Empayar Ottoman

Menua Ottoman Besai
دولت عليه عثمانیه
*Devlet-i ʿAlīye-i ʿOsmānīye*
Menua Ottoman Besai دولت عليه عثمانیه; Devlet-i ʿAlīye-i ʿOsmānīye;
c.1299–1922
	Flag; (1844–1922) Coat of arms; (1882–1922)
	Rambai jaku: دولت ابدمدت; Devlet-i Ebed-müddet; "The Eternal State";
	Anthem: Various "Mahmudiye Marşı"; (1829–1839, 1918–1922) ; "Mecidiye Marşı"; (1839–1861) ; "Aziziye Marşı"; (1861–1876) ; "Hamidiye Marşı"(modified); (1876–1909) ; "Reşadiye Marşı"; (1909–1918) ;
Status	Empayar
Indu menua	Söğüt; (c.1299–1331); Nicaea(İznik); (1331–1335); Bursa; (1335–1363); Adrianople(Edirne); (1363–1453); Constantinople(Istanbul); (1453–1922);
Jaku resmi	Ottoman Turkish
Jaku ti suah dikena	Arabic; Persian; Greek; Chagatai; French; many others;
Pengarap	Sunni Islam(state); School:Hanafi;
Demonim	Ottoman
Perintah	Absolute monarchy; (c.1299–1876; 1878–1908; 1920–1922); Unitaryparliamentaryconstitutional monarchy; (1876–1878; 1908–1920); Triumvirate dictatorship; (1913–1918);
Sultan
•c.1299–1323/4 (first)	Osman I
• 1918–1922 (last)	Mehmed VI
Caliph
• 1517–1520 (first)	Selim I
• 1922–1924 (last)	Abdulmejid II
Grand vizier
• 1320–1331 (first)	Alaeddin Pasha
• 1920–1922 (last)	Ahmet Tevfik Pasha
Dewan Undangan Negeri	General Assembly; (1876–1878; 1908–1920)
• Upper house (unelected)	Chamber of Notables; (1876–1878; 1908–1920)
• Lower house (elected)	Chamber of Deputies; (1876–1878; 1908–1920)
Sejarah
•Founded	c. 1299
•Interregnum	1402–1413
•Conquest of Constantinople	29 May 1453
•Constitutional Era I	1876–1878
•Constitutional Era II	1908–1920
•Ottoman coup d'état	23 January 1913
•Sultanate abolished	1 November 1922
•Republic of Turkeyestablished	29 October 1923
•Caliphate abolished	3 March 1924
Menua
1481	1,220,000 km2(470,000 bt2)
1521	3,400,000 km2(1,300,000 bt2)
1683	5,200,000 km2(2,000,000 bt2)
1913	2,550,000 km2(980,000 bt2)
Penyampau tubuh
• 1912	24,000,000
Mata duit	Akçe,sultani,para,kuruş(piastre),lira
Predecessor states and successor states
Preceded by	Succeeded by
	Sultanate of Rum
	Anatolian beyliks
	Byzantine Empire
	Despotate of the Morea
	Empire of Trebizond
	Principality of Theodoro
	Second Bulgarian Empire
	Tsardom of Vidin
	Despotate of Dobruja
	Despotate of Lovech
	Serbian Despotate
	Kingdom of Bosnia
	Zeta
	Kingdom of Hungary
	Kingdom of Croatia
	League of Lezhë
	Mamluk Sultanate
	Hafsid Kingdom
	Aq Qoyunlu
	Hospitaller Tripoli
	Kingdom of Tlemcen
State of Turkey
Hellenic Republic
Caucasus Viceroyalty
Principality of Bulgaria
Eastern Rumelia
Albania
Kingdom of Romania
Revolutionary Serbia
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Principality of Montenegro
Emirate of Asir
Kingdom of Hejaz
OETA
Mandatory Iraq
French Algeria
British Cyprus
French Tunisia
Italian Tripolitania
Italian Cyrenaica
Sheikhdom of Kuwait
Kingdom of Yemen
Sultanate of Egypt

Empayar Ottoman,^{[lower-alpha 10]}tau dikelala mega enggau namaEmpayar Turki,^[24]^[25]ranah empayar^{[lower-alpha 11]}bepalan baAnatoliati mungkur mayuh endur baEropah Tenggara,Asia Barat,enggauAfrika Utaraari abad ke-14 ngagai pun abad ke-20; iya mega nguasa sekeda endur ba tenggaraEropah Tengahentara pun abad ke-16 enggau pun abad ke-18.^[26]^[27]^[28]

Penerang

↑McDonald, Sean; Moore, Simon (2015-10-20)."Communicating Identity in the Ottoman Empire and Some Implications for Contemporary States".Atlantic Journal of Communication.23(5): 269–283.doi:10.1080/15456870.2015.1090439.ISSN 1545-6870.S2CID 146299650.Archivedfrom the original on 14 January 2023.Retrieved24 March2021.
↑Shaw, Stanford; Shaw, Ezel (1977).History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey.Vol. I. Cambridge University Press. p. 13.ISBN 978-0-521-29166-8.
↑Atasoy & Raby 1989,p. 19–20.
↑^4.0^4.1"In 1363 the Ottoman capital moved from Bursa to Edirne, although Bursa retained its spiritual and economic importance."Ottoman Capital BursaArchived5 Mac 2016 at theWayback Machine.Official website ofMinistry of Culture and Tourism of the Republic of Turkey.Retrieved 26 June 2013.
↑^5.0^5.1Edhem, Eldem (21 May 2010). "Istanbul". In Gábor, Ágoston; Masters, Bruce Alan (eds.).Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire.Infobase. p.286.ISBN 978-1-4381-1025-7.With the collapse of the Ottoman Empire and the establishment of the Republic of Turkey, all previous names were abandoned and Istanbul came to designate the entire city.
↑Shaw, Stanford J.; Shaw, Ezel Kural (1977b).History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey.Vol. 2: Reform, Revolution, and Republic: The Rise of Modern Turkey 1808–1975. Cambridge University Press.doi:10.1017/CBO9780511614972.ISBN 9780511614972.
↑Shaw & Shaw 1977b,p.386,volume 2;Robinson (1965).The First Turkish Republic.p. 298.;Society (2014-03-04)."Istanbul, not Constantinople"(in Inggeris). National Geographic Society. Archived fromthe originalon 7 July 2020.Retrieved2019-03-28.)
↑Inan, Murat Umut (2019). "Imperial Ambitions, Mystical Aspirations: Persian Learning in the Ottoman World". In Green, Nile (ed.).The Persianate World: The Frontiers of a Eurasian Lingua Franca.University of California Press. pp. 88–89.As the Ottoman Turks learned Persian, the language and the culture it carried seeped not only into their court and imperial institutions but also into their vernacular language and culture. The appropriation of Persian, both as a second language and as a language to be steeped together with Turkish, was encouraged notably by the sultans, the ruling class, and leading members of the mystical communities.
↑Tezcan, Baki (2012). "Ottoman Historical Writing". In Rabasa, José (ed.).The Oxford History of Historical Writing: Volume 3: 1400-1800 The Oxford History of Historical Writing: Volume 3: 1400-1800.Oxford University Press. pp. 192–211.Persian served as a 'minority' prestige language of culture at the largely Turcophone Ottoman court.
↑Flynn, Thomas O. (2017).The Western Christian Presence in the Russias and Qājār Persia, c.1760–c.1870(in Inggeris). BRILL. p. 30.ISBN 978-90-04-31354-5.Archivedfrom the original on 14 January 2023.Retrieved21 October2022.
↑Fortna, B. (2012).Learning to Read in the Late Ottoman Empire and the Early Turkish Republic.Springer. p. 50.ISBN 978-0-230-30041-5.Archivedfrom the original on 21 October 2022.Retrieved21 October2022.Although in the late Ottoman period Persian was taught in the state schools...
↑Spuler, Bertold (2003).Persian Historiography and Geography.Pustaka Nasional Pte. p. 68.ISBN 978-9971-77-488-2.Archivedfrom the original on 14 January 2023.Retrieved21 October2022.On the whole, the circumstance in Turkey took a similar course: in Anatolia, the Persian language had played a significant role as the carrier of civilization. [...] where it was at time, to some extent, the language of diplomacy [...] However Persian maintained its position also during the early Ottoman period in the composition of histories and even Sultan Salim I, a bitter enemy of Iran and the Shi'ites, wrote poetry in Persian. Besides some poetical adaptations, the most important historiographical works are: Idris Bidlisi's flowery "Hasht Bihist", or Seven Paradises, begun in 1502 by the request of Sultan Bayazid II and covering the first eight Ottoman rulers...
↑Fetvacı, Emine (2013).Picturing History at the Ottoman Court.Indiana University Press.p. 31.ISBN 978-0-253-00678-3.Archivedfrom the original on 21 October 2022.Retrieved21 October2022.Persian literature, and belles-lettres in particular, were part of the curriculum: a Persian dictionary, a manual on prose composition; and Sa'dis 'Gulistan', one of the classics of Persian poetry, were borrowed. All these titles would be appropriate in the religious and cultural education of the newly converted young men.
↑Yarshater, Ehsan;Melville, Charles,eds. (359).Persian Historiography: A History of Persian Literature.Vol. 10. Bloomsbury. p. 437.ISBN 978-0-85773-657-4.Archivedfrom the original on 21 October 2022.Retrieved21 October2022.Persian held a privileged place in Ottoman letters. Persian historical literature was first patronized during the reign of Mehmed II and continued unabated until the end of the 16th century.
↑Inan, Murat Umut (2019). "Imperial Ambitions, Mystical Aspirations: Persian learning in the Ottoman World". InGreen, Nile(ed.).The Persianate World The Frontiers of a Eurasian Lingua Franca.University of California Press. p. 92 (note 27).Though Persian, unlike Arabic, was not included in the typical curriculum of an Ottoman madrasa, the language was offered as an elective course or recommended for study in some madrasas. For those Ottoman madrasa curricula featuring Persian, see Cevat İzgi, Osmanlı Medreselerinde İlim, 2 vols. (Istanbul: İz, 1997),1: 167–69.
↑Ayşe Gül Sertkaya (2002). "Şeyhzade Abdurrezak Bahşı". In György Hazai (ed.).Archivum Ottomanicum.Vol. 20. pp. 114–115.Archivedfrom the original on 24 October 2022.Retrieved23 October2022.As a result, we can claim thatŞeyhzade Abdürrezak Bahşıwas a scribe lived in the palaces of Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror and his son Bayezid-i Veli in the 15th century, wrote letters (bitig) and firmans (yarlığ) sent to Eastern Turks by Mehmed II and Bayezid II in both Uighur and Arabic scripts and in East Turkestan (Chagatai) language.
↑^17.0^17.1Strauss, Johann (2010)."A Constitution for a Multilingual Empire: Translations of theKanun-ı Esasiand Other Official Texts into Minority Languages ".In Herzog, Christoph; Malek Sharif (eds.).The First Ottoman Experiment in Democracy.Würzburg:Orient-Institut Istanbul.pp. 21–51.Archivedfrom the original on 11 October 2019.Retrieved15 September2019.(info page on book Archived20 September 2019 at theWayback MachineatMartin Luther University) // CITED: p. 26 (PDF p. 28): "French had become a sort of semi-official language in the Ottoman Empire in the wake of theTanzimatreforms.[...] It is true that French was not an ethnic language of the Ottoman Empire. But it was the only Western language which would become increasingly widespread among educated persons in all linguistic communities. "
↑Penyalat nyebut: Tag<ref>tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernamaLambton-1995
↑Ralat Lua pada baris 3162 di Modul:Citation/CS1: attempt to call field 'year_check' (a nil value).
↑^20.0^20.1^20.2Rein Taagepera(September 1997)."Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia".International Studies Quarterly.41(3): 498.doi:10.1111/0020-8833.00053.ISSN 0020-8833.JSTOR 2600793.Archivedfrom the original on 19 November 2018.Retrieved8 July2019.
↑Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D (December 2006)."East-West Orientation of Historical Empires".Journal of World-Systems Research.12(2): 223.ISSN 1076-156X.Archivedfrom the original on 20 May 2019.Retrieved12 September2016.
↑Erickson, Edward J. (2003).Defeat in Detail: The Ottoman Army in the Balkans, 1912–1913.Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 59.ISBN 978-0-275-97888-4.
↑Strauss, Johann (2010)."A Constitution for a Multilingual Empire: Translations of theKanun-ı Esasiand Other Official Texts into Minority Languages ".In Herzog, Christoph; Malek Sharif (eds.).The First Ottoman Experiment in Democracy.Würzburg:Orient-Institut Istanbul.pp. 21–51.Archivedfrom the original on 11 October 2019.Retrieved15 September2019.(info page on book Archived20 September 2019 at theWayback MachineatMartin Luther University) // CITED: p. 36 (PDF p. 38/338)
↑P., E. A. (1916)."Review of The Caliph's Last Heritage: A Short History of the Turkish Empire".The Geographical Journal.47(6): 470–472.doi:10.2307/1779249.ISSN 0016-7398.JSTOR 1779249.Archivedfrom the original on 10 July 2022.Retrieved10 July2022.
↑Baykara, Prof. Tuncer (2017)."A Study into the Concepts of Turkey and Turkistan which were used for the Ottoman State in XIXth Century".Journal of Atatürk and the History of Turkish Republic.1:179–190.Archivedfrom the original on 26 January 2024.Retrieved26 March2024.
↑Ingrao, Charles; Samardžić, Nikola; Pešalj, Jovan, eds. (2011-08-12).The Peace of Passarowitz, 1718.Purdue University Press.doi:10.2307/j.ctt6wq7kw.12.ISBN 978-1-61249-179-0.JSTOR j.ctt6wq7kw.Archivedfrom the original on 20 December 2023.Retrieved26 December2023.
↑Szabó, János B. (2019). "The Ottoman Conquest in Hungary: Decisive Events (Belgrade 1521, Mohács 1526, Vienna 1529, Buda 1541) and Results".The Battle for Central Europe(in Inggeris). Brill. pp. 263–275.doi:10.1163/9789004396234_013.ISBN 978-90-04-39623-4.Retrieved2023-12-19.
↑Moačanin, Nenad (2019). "The Ottoman Conquest and Establishment in Croatia and Slavonia".The Battle for Central Europe(in Inggeris). Brill. pp. 277–286.doi:10.1163/9789004396234_014.ISBN 978-90-04-39623-4.Archivedfrom the original on 15 January 2024.Retrieved2023-12-19.

Penyalat nyebut: Tag<ref>wujud untuk kumpulan bernama "lower-alpha", tetapi tiada tag<references group= "lower-alpha" />yang berpadanan disertakan

[1] McDonald, Sean; Moore, Simon (2015-10-20)."Communicating Identity in the Ottoman Empire and Some Implications for Contemporary States".Atlantic Journal of Communication.23(5): 269–283.doi:10.1080/15456870.2015.1090439.ISSN 1545-6870.S2CID 146299650.Archivedfrom the original on 14 January 2023.Retrieved24 March2021.

[Shaw-13-2] Shaw, Stanford; Shaw, Ezel (1977).History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey.Vol. I. Cambridge University Press. p. 13.ISBN 978-0-521-29166-8.

[FOOTNOTEAtasoyRaby198919–20-3] Atasoy & Raby 1989,p. 19–20.

[auto-4] 4.0^4.1"In 1363 the Ottoman capital moved from Bursa to Edirne, although Bursa retained its spiritual and economic importance."Ottoman Capital BursaArchived5 Mac 2016 at theWayback Machine.Official website ofMinistry of Culture and Tourism of the Republic of Turkey.Retrieved 26 June 2013.

[Edhemp286-5] 5.0^5.1Edhem, Eldem (21 May 2010). "Istanbul". In Gábor, Ágoston; Masters, Bruce Alan (eds.).Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire.Infobase. p.286.ISBN 978-1-4381-1025-7.With the collapse of the Ottoman Empire and the establishment of the Republic of Turkey, all previous names were abandoned and Istanbul came to designate the entire city.

[6] Shaw, Stanford J.; Shaw, Ezel Kural (1977b).History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey.Vol. 2: Reform, Revolution, and Republic: The Rise of Modern Turkey 1808–1975. Cambridge University Press.doi:10.1017/CBO9780511614972.ISBN 9780511614972.

[7] Shaw & Shaw 1977b,p.386,volume 2;Robinson (1965).The First Turkish Republic.p. 298.;Society (2014-03-04)."Istanbul, not Constantinople"(in Inggeris). National Geographic Society. Archived fromthe originalon 7 July 2020.Retrieved2019-03-28.)

[10] Inan, Murat Umut (2019). "Imperial Ambitions, Mystical Aspirations: Persian Learning in the Ottoman World". In Green, Nile (ed.).The Persianate World: The Frontiers of a Eurasian Lingua Franca.University of California Press. pp. 88–89.As the Ottoman Turks learned Persian, the language and the culture it carried seeped not only into their court and imperial institutions but also into their vernacular language and culture. The appropriation of Persian, both as a second language and as a language to be steeped together with Turkish, was encouraged notably by the sultans, the ruling class, and leading members of the mystical communities.

[11] Tezcan, Baki (2012). "Ottoman Historical Writing". In Rabasa, José (ed.).The Oxford History of Historical Writing: Volume 3: 1400-1800 The Oxford History of Historical Writing: Volume 3: 1400-1800.Oxford University Press. pp. 192–211.Persian served as a 'minority' prestige language of culture at the largely Turcophone Ottoman court.

[12] Flynn, Thomas O. (2017).The Western Christian Presence in the Russias and Qājār Persia, c.1760–c.1870(in Inggeris). BRILL. p. 30.ISBN 978-90-04-31354-5.Archivedfrom the original on 14 January 2023.Retrieved21 October2022.

[13] Fortna, B. (2012).Learning to Read in the Late Ottoman Empire and the Early Turkish Republic.Springer. p. 50.ISBN 978-0-230-30041-5.Archivedfrom the original on 21 October 2022.Retrieved21 October2022.Although in the late Ottoman period Persian was taught in the state schools...

[14] Spuler, Bertold (2003).Persian Historiography and Geography.Pustaka Nasional Pte. p. 68.ISBN 978-9971-77-488-2.Archivedfrom the original on 14 January 2023.Retrieved21 October2022.On the whole, the circumstance in Turkey took a similar course: in Anatolia, the Persian language had played a significant role as the carrier of civilization. [...] where it was at time, to some extent, the language of diplomacy [...] However Persian maintained its position also during the early Ottoman period in the composition of histories and even Sultan Salim I, a bitter enemy of Iran and the Shi'ites, wrote poetry in Persian. Besides some poetical adaptations, the most important historiographical works are: Idris Bidlisi's flowery "Hasht Bihist", or Seven Paradises, begun in 1502 by the request of Sultan Bayazid II and covering the first eight Ottoman rulers...

[15] Fetvacı, Emine (2013).Picturing History at the Ottoman Court.Indiana University Press.p. 31.ISBN 978-0-253-00678-3.Archivedfrom the original on 21 October 2022.Retrieved21 October2022.Persian literature, and belles-lettres in particular, were part of the curriculum: a Persian dictionary, a manual on prose composition; and Sa'dis 'Gulistan', one of the classics of Persian poetry, were borrowed. All these titles would be appropriate in the religious and cultural education of the newly converted young men.

[16] Yarshater, Ehsan;Melville, Charles,eds. (359).Persian Historiography: A History of Persian Literature.Vol. 10. Bloomsbury. p. 437.ISBN 978-0-85773-657-4.Archivedfrom the original on 21 October 2022.Retrieved21 October2022.Persian held a privileged place in Ottoman letters. Persian historical literature was first patronized during the reign of Mehmed II and continued unabated until the end of the 16th century.

[17] Inan, Murat Umut (2019). "Imperial Ambitions, Mystical Aspirations: Persian learning in the Ottoman World". InGreen, Nile(ed.).The Persianate World The Frontiers of a Eurasian Lingua Franca.University of California Press. p. 92 (note 27).Though Persian, unlike Arabic, was not included in the typical curriculum of an Ottoman madrasa, the language was offered as an elective course or recommended for study in some madrasas. For those Ottoman madrasa curricula featuring Persian, see Cevat İzgi, Osmanlı Medreselerinde İlim, 2 vols. (Istanbul: İz, 1997),1: 167–69.

[20] Ayşe Gül Sertkaya (2002). "Şeyhzade Abdurrezak Bahşı". In György Hazai (ed.).Archivum Ottomanicum.Vol. 20. pp. 114–115.Archivedfrom the original on 24 October 2022.Retrieved23 October2022.As a result, we can claim thatŞeyhzade Abdürrezak Bahşıwas a scribe lived in the palaces of Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror and his son Bayezid-i Veli in the 15th century, wrote letters (bitig) and firmans (yarlığ) sent to Eastern Turks by Mehmed II and Bayezid II in both Uighur and Arabic scripts and in East Turkestan (Chagatai) language.

[Strauss-2010-22] 17.0^17.1Strauss, Johann (2010)."A Constitution for a Multilingual Empire: Translations of theKanun-ı Esasiand Other Official Texts into Minority Languages ".In Herzog, Christoph; Malek Sharif (eds.).The First Ottoman Experiment in Democracy.Würzburg:Orient-Institut Istanbul.pp. 21–51.Archivedfrom the original on 11 October 2019.Retrieved15 September2019.(info page on book Archived20 September 2019 at theWayback MachineatMartin Luther University) // CITED: p. 26 (PDF p. 28): "French had become a sort of semi-official language in the Ottoman Empire in the wake of theTanzimatreforms.[...] It is true that French was not an ethnic language of the Ottoman Empire. But it was the only Western language which would become increasingly widespread among educated persons in all linguistic communities. "

[Lambton-1995-24] Penyalat nyebut: Tag<ref>tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernamaLambton-1995

[26] Ralat Lua pada baris 3162 di Modul:Citation/CS1: attempt to call field 'year_check' (a nil value).

[Taagepera-1997-29] 20.0^20.1^20.2Rein Taagepera(September 1997)."Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia".International Studies Quarterly.41(3): 498.doi:10.1111/0020-8833.00053.ISSN 0020-8833.JSTOR 2600793.Archivedfrom the original on 19 November 2018.Retrieved8 July2019.

[30] Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D (December 2006)."East-West Orientation of Historical Empires".Journal of World-Systems Research.12(2): 223.ISSN 1076-156X.Archivedfrom the original on 20 May 2019.Retrieved12 September2016.

[Erickson2003-31] Erickson, Edward J. (2003).Defeat in Detail: The Ottoman Army in the Balkans, 1912–1913.Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 59.ISBN 978-0-275-97888-4.

[Strauss-2010a-32] Strauss, Johann (2010)."A Constitution for a Multilingual Empire: Translations of theKanun-ı Esasiand Other Official Texts into Minority Languages ".In Herzog, Christoph; Malek Sharif (eds.).The First Ottoman Experiment in Democracy.Würzburg:Orient-Institut Istanbul.pp. 21–51.Archivedfrom the original on 11 October 2019.Retrieved15 September2019.(info page on book Archived20 September 2019 at theWayback MachineatMartin Luther University) // CITED: p. 36 (PDF p. 38/338)

[34] P., E. A. (1916)."Review of The Caliph's Last Heritage: A Short History of the Turkish Empire".The Geographical Journal.47(6): 470–472.doi:10.2307/1779249.ISSN 0016-7398.JSTOR 1779249.Archivedfrom the original on 10 July 2022.Retrieved10 July2022.

[35] Baykara, Prof. Tuncer (2017)."A Study into the Concepts of Turkey and Turkistan which were used for the Ottoman State in XIXth Century".Journal of Atatürk and the History of Turkish Republic.1:179–190.Archivedfrom the original on 26 January 2024.Retrieved26 March2024.

[37] Ingrao, Charles; Samardžić, Nikola; Pešalj, Jovan, eds. (2011-08-12).The Peace of Passarowitz, 1718.Purdue University Press.doi:10.2307/j.ctt6wq7kw.12.ISBN 978-1-61249-179-0.JSTOR j.ctt6wq7kw.Archivedfrom the original on 20 December 2023.Retrieved26 December2023.

[38] Szabó, János B. (2019). "The Ottoman Conquest in Hungary: Decisive Events (Belgrade 1521, Mohács 1526, Vienna 1529, Buda 1541) and Results".The Battle for Central Europe(in Inggeris). Brill. pp. 263–275.doi:10.1163/9789004396234_013.ISBN 978-90-04-39623-4.Retrieved2023-12-19.

[39] Moačanin, Nenad (2019). "The Ottoman Conquest and Establishment in Croatia and Slavonia".The Battle for Central Europe(in Inggeris). Brill. pp. 277–286.doi:10.1163/9789004396234_014.ISBN 978-90-04-39623-4.Archivedfrom the original on 15 January 2024.Retrieved2023-12-19.

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