Homer
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Rayuwa | |
Cikakken suna | Ὅμηρος |
Haihuwa | unknown value, 9 century "BCE" |
ƙasa |
Ionian League(en)![]() |
Ƙabila |
Greeks(en)![]() |
Harshen uwa |
Ancient Greek(en)![]() |
Mutuwa | Ios,8 century "BCE" |
Ƴan uwa | |
Mahaifiya | Kretheis |
Karatu | |
Harsuna |
Ancient Greek(en)![]() |
Sana'a | |
Sana'a |
maiwaƙe,author(en)![]() |
Muhimman ayyuka |
Iliad(en)![]() Odyssey(en) ![]() Homeric epics(en) ![]() |
Artistic movement | Waƙar almara |
IMDb | nm0392955 |
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Winslow_Homer_-_The_Gulf_Stream_-_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art.jpg/220px-Winslow_Homer_-_The_Gulf_Stream_-_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Homeros_MFA_Munich_272.jpg/220px-Homeros_MFA_Munich_272.jpg)
Homer( / ˈ h oʊ mər /; Ancient Greek [hómɛːros],Hómēros) (An haife shic. 8th century BC) mawaƙin Girkanci ne wanda aka lasafta shi a matsayin marubucinIliaddaOdyssey,waƙoƙin almaraguda biyu waɗanda tushen tushen adabin Helenanci ne. Ana ɗaukar Homer ɗaya daga cikin manyan marubutan da ake girmamawa kuma masu tasiri a tarihi.
Homer'sIliadyana ci gaba da yin rikici tsakanin Sarki Agamemnon da jarumi Achilles a cikin shekarar karshe na Yaƙin Trojan.Odysseyya ba da labarin tafiyar shekaru goma na Odysseus, Sarkin Ithaca, ya koma gidansa bayan faduwar Troy. Wa}o}in suna cikin harshen Hausa na Homeric, wanda kuma aka fi sani da Epic Greek, harshen adabi wanda ke nuna cakuduwar fasalin yarukan Ionic da Aeolic daga ƙarni daban-daban; Babban tasiri shine Gabashin Ionic. Yawancin masu bincike sun yi imanin cewa asalin waƙar an watsa ta da baki.
Waƙoƙin Homer na almara sun shafi al'amuran tsofin al'adu da ilimi na Girka, suna haɓaka manufofin jarumtaka, ɗaukaka, da daraja. GaPlato,Homer shine kawai wanda "ya koyar da Girka" ( τὴν Ἑλλάδα πεπαίδευκεν,tēn Helláda pepaídeuken).[1]A cikin Dante Alighieri 'sDivine Comedy,Virgil yana nufin Homer a matsayin "Mawaƙin Mawaƙi", Sarkin dukan mawaƙa;[2]a cikin gabatarwar fassararsa naIliad,Alexander Paparoma ya yarda cewa Homer an yi la'akari da shi a matsayin "mafi girma na mawaƙa".[3]Tun daga zamanin da har zuwa yau, almara na Homeric sun ƙarfafa shahararrun ayyukan adabi, kiɗa, fasaha, da fina-finai.
Tambayar ta wanene, yaushe, a ina kuma a cikin wane yanayi aka hadaIliaddaOdysseyana ci gaba da muhawara. An yarda da cewa mawallafa daban-daban ne suka rubuta ayyukan biyu.[4]Ana tunanin cewa an yi wakokin a wani lokaci a kusa da ƙarshen takwas ko farkon karni na bakwai BC. Yawancin labaran rayuwar Homer sun yadu a zamanin da; labarin da ya fi yaduwa shi ne cewa shi makaho ne daga Ionia, wani yanki na tsakiyar gabar tekun Anatoliya a Turkiyya a yau. Masanan zamani sun ɗauki waɗannan labaran almara.[5]
Ayyukan da aka danganta ga Homer
[gyara sashe|gyara masomin]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/William-Adolphe_Bouguereau_%281825-1905%29_-_Homer_and_his_Guide_%281874%29.jpg/220px-William-Adolphe_Bouguereau_%281825-1905%29_-_Homer_and_his_Guide_%281874%29.jpg)
A yau, kawaiIliaddaOdysseysuna hade da sunan 'Homer'. A zamanin da, wasu ayyuka masu yawa wasu lokuta ana danganta shi da shi, ciki har daWaƙoƙin Homeric,Gasar Homer da Hesiod,Ƙananan Iliad,daNostoi,Thebaid,daCypria,daEpigoni,wasan kwaikwayo mini-epicBatrachomyomachia( "Yakin Frog-Mouse" ),Margites,Kama Oechalia,daPhocais.Ba a ɗaukar waɗannan da'awar a yau kuma ba a yarda da su a duniya a zamanin dā ba. Kamar yadda yake tare da ɗimbin labaran da ke kewaye da rayuwar Homer, sun nuna kadan fiye da tsakiyar Homer zuwa al'adun Girka na dā.
Al'adun tarihi na zamanin da
[gyara sashe|gyara masomin]Wasu tsoffin da'awar game da Homer an kafa su da wuri kuma ana maimaita su akai-akai. Sun haɗa da cewa Homer ya kasance makaho (yana ɗaukar matsayin kansa nassi da ke kwatanta makahon Bard Demodocus ),[6]cewa ya zauna a Chios, cewa shi ɗan kogin Meles ne da nymph Critheïs, cewa ya kasance. Bard mai yawo, cewa ya tsara jerin ayyuka daban-daban ( "Homerica" ), cewa ya mutu ko dai a cikinIosko kuma bayan ya kasa warware kacici-kacici da masunta suka kafa, da kuma bayani daban-daban na sunan "Homer".
Shahararrun tsoffin tarihin rayuwar Homer guda biyu suneRayuwar Homerta Pseudo-Herodotus daGasar Homer da Hesiod.
A farkon karni na hudu BC Alcidamas ya tsara labarin almara na gasar waka a Chalcis tare da Homer da Hesiod. An sa ran Homer zai yi nasara, kuma ya amsa duk tambayoyin Hesiod da wasan wasa cikin sauƙi. Bayan haka, an gayyaci kowanne daga cikin mawaƙa don karanta mafi kyawun nassi daga aikinsu. Hesiod ya zaɓi farkonAyyuka da Kwanaki:"Lokacin da Pleiades haifaffen Atlas. duk a lokacin da ya dace". Homer ya zaɓi bayanin mayaƙan Girkanci a cikin samuwar, suna fuskantar abokan gaba, waɗanda aka karɓa dagaIliad.Ko da yake taron sun yaba da nasarar Homer, alkali ya baiwa Hesiod kyautar; Mawakin da ya yabikiwo,ya ce, ya fi wanda ya yi tatsuniyoyi na yaƙe-yaƙe da kisa.
Tarihin karatun Homeric
[gyara sashe|gyara masomin]Tsoho
[gyara sashe|gyara masomin]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Townley_Homer.jpg/220px-Townley_Homer.jpg)
Nazarin Homer yana ɗaya daga cikin tsofaffin batutuwa a cikin malanta, tun daga zamanin da.[7][8]Duk da haka, makasudin karatun Homeric sun canza a tsawon shekaru millennia.[9]Bayanan farko da aka adana akan Homer ya shafi yadda yake bi da alloli, wanda masu sukar maƙiya irin su mawallafin Xenophanes na Colophon suka yi Allah wadai da lalata.[8]An ce mawallafin Theagenes na Rhegium ya kare Homer ta hanyar jayayya cewa wakokin Homeric misalai ne.[8]An yi amfani daIliaddaOdysseysosai azaman rubutun makaranta a tsohuwar al'adun Girkanci da Hellenistic.[9][8][10]Su ne ayyukan adabi na farko da aka koya wa dukan ɗalibai.[10]Iliad,musamman littattafansa na farko, an yi nazari sosai fiye daOdysseya lokacin Hellenistic da Roman.[10]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Bust-length_Study_of_the_Blind_Homer_MET_DP836580.jpg/220px-Bust-length_Study_of_the_Blind_Homer_MET_DP836580.jpg)
Sakamakon shaharar da waqoqin suka yi a fannin ilmin zamani na Girka, an samu fa’ida mai yawa a kansu don bayyana sassan da ke da wuyar al’ada ko harshe.[8]A lokacin zamanin Hellenistic da na Romawa, masu fassara da yawa, musamman Stoics, waɗanda suka yi imani cewa waƙar Homeric sun ba da koyarwar Stoic, sun ɗauke su a matsayin misalai, ɗauke da hikimar ɓoye.[8]Wataƙila wani ɓangare saboda yawan amfani da waƙoƙin Homeric a cikin ilimi, yawancin marubuta sun yi imanin cewa ainihin dalilin Homer shine ilmantarwa.[8]Hikimar Homer ta zama abin yabo sosai har ya fara samun siffar kusan masanin falsafa.[8]Malaman Rumawa irin su Eustathius na Tasalonika da John Tzetzes sun samar da sharhi, kari da scholia ga Homer, musamman a karni na goma sha biyu.[8]Sharhin Eustathius akanIliadkadai yana da girma, ya bazu sama da manyan shafuka kusan 4,000 a cikin bugu na karni na ashirin da daya da sharhinsa akanOdysseykarin kusan 2,000.[8]
Manazarta
[gyara sashe|gyara masomin]- ↑Empty citation (help)
- ↑Divine Comedy, Inferno, Canto IV, 86-88 (Longfellow's translation):
"Him with that falchion in his hand behold,
Who comes before the three, even as their lord.
That one is Homer, Poet sovereign; " - ↑Alexander Pope's Preface to his translation of the Iliad:
"Homer is universally allowed to have had the greatest invention of any writer whatever. The praise of judgment Virgil has justly contested with him, and others may have their pretensions as to particular excellencies; but his invention remains yet unrivalled. Nor is it a wonder if he has ever been acknowledged the greatest of poets, who most excelled in that which is the very foundation of poetry." - ↑Cite error: Invalid
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- ↑Odyssey, 8:64ff.
- ↑Empty citation (help)
- ↑8.008.018.028.038.048.058.068.078.088.09(Glenn W. ed.).Missing or empty
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Bayanan kula
[gyara sashe|gyara masomin]
Albarkatun ɗakin karatugame da </br>Homer |
By Homer |
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- Aiki daga Homer a Perseus Digital Library
- Works by Homer in eBook form
- Works by Homer
- Works by or about Homer
- Works by Homer </img>
- Chicago HomerArchived2014-10-04 at theWayback Machine
- Homer </img>