongst the Siddi.[૪૦]

એમ.ટી. રંગસૂત્ર (mtDNA)[ફેરફાર કરો]

According to anmtDNAstudy by Shah et al. (2011), the maternal ancestry of the Siddi consists of a mixture of Sub-Saharan and Indian haplogroups, reflecting substantial female gene flow from neighboring Indian populations. About 53% of the Siddis from Gujarat and 24% of the Siddis from Karnataka belonged to various Sub-Saharanmacro-haplogroup Lsub-clades. The latter mainly consisted ofL0andL2asublineages associated with Bantu women. The remainder possessed Indian-specific subclades of the Eurasian haplogroupsMandN,which points to recent admixture with autochthonous Indian groups.[૧૯]

ઓટોસોમલ રંગસૂત્ર (Autosomal DNA)[ફેરફાર કરો]

Narang et al. (2011) examined theautosomalDNAof Siddis in India. According to the researchers, about 58% of the Siddis' ancestry is derived from Bantu peoples. The remainder is associated with localIndo-European-speaking North and Northwest Indian populations, due to recent admixture events.[૪૧]

Similarly, Shah et al. (2011) observed that Siddis in Gujarat derive 66.90%-70.50% of their ancestry from Bantu forebears, while the Siddis in Karnataka possess 64.80%-74.40% such Southeast African ancestry. The remaining autosomal DNA components in the studied Siddi were mainly associated with local South Asian populations. According to the authors, gene flow between the Siddis' Bantu ancestors and local Indian populations was also largely unidirectional. They estimate this admixture episode's time of occurrence at within the past 200 years or eight generations.[૧૯]

જાણીતા સીદીઓ[ફેરફાર કરો]

Sidis of Bombay

ચલચિત્રો[ફેરફાર કરો]

  • From Africa...To Indian Subcontinent: Sidi Music in the Indian Ocean Diaspora(2003) by Amy Catlin-Jairazbhoy, in close collaboration with Nazir Ali Jairazbhoy and the Sidi community.
  • Mon petit diable (My Little Devil)(1999) was directed by Gopi Desai. Om Puri, Pooja Batra, Rushabh Patni, Satyajit Sharma.
  • Razia Sultan(1983), an Indian Urdu film directed by Kamal Amrohi, is based on the life of Razia Sultan (played byHema Malini) (1205–1240), the only female Sultan of Delhi (1236–1240), and her speculated love affair with the Abyssinian slave Jamal-ud-Din Yakut (played byDharmendra). He was referred to in the movie as a habshee.

સંદર્ભો[ફેરફાર કરો]

  1. ↑Kumar Suresh Singh, Rajendra Behari Lal (2003),Gujarat,Anthropological Survey of India (Popular Prakashan),ISBN81-7991-106-3,http://books.google.com/?id=IWrTs5yt1DkC,"... At present the Siddis are living in the western coast of Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra and Karnataka states. Their main concentration is in Junagadh district of Rajkot division. They are ascheduled tribe. According to the 1981 census, the population of the Siddi tribe is 54,291, The Siddi speak Gujarati language within their kin circle as well as with the outsiders. Gujarati script is used..."
  2. ↑Shanti Sadiq Ali (1996),The African dispersal in the Deccan,Orient Blackswan,ISBN81-250-0485-8,http://books.google.com/?id=-3CPc22nMqIC,"... Among the Siddi families in Karnataka there are Catholics, Hindus and Muslims... It was a normal procedure for the Portuguese to baptise African slaves... After living for generations among Hindus they considered themselves to be Hindus... The Siddi Hindus owe allegiance to Saudmath..."
  3. ↑Vijay Prashad (2002),Everybody Was Kung Fu Fighting: Afro-Asian Connections and the Myth of Cultural Purity,Beacon Press,ISBN0-8070-5011-3,http://books.google.com/?id=xiO6zUS9gigC,"... since the captains of the African and Arab vessels bore the title Sidi (from Sayyid, or the lineage of the prophet Muhammad), the African settlers on the Indian mainland came to be called Siddis..."
  4. ↑Vijay Prashad,Everybody Was Kung Fu Fighting: Afro-Asian Connections and the Myth of Cultural Purity,(Beacon Press: 2002), p.8
  5. ↑Ronald Segal (2002),Islam's Black Slaves: The Other Black Diaspora,Macmillan,ISBN0-374-52797-0,http://books.google.com/?id=fdh3GYnXvrAC,"... Ethiopians were particularly favored; the term Habashi or Habshi— from the Arabic word for Ethiopian – came to be applied to other Africans as well, and referred not only to the freed but to their descendants..."
  6. ↑Ali Al'Amin Mazrui, Toby Kleban Levine (1986),The Africans: a reader,Praeger,ISBN0-03-006209-8,http://books.google.com/?id=SpQEAQAAIAAJ,"... continue to exist in three main communities. These Afro-Indians, known as "Siddis"..."
  7. ↑Joseph E. Harris (1971),The African presence in Asia: consequences of the East African slave trade,Northwestern University Press,ISBN0-8101-0348-6,http://books.google.com/?id=l8G4AAAAIAAJ,"... In fact, it is frequently said that Afro-Indians in western Gujarat are descendants of escaped slaves...."
  8. ↑Ruth Simms Hamilton (2007),Routes of Passage: Rethinking the African Diaspora,Michigan State University Press,ISBN0-87013-632-1,http://books.google.com/?id=bL2RAAAAMAAJ,"... "
  9. ↑David Brion Davis,Challenging the boundaries of slavery,(Harvard University Press: 2006), p.12
  10. ↑Ci Hai7(1):125
  11. ↑Roland Oliver,Africa in the Iron Age: c.500 BC-1400 AD,(Cambridge University Press: 1975), p.192
  12. ↑F.R.C. Bagley et al.,The Last Great Muslim Empires,(Brill: 1997), p.174
  13. ↑Brajesh Kumar,Pilgrimage Centers of India,(Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd.: 2003), p.154.
  14. ↑Yatin Pandya, Trupti Rawal (2002),The Ahmedabad Chronicle: Imprints of a Millennium,Vastu Shilpa Foundation for Studies and Research in Environmental Design,http://books.google.com/?id=ZXJuAAAAMAAJ,"... The first Muslims in Gujarat to have arrived are the Siddis via the Bharuch port in 628 A.D.... The major group, though, arrived in 712 A.D. via Sindh and the north... With the founding of Ahmedabad in 1411 A.D. it became the concentrated base of the community..."
  15. ↑"The lost Africans of India",BBC,2000-11-27,http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1035389.stm,retrieved 2009-04-27,"... "The Sidis are descendants of African slaves, sailors and servants, and merchants who remained in India after arriving through the sea trade with East Africa and the Gulf", says Amy Catlin of the University of California, who is making a special study of Sidi culture. "That was a process which began in the 12th century or before, and lasted until the late 19th century"..."
  16. ↑Josef W. Meri, Jere L. Bacharach (2006),Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia,Taylor & Francis,ISBN0-415-96692-2,http://books.google.com/?id=LaV-IGZ8VKIC,"... she appointed Jala ad-Din Yaqut, an Abyssinian slave, to the post of master of the stables, a position traditionally reserved for a distinguished Turk. Her partiality for Yaqut has led later historians to speculae whether there had been a sexual relationship between them, but contemporaneous sources do not indicate that this was necessarily the case..."
  17. ↑૧૭.૦૧૭.૧"Malik Ambar: Military guru of the Marathas",The Hindu,2008-10-12, archived fromthe originalon 2008-10-20,https://web.archive.org/web/20081020055516/http://www.hindu.com/mag/2008/10/12/stories/2008101250220700.htm,retrieved 2009-04-27,"... Malik Ambar provided the inspiring leadership for this enterprise... the Marathas, fostered and trained by him, would soon be a force to reckon with. Skilfully adopting the guerrilla tactic, they would bring about the downfall of Aurangzeb..."
  18. ↑Richard M. Eaton (2005),A Social History of the Deccan, 1300–1761: Eight Indian Lives,Cambridge University Press,ISBN0-521-25484-1,http://books.google.com/?id=cGd2huLXEVYC,"... In his memoir for the year 1612, Jahangir calls him "Ambar, the black faced"... the portrait reveals the emperor's profound frustration with his failure ever to vanquish Ambar: he fantasised in art what he could not accomplish on the battlefield..."
  19. ↑૧૯.૦૧૯.૧૧૯.૨૧૯.૩૧૯.૪Shah, Anish M. (15)."Indian Siddis: African Descendants with Indian Admixture".American Journal of Human Genetics.89(1): 154–161.doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.05.030.મેળવેલ18 December2012.Unknown parameter|month=ignored (મદદ);Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (મદદ);Check date values in:|date=and|year=/|date=mismatch (મદદ)
  20. ↑Empires of the Indus: The Story of a River,Alice Albinia, W. W. Norton & Company, 2010, p. 61
  21. ↑"Siddis stray from tradition".મૂળમાંથી 2012-07-11 પર સંગ્રહિત.મેળવેલ5 December2004.સંગ્રહિત૨૦૧૨-૦૭-૧૧ ના રોજarchive.today
  22. ↑"આર્કાઇવ ક.પિ".મૂળમાંથી 2007-01-15 પર સંગ્રહિત.મેળવેલ2013-01-16.
  23. ↑૨૩.૦૨૩.૧Journal of the Indian Anthropological Society,28,Indian Anthropological Society, 1993,http://books.google.com/?id=UUGBAAAAMAAJ,"... The word goma is derived from the Swahili word for dance, ngoma, which in the East African... Siddi servants used to perform goma dances with drums..."
  24. ↑Shihan de S. Jayasuriya, Richard Pankhurst (2003),The African diaspora in the Indian Ocean,Africa World Press,ISBN0-86543-980-X,http://books.google.com/?id=mdpcgy_aopwC,"... At the climax, when large numbers of people are simultaneously possessed, the presence of Sidi saints among the living is experienced through the bodies chosen by the saints as vehicle. This happens during dancing sessions called damal or goma..."
  25. ↑Anil Budur Lulla,A Bottle of Honey for Our Brother Prez,Short Takes section, Open Magazine, October 30, 2010
  26. ↑"'Marfa' band of the Siddis 'losing' its beat ".Hyderabad, India: The Hindu. 10 July 2011.મેળવેલ19 september2011.Check date values in:|access-date=(મદદ)
  27. ↑Ababu Minda Yimene (2004).An African Indian community in Hyderabad: Siddi identity, its maintenance and Change.cuvillier verlag gottingen. પૃષ્ઠ 209–211.ISBN3-86537-206-6.મેળવેલ19 september2011.Check date values in:|access-date=(મદદ)
  28. ↑Shanti Sadiq Ali (1995).The African dispersal in the Deccan: from medieval to modern times.oriental longman ltd.ISBN81-250-0485-8.મેળવેલ22 september2011.Check date values in:|access-date=(મદદ)
  29. ↑Paracha, Nadeem Farooq (29 March 2012)."The good, the bad & the Lyari".Dawn.મેળવેલ16 May2012.
  30. ↑૩૦.૦૩૦.૧Sheedi Mela begins with ritual aplomb[મૃત કડી],The News International,July 7, 2008
  31. ↑[૧],BBC Urdu (online news service),18 June 2010
  32. ↑Pakistan's Sidi keep heritage alive,BBC News,13 March 2002
  33. ↑Manghopir urs a living tribute to Sheedi culture,DawnJuly 16, 2007
  34. ↑‘Hoshu Sheedi Day’on March 23,Dawn (newspaper),March 21, 2007
  35. ↑A poet in New York,Dawn (newspaper),December 09, 2007
  36. ↑Afro-Asia in Pakistanસંગ્રહિત૨૦૦૯-૦૧-૧૩ ના રોજવેબેક મશિનHasan Mujtaba, Samar Magazine, Issue 13: Winter/Spring, 2000
  37. ↑YouTube - teer bija
  38. ↑YouTube - Younis Jani - Papi Chulo
  39. ↑Bhurgari, M. Hashim (24 October 2009)."Sheedi basha hum basha: black people dance away sorrows".Dawn.મેળવેલ16 October2012.
  40. ↑Mishra, Rakesh K. (2009).Chromosomes To Genome.I. K. International Pvt Ltd. પૃષ્ઠ 183.ISBN9380026218.
  41. ↑Narang, Ankita (15)."Recent Admixture in an Indian Population of African Ancestry".American Journal of Human Genetics.89(1): 111–120.doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.06.004.મેળવેલ18 December2012.Unknown parameter|month=ignored (મદદ);Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (મદદ);Check date values in:|date=and|year=/|date=mismatch (મદદ)
  42. ↑"GOALKEEPERS | Goa Football Association".મૂળમાંથી 2018-09-01 પર સંગ્રહિત.મેળવેલ2013-01-16.

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