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Homo sapiens

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(Redirigite abHumano)
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Wikipedia:Uso de taxobox
Homo sapiens
Rango fossile:Pleistoceno- Recente
Stato de conservation

Risco minimal
Classification scientific
Dominio: Eukaryota
Regno: Animalia
Subregno: Bilateria
Phylo: Chordata
Superclasse: Tetrapoda
Classe: Mammalia
Infraclasse: Placentalia
Superordine: Euarchontoglires
Ordine: Primates
Familia: Hominidae
Subfamilia: Homininae
Tribo: Hominini
Subtribo: Hominina
Genere: Homo
Nomine binomial
Homo sapiens
Linnaeus,1758
Zonas le plus densemente habitate.
Zonas le plus densemente habitate.
Exemplos de diversitate human

Homo sapiens(litteralmente: «homine sapiente»; vocate etiam:homine moderne[1]oesser human) es unspeciedemammiferos.Illo es le unic supervivente del genereHomo,amplemente diversificate in le ultime million e medie de annos, e pertinente alprimates,lehominoidesevolvite se inAfricaeAsiadel qual surgeva lefamiliadelhominides,del qual leHomo sapienses parte.

Nomine scientific

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Lenomine scientificallude al characteristicabiologicle plus characteristic:sapienssignificasapienteocapace de cognoscer,e se refere al consideration del homine como "animal rational", al contrario que tote le altere species. Le capacitate del esser human de realisar operationesconceptualesymbolicmulto complexe —que include, per exemplo, le uso desystemas linguisticmulto sophisticate, lerationamento abstractee le capacitates deintrospectionespeculation— es precisemente un de lor characteristicas le plus distinctive. Possibilemente, iste complexitate, fundateneurologicamentein un augmento del dimension delcerebroe super toto de su complexitate, es etiam un del causas e un producto del multo complexe structura social que le esser human ha disveloppate e que forma un del bases delcultura.Illo es interpretate biologicamente como le capacitate a transmitter information e habitos per imitation e instruction, in vice de per hereditage genetic. Iste proprietate non es exclusive de iste specie, e es etiam importante in altere primates, sed attinge inH. sapiensun disveloppamento qualitativemente distincte, que ha justificate queA. Montagusitua in le cultura le niche ecologic de nostre specie. Le nomine taxonomic esH. sapiens.Il existe un sol specie deHomoin le actualitate ofossiles(nonNeanderthalian) que se credeva de distincte subspecies (Cro-Magnon, Grimaldi, etc.) in le realitate son fossiles de nostre specie.

Emergentia in Africa

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Le specieHomo sapiensresulta del mixtion de populationes human trans Africa.[2][3]

Humanes modern e lor diversitate genetica resulta de tres principal eventos radiative in Africa:[4]

  1. le plus ancian es le radiation, de 250'000 a 200'000 annosante presente,de quatro linages human principal: le populationes devenator-collectoresde Africa austral (Khoisan(en),haplogruppo L0 mitochondrial(fr)) e central (Pigmeos,haplogruppo L1), e etiam de duo lineages se recrucente inter le africanes occidental e le venator-collectores de Africa oriental (caverna Mota,Hadza(en)eSandawe(en)); a notar que le lineage recente occidental conserva le marca genetic de un lineage plus archaic (haplogruppo A00 del chromosoma Y);
  2. un radiation, 80'000 a 60'000 annos ante presente, que productava le Ethiopianes, Africanes oriental e Africanes occidental (haplogruppo L2), pauc ante le divergentia entre Africanes orientales y Extraafricanes que partira al conquesta delEurasiae delOceania;iste ultime ramification es consistente con le diversification del haplogruppo L3 del ADN mitochondrial, que deberea su origina en le Africa oriental 70'000 annos ante presente, y potentialmente con le provenientia delcladoCT del chromosoma Y;
  3. finalmente, in Africa, un radiation plus recente conduce al populationes actual de Africa occidental,populos bantu(en)incluite.

Homo sapiens extra Africa

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Prime excursiones extra Africa

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Preliminary excursiones extra Africa serea occurrite si tosto que 185'000 annosante presente.[5]Alcun escursiones permitteva de attingerChinadesde 125'000 annos ante presente. Ma iste excursiones non esseva installationes perenne.[6]

Migration costal

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Le colonisation delEurasiacomencia per un migration preter le costas deloceano IndianusquePapua Nove GuineaeAustralia.Iste prime migration, de un parve gruppo de Africanes portante lehaplogruppo mitochondrial L3(en),occurreva circa 64kaante presente.[6][7]

Le hybridation con duo gruppos distincte deDenisovanes(respectivemente a 46 e 30 ka ante presente)[6]permitte de adaptar lesystema immunitaridel ancestres delPapusalmaladiasde regiones tropical.[8][9]ActualPapusdebe usque 5% de lorgenomasal Denisovanes[9].

Iste migration initiava le colonisation del interior del Eurasia con un bifurcation circa 51 ka AP.[6]Tibetanesha conservate un mutation del genoEPAS1(en)heritate de Denisovanes que permitte un melior adaptation al manco deoxygenocausate per le altitude.

Installation in Europa

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Nos sape queHomo sapienses arrivate inEuropaal minus 42'000 annos ante presente.

Un discoperta recente predata su prime arrivate a 54'000 annos ante presente con le cultura neronian delcava Mandrin(fr).Ma iste incursion non essava durabile e non permitteva supplantar Neanderthalianes.[10][11]

Un hybridation precoce con Neanderthalianes, probabilemente al Oriente medie, ha favorisate su adaptation al frigido. De 1,5 a 2,1 %[12]del genoma del Europeanes moderne es heriditate de Nanderthalianes. Isteintrogression(fr)concerne filamentos dekeratina,metabolismodel sucro, contractionmuscular,distribution delgrassiacorporal, spissor delemail(es)dentalemeiose(gl)deovocytos;impacta alsi le dimension e le functionamento delcerebro.[13]Capillosblande es heritate de iste humanes archaic; le adaptation al modo de vitaneolithicinclimatefrigide conduceva a un selection positive de genes affectante le pigmentation delpelle.[14][15]

Ante iste hybridation, le colonisation ha essite preparate per un previe adaptation genetic durante un installation in lepeninsula Arabicinter circa 80'000 e 50'000 annos.[16]

Installation in America

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Humanes moderne arriva ad America al minus de 21'000 a 23'000 annos ante presente e possibilemente ante leultime maximum glacial(en),pro venar/chassar lemegafauna(en)(bison,mammut,cavallo,folivoras...).[17][18][19]Alcun sitios archeologic serea plus ancian:Monte Verde I(fr)(Chile) datate de 33 ka AP e lealbergamento rupestre de Santa Elina(es)(Brasil) datate de 27 ka AP.[20][21][22]

Galeria

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  • San
    San
  • Masai (moda)
    Masai (moda)
  • Femine punjabi
    Femine punjabi
  • Amor familial
    Amor familial
  • Nenets
    Nenets
  • Femine Yao
    Femine Yao
  • Infantes Wa (China)
    Infantes Wa (China)
  • Aborigen cultura (Australia)
    Aborigen cultura (Australia)
  • Personas de Philippinas
    Personas dePhilippinas
  • Dansator tahitian
    Dansator tahitian
  • Personas peruvian
    Personas peruvian

Vide etiam

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Referentias

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  1. ↑Derivationes: (la)Gens humana - (de)Mensch; (en)Human; (pt)Humano; (es)Humano; (ca)Homo sapiens; (fr)Humain; (it)Essere umano; (ro)ființă umană; (ru)Человек разумный
  2. ↑
  3. ↑"Deciphering African late middle Pleistocene hominin diversity and the origin of our species"(2019).Nature Communications10(1): 3406.doi:10.1038/s41467-019-11213-w.PMID 31506422.Bibcode:2019NatCo..10.3406M.
  4. ↑Mark Lipsonet al.,Ancient West African foragers in the context of African population history,Nature, 22 janvier 2020
  5. ↑"Scientists discover oldest known modern human fossil outside of Africa: Analysis of fossil suggests Homo sapiens left Africa at least 50,000 years earlier than previously thought",ScienceDaily.
  6. ↑6,06,16,26,3Guy S. Jacobs, Georgi Hudjashov, Lauri Saag, Pradiptajati Kusuma, Chelzie C. Darusallam, Daniel J. Lawson, Mayukh Mondal, Luca Pagani, François-Xavier Ricaut, Mark Stoneking, Mait Metspalu, Herawati Sudoyo, J. Stephen Lansing & Murray P. Cox (2019). "Multiple Deeply Divergent Denisovan Ancestries in Papuans".Cell177(4): 1010-1021.e32.doi:10.1016/j.cell.2019.02.035.ISSN0092-8674.
  7. ↑"Human Dispersal Out of Africa: A Lasting Debate"(2016).Evolutionary Bioinformatics11s2(Suppl 2): 57–68.doi:10.4137/EBO.S33489.ISSN1176-9343.PMID 27127403.
  8. ↑Morgane Gillard (2022-12-18).Denisova-Homo sapiens: une hybridation réussie pour le système immunitaire des Papous?(francese).Futura.
  9. ↑9,09,1Vespasiani DM, Jacobs GS, Cook LE, Brucato N, Leavesley M, Kinipi C, Ricaut FX, Cox MP, Gallego Romero I. Denisovan introgression has shaped the immune system of present-day Papuans. PLoS Genet. 2022 Dec 8;18(12):e1010470. doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010470. PMID: 36480515; PMCID: PMC9731433.
  10. ↑Colonisation de l’Europe par Homo sapiens: une nouvelle étude rebat les cartes
  11. ↑"The three waves: Rethinking the structure of the first Upper Paleolithic in Western Eurasia" (in en).PLOS One18(5).doi:10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0277444.ISSN1932-6203.WikidataQ118287959.
  12. ↑Prüfer K., Racimo F., Patterson N., Jay F., Sankararaman S., Sawyer S. (2014). "The complete genome sequence of a Neanderthal from the Altai Mountains".Nature505(7481): 43–49.doi:10.1038/nature12886.Bibcode:2014Natur.505...43P.
  13. ↑"Evolutionary and Medical Consequences of Archaic Introgression into Modern Human Genomes"(18 July 2018).Genes9(7): 358.doi:10.3390/genes9070358.PMID 30022013.
  14. ↑Fidji Berio (2021-11-17).Couleur de peau et alimentation: ce que la sélection naturelle a changé chez l'Homme en 45.000 ans(francese).Futura.
  15. ↑Weichen Song, Yueqi Shi, Weidi Wang, Weihao Pan, Wei Qian, Shunying Yu, Min Zhao & Guan Ning Lin (2021-11-15). "A selection pressure landscape for 870 human polygenic traits".Nature human behaviour5:1731–1743.doi:10.1038/s41562-021-01231-4.
  16. ↑Raymond Tobler, Yassine Souilmi, Christian D. Huber, Nigel Bean, Chris S. M. Turney, Shane T. Grey, Alan Cooper (2023-05-23). "The role of genetic selection and climatic factors in the dispersal of anatomically modern humans out of Africa".Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences120(22).doi:10.1073/pnas.2213061120.
  17. ↑Yasinski, Emma (2022-05-02).New Evidence Complicates the Story of the Peopling of the Americas.
  18. ↑"New AMS Radiocarbon Ages from the Preceramic Levels of Coxcatlan Cave, Puebla, Mexico: A Pleistocene Occupation of the Tehuacan Valley?" (2021).Latin American Antiquity32(3): 612–626.doi:10.1017/laq.2021.26.
  19. ↑Matthew R. Bennettet al.(2021). "Evidence of humans in North America during the Last Glacial Maximum".Science373:1528-1531.doi:10.1126/science.abg7586.
  20. ↑Agueda Vilhena Vialou & Denis Vialou (2011).Les premiers peuplements de l’Amérique.
  21. ↑Agueda Vilhena Vialou & Denis Vialou (2022). "Santa Elina, Mato Grosso, site ancien au centre de l’Amérique du Sud".Brésil(s)21.doi:10.4000/bresils.11689.
  22. ↑Thais R. Pansani, Briana Pobiner, Pierre Gueriau, Mathieu Thoury, Paul Tafforeau, Emmanuel Baranger, Águeda V. Vialou, Denis Vialou, Cormac McSparron, Mariela C. de Castro, Mário A. T. Dantas, Loïc Bertrand & Mírian L. A. F. Pacheco (2023-07-12). "Evidence of artefacts made of giant sloth bones in central Brazil around the last glacial maximum".Proceedings of the Royal Society B290(2002).doi:10.1098/rspb.2023.0316.
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