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Daftar Kaisar Jepang

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(Dialihkan dariFujiwara no Shimeko)
Lihat pula:Silsilah keluarga kekaisaran Jepang
KaisarJepang
Thiên hoàng
Kekaisaran
Sedang berkuasa
Naruhito
sejak 1 Mei 2019
Perincian
Sapaan resmiBaginda (Heika, bệ hạ )
Penguasa pertamaKaisar Jimmu
Pembentukan660 SM
KediamanIstana Kekaisaran Tokyo
sebagai kediaman resmi
Situs webBadan Rumah Tangga Kekaisaran

Berikut daftarkaisarJepang,satu-satunyanegaramodern yangkepala negaranyaadalah seorangkaisar.

Daftar kaisar

[sunting|sunting sumber]
No. Potret Nama pribadi Nama anumerta Pemerintahan dannama era[1][2][i] Rincian kehidupan
1 Hikohohodemi
Ngạn hỏa hỏa xuất kiến 		Kaisar Jimmu
Thần võ thiên hoàng 		660–585 SM
(75 tahun) 		721 or 711–585 SM
(126 atau 136 tahun)
Son ofkamiUgayafukiaezu.Claimeddescentfrom thesun goddess,Amaterasu.Defeated Nagasunehiko in theEastern Expeditionto become Kaisar. Presumed legendary.[4]
2 Kamununakawamimi
Thần đình danh xuyên nhĩ 		Kaisar Suizei
Tuy tĩnh thiên hoàng 		581–549 SM
(32 tahun) 		632–549 SM
(83 tahun)
Son of Kaisar Jimmu. Presumed legendary.[5]
3 Shikitsuhikotamatemi
Cơ thành tân ngạn ngọc thủ khán 		Kaisar Annei
An ninh thiên hoàng 		549–511 SM
(37 tahun) 		567–511 SM
(56 tahun)
Son of Kaisar Suizei. Presumed legendary.[6]
4 Ōyamatohikosukitomo
Đại nhật bổn ngạn tỉ hữu 		Kaisar Itoku
Ý đức thiên hoàng 		510–477 SM
(33 tahun) 		553–477 SM
(76 tahun)
Son of Kaisar Annei. Presumed legendary.[7]
5 Mimatsuhikokaeshine
Quan tùng ngạn hương thực đạo 		Kaisar Kōshō
Hiếu chiêu thiên hoàng 		475–393 SM
(82 tahun) 		506–393 SM
(113 tahun)
Son of Kaisar Itoku. Presumed legendary.[8]
6 Yamatotarashihikokunioshihito
Nhật bổn túc ngạn quốc áp nhân 		Kaisar Kōan
Hiếu an thiên hoàng 		392–291 SM
(101 tahun) 		427–291 SM
(136 tahun)
Son of Kaisar Kōshō. Presumed legendary.[9]
7 Ōyamatonekohikofutoni
Đại nhật bổn căn tử ngạn thái quỳnh 		Kaisar Kōrei
Hiếu linh thiên hoàng 		290–215 SM
(75 tahun) 		342–215 SM
(127 tahun)
Son of Kaisar Kōan. Presumed legendary.[10]
8 Ōyamatonekohikokunikuru
Đại nhật bổn căn tử ngạn quốc khiên 		Kaisar Kōgen
Hiếu nguyên thiên hoàng 		214–158 SM
(56 tahun) 		273–158 SM
(115 tahun)
Son of Kaisar Kōrei. Presumed legendary.[11]
9 Wakayamato Nekohiko Ōbibi
Trĩ nhật bổn căn tử ngạn đại nhật nhật 		Kaisar Kaika
Khai hóa thiên hoàng 		157–98 SM
(59 tahun) 		208–98 SM
(110 tahun)
Son of Kaisar Kōgen. Presumed legendary.[12]
10 Mimaki
Ngự gian thành 		Kaisar Sujin
Sùng thần thiên hoàng 		97–30 SM
(67 tahun) 		148–30 SM
(118 tahun)
Son of Kaisar Kaika. First Kaisar with a direct possibility of existence.[13]Still presumed legendary.[14]
11 Ikume
Hoạt mục 		Kaisar Suinin
Thùy nhân thiên hoàng 		29 SM–M 70
(99 tahun) 		69 SM–M 70
(127 tahun)
Son of Kaisar Sujin. Presumed legendary.[15]
12 Ōtarashihiko
Đại túc ngạn 		Kaisar Keikō
Cảnh hành thiên hoàng 		71–130
(59 tahun) 		13 SM–M 130
(143 tahun)
Son of Kaisar Suinin. Presumed legendary.[16]
13 Wakatarashihiko
Trĩ túc ngạn 		Kaisar Seimu
Thành vụ thiên hoàng 		131–190
(59 tahun) 		84–190
(106 tahun)
Son of Kaisar Keikō. Presumed legendary.[17]
14 Tarashinakatsuhiko
Túc trọng ngạn 		Kaisar Chūai
Trọng ai thiên hoàng 		192–200
(8 tahun) 		149–200
(51 tahun)
Grandson of Kaisar Keikō; nephew of Kaisar Seimu. First Kaisar to ascend the throne without being the son of the previous Kaisar. Died during a campaign against the Kumaso tribe. Presumed legendary.[18]
– Okinagatarashi
Tức trường đái bỉ mại 		Permaisuri Jingū
Thần công hoàng hậu 		201–269
(68 tahun) 		170–269
(99 tahun)
Wife of Kaisar Chūai; mother and regent of Kaisar Ōjin. Not counted among the officially numbered emperors. Presumed legendary.[19]
15 Homutawake
Dự điền biệt 		Kaisar Ōjin
Ứng thần thiên hoàng 		270–310
(40 tahun) 		201–310
(109 tahun)
Son of Kaisar Chūai and Maharani Jingū. Deified inShintoandBuddhism in JapanasHachiman.Presumed legendary.[20]
16 Ohosazaki
Đại tiêu liêu 		Kaisar Nintoku
Nhân đức thiên hoàng 		313–399
(86 tahun) 		290–399
(108–109 tahun)
Son of Kaisar Ōjin. Presumed legendary.[21]
17 Ōenoizahowake
Đại huynh khứ lai tuệ biệt 		Kaisar Richū
Lí trung thiên hoàng 		400–405
(5 tahun) 		336–405
(69 tahun)
Son of Kaisar Nintoku. Presumed legendary.[22]
18 Mizuhawake
Thụy xỉ biệt 		Kaisar Hanzei
Phản chính thiên hoàng 		406–410
(5 tahun) 		352–411
(59 tahun)
Son of Kaisar Nintoku; younger brother of Kaisar Richū. Presumed legendary.[23]
19 Oasatsuma Wakugo no Sukune
Hùng triều tân gian trĩ tử túc di 		Kaisar Ingyō
Duẫn cung thiên hoàng 		411–453
(42 tahun) 		376–453
(77 tahun)
Son of Kaisar Nintoku; younger brother of Kaisar Richū and Kaisar Hanzei. Presumed legendary.[24]
20 Anaho
Huyệt tuệ 		Kaisar Ankō
An khang thiên hoàng 		453–456
(3 tahun) 		401–456
(55 tahun)
Son of Kaisar Ingyō. Assassinated by Prince Mayowa. Presumed legendary.[25]
21 Ōhatuse no Wakatakeru
Đại bạc lại trĩ võ 		Kaisar Yūryaku
Hùng lược thiên hoàng 		456–479
(23 tahun) 		418–479
(61 tahun)
Son of Kaisar Ingyō; younger brother of Kaisar Ankō. Presumed legendary.[26]
22 Shiraka
Bạch phát 		Kaisar Seinei
Thanh ninh thiên hoàng 		480–484
(4 tahun) 		444–484
(40 tahun)
Son of Kaisar Yūryaku. Presumed legendary.[27]
23 Woke
Hoằng kế 		Kaisar Kenzō
Hiển tông thiên hoàng 		485–487
(2 tahun) 		450–487
(37 tahun)
Grandson of Kaisar Richū; cousin and adopted son of Kaisar Seinei. Presumed legendary.[28]
24 Oke
Ức kế 		Kaisar Ninken
Nhân hiền thiên hoàng 		488–498
(10 tahun) 		448–498
(50 tahun)
Grandson of Kaisar Richū; cousin and adopted son of Kaisar Seinei; older brother of Kaisar Kenzō. Presumed legendary.[29]
25 Ohatsuse no Wakasazaki
Tiểu bạc lại trĩ tiêu liêu 		Kaisar Buretsu
Võ liệt thiên hoàng 		499–506
(7 tahun) 		489–506
(17 tahun)
Son of Kaisar Ninken. Presumed legendary.[30]
26 Ohodo[ii]
Viên bổn trữ 		Kaisar Keitai
継 thể thiên hoàng 		507–531
(24 tahun) 		450–531
(81 tahun)
5th-generation grandson of Kaisar Ōjin. Became Kaisar at the recommendation ofŌtomo no Kanamura.Possible founder of a new dynasty. Presumed legendary.[31][32]
27 Magari
Câu 		Kaisar Ankan
An nhàn thiên hoàng 		534–535
(1 year) 		466–535
(69 tahun)
Son of Kaisar Keitai. Presumed legendary.[33]
28 Hinokuma-no-takata
Cối ôi cao điền 		Kaisar Senka
Tuyên hóa thiên hoàng 		536–539
(3 tahun) 		467–539
(72 tahun)
Son of Kaisar Keitai; younger brother of Kaisar Ankan. Presumed legendary.[34]
29 Amekunioshiharakihironiwa
Thiên quốc bài khai quảng đình 		Kaisar Kinmei
Khâm minh thiên hoàng 		540–571
(31 tahun) 		509–571
(62 tahun)
Son of Kaisar Keitai; younger brother of Kaisar Ankan and Kaisar Senka. First historically verifiable Kaisar.[35][36]
30 Nunakura no Futotamashiki
Đình trung thương thái châu phu 		Kaisar Bidatsu
Mẫn đạt thiên hoàng 		572–585
(13 tahun) 		538–585
(47 tahun)
Son of Kaisar Kinmei.[37]
31 Tachibana no Toyohi
Quất phong nhật 		Kaisar Yōmei
Dụng minh thiên hoàng 		586–587
(1 year) 		517–587
(70 tahun)
Son of Kaisar Kinmei; half-brother of Kaisar Bidatsu.[38]
32 Hatsusebe
Bạc lại bộ 		Kaisar Sushun
Sùng tuấn thiên hoàng 		588–592
(4 tahun) 		522–592
(70 tahun)
Son of Kaisar Kinmei; half-brother of Kaisar Bidatsu and Kaisar Yōmei. Made Kaisar bySoga no Umakofollowing theSoga–Mononobe conflict.Assassinated by Yamatonoaya no Koma on the orders of Soga no Umako.[39]
33 Nukatabe
Ngạch điền bộ 		Maharani Suiko
Thôi cổ thiên hoàng 		593–628
(35 tahun) 		554–628
(74 tahun)
Daughter of Kaisar Kinmei; half-sister and wife of Kaisar Bidatsu. First non-legendary female monarch.Prince Shōtokuacted as her regent.[40]
34 Tamura
Điền thôn 		Kaisar Jomei
Thư minh thiên hoàng 		629–641
(12 tahun) 		593–641
(48 tahun)
Grandson of Kaisar Bidatsu; great nephew of Maharani Suiko.[41]
35 Takara
Bảo 		Maharani Kōgyoku
Hoàng cực thiên hoàng 		642–645
(3 tahun) 		594–661
(67 tahun)
Great-granddaughter of Kaisar Bidatsu; wife of Kaisar Jomei. First reign. Abdicated as a result of theIsshi incident.[42]
36 Karu
Khinh 		Kaisar Kōtoku
Hiếu đức thiên hoàng 		645–654
(9 tahun)
Taika,Hakuchi 		597–654
(57 tahun)
Great-grandson of Kaisar Bidatsu; younger brother of Maharani Kōgyoku. Firstera nameassigned.[43]
37 Takara
Bảo 		Maharani Saimei
斉 minh thiên hoàng 		655–661
(6 tahun) 		594–661
(67 tahun)
Older sister of Kaisar Kōtoku. Previously reigned as Maharani Kōgyoku. Second reign.[44]
38 Kazuraki
Cát thành 		Kaisar Tenji
Thiên trí thiên hoàng 		662–672
(10 tahun) 		626–672
(46 tahun)
Son of Kaisar Jomei and Maharani Kōgyoku.[45]
39 Ōtomo[iii]
Đại hữu 		Kaisar Kōbun
Hoằng văn thiên hoàng 		672
(8 months) 		648–672
(24 tahun)
Son of Kaisar Tenji. Deposed and committed suicide during theJinshin War.Not recognized as Kaisar until 1870.[46]
40 Ōama
Đại hải nhân 		Kaisar Tenmu
Thiên võ thiên hoàng 		673–686
(14 tahun)
Shuchō 		622–686
(56 tahun)
Son of Kaisar Jomei and Maharani Kōgyoku; younger brother of Kaisar Tenji. Deposed his nephew, Kaisar Kōbun, during theJinshin War.[47]
41 Unonosarara[iv]
Lô dã tán lương 		Maharani Jitō
Trì thống thiên hoàng 		687–697
(10 tahun)[v] 		646–703
(57 tahun)
Daughter of Kaisar Tenji; niece and wife of Kaisar Tenmu. Abdicated.[49]
42 Karu[vi]
Kha lưu 		Kaisar Monmu
Văn võ thiên hoàng 		697–707
(10 tahun)
Taihō,Keiun 		683–707
(24 tahun)
Grandson of Kaisar Tenmu and Maharani Jitō.[50]
43 Ahe[vii]
A 閇 		Maharani Genmei
Nguyên minh thiên hoàng 		707–715
(8 tahun)
Keiun,Wadō 		660–721
(61 tahun)
Daughter of Kaisar Tenji; half-sister of Maharani Jitō; mother of Kaisar Monmu. Abdicated.[51]
44 Hidaka[viii]
Băng cao 		Maharani Genshō
Nguyên chính thiên hoàng 		715–724
(9 tahun)
Reiki,Yōrō 		681–748
(67 tahun)
Daughter of Maharani Genmei; elder sister of Kaisar Monmu. Only instance of an Maharani regnant inheriting the throne from another Maharani regnant. Abdicated.[52]
45 Obito
Thủ 		Kaisar Shōmu
Thánh võ thiên hoàng 		724–749
(25 tahun)
Jinki,Tenpyō,Tenpyō-kanpō 		699–756
(57 tahun)
Son of Kaisar Monmu; nephew of Maharani Genshō. Abdicated.[53]
46 Abe
A bội 		Maharani Kōken
Hiếu khiêm thiên hoàng 		749–758
(9 tahun)
Tenpyō-kanpō,Tenpyō-shōhō,Tenpyō-hōji 		718–770
(52 tahun)
Daughter of Kaisar Shōmu. First reign. Abdicated.[54]
47 Ōi
Đại xuy 		Kaisar Junnin
Thuần nhân thiên hoàng 		758–764
(6 tahun)
Tenpyō-hōji 		733–765
(32 tahun)
Grandson of Kaisar Tenmu; cousin of Maharani Kōken. Deposed. Posthumously named Kaisar in 1870.[55]
48 Abe
A bội 		Maharani Shōtoku
Xưng đức thiên hoàng 		764–770
(6 tahun)
Tenpyō-hōji,Tenpyō-jingo,Jingo-keiun 		718–770
(52 tahun)
Deposed her cousin, Kaisar Junnin. Previously reigned as Maharani Kōken. Second reign.[56]
49 Shirakabe
Bạch bích 		Kaisar Kōnin
Quang nhân thiên hoàng 		770–781
(11 tahun)
Hōki,Ten'ō 		708–782
(73 tahun)
Grandson of Kaisar Tenji; brother-in-law of Permasuri Shōtoku. Abdicated.[57]
50 Yamabe
Sơn bộ 		Kaisar Kanmu
Hoàn võ thiên hoàng 		781–806
(25 tahun)
Ten'ō,Enryaku 		736–806
(70 tahun)
Son of Kaisar Kōnin.[58]
51 Ate
An điện 		Kaisar Heizei
Bình thành thiên hoàng 		806–809
(3 tahun)
Daidō 		773–824
(51 tahun)
Son of Kaisar Kanmu. Abdicated.[59]
52 Kamino
Thần dã 		Kaisar Saga
Tha nga thiên hoàng 		809–823
(14 tahun)
Daidō,Kōnin 		785–842
(57 tahun)
Son of Kaisar Kanmu; younger brother of Kaisar Heizei. Abdicated.[60]
53 Ōtomo
Đại bạn 		Kaisar Junna
Thuần hòa thiên hoàng 		823–833
(10 tahun)
Kōnin,Tenchō 		786–840
(54 tahun)
Son of Kaisar Kanmu; younger brother of Kaisar Heizei and Kaisar Saga. Abdicated.[61]
54 Masara
Chính lương 		Kaisar Ninmyō
Nhân minh thiên hoàng 		833–850
(17 tahun)
Tenchō,Jōwa,Kashō 		808–850
(41 tahun)
Son of Kaisar Saga; nephew and adopted son of Kaisar Junna.[62]
55 Michiyasu
Đạo khang 		Kaisar Montoku
Văn đức thiên hoàng 		850–858
(8 tahun)
Kashō,Ninju,Saikō,Ten'an 		827–858
(31 tahun)
Son of Kaisar Ninmyō.[63]
56 Korehito
Duy nhân 		Kaisar Seiwa
Thanh hòa thiên hoàng 		858–876
(18 tahun)
Ten'an,Jōgan 		850–881
(30 tahun)
Son of Empereor Montoku. Abdicated.[64]
57 Sadaakira
Trinh minh 		Kaisar Yōzei
Dương thành thiên hoàng 		876–884
(8 tahun)
Jōgan,Gangyō 		869–949
(80 tahun)
Son of Kaisar Seiwa. Deposed byFujiwara no Mototsune.[65]
58 Tokiyasu
Thời khang 		Kaisar Kōkō
Quang hiếu thiên hoàng 		884–887
(3 tahun)
Gangyō,Ninna 		830–887
(57 tahun)
Son of Kaisar Ninmyō; great uncle of Kaisar Yōzei. Became Kaisar at the recommendation ofFujiwara no Mototsune.[66]
59 Sadami
Định tỉnh 		Kaisar Uda
Vũ đa thiên hoàng 		887–897
(10 tahun)
Ninna,Kanpyō 		866–931
(65 tahun)
Son of Kaisar Kōkō. Abdicated.[67]
60 Atsuhito[ix]
Đôn nhân 		Kaisar Daigo
Thể hồ thiên hoàng 		897–930
(33 tahun)
Kanpyō,Shōtai,Engi,Enchō 		884–930
(46 tahun)
Son of Kaisar Uda. Abdicated.[68]
61 Yutaakira[x]
Khoan minh 		Kaisar Suzaku
Chu tước thiên hoàng 		930–946
(16 tahun)
Enchō,Jōhei,Tengyō 		921–952
(30 tahun)
Son of Kaisar Daigo. Abdicated.[69]
62 Nariakira
Thành minh 		Kaisar Murakami
Thôn thượng thiên hoàng 		946–967
(21 tahun)
Tengyō,Tenryaku,Tentoku,Ōwa,Kōhō 		924–967
(42 tahun)
Son of Kaisar Daigo; younger brother of Kaisar Suzaku.[70]
63 Norihara
Hiến bình 		Kaisar Reizei
Lãnh tuyền thiên hoàng 		967–969
(2 tahun)
Kōhō,Anna 		949–1011
(62 tahun)
Son of Kaisar Murakami. Abdicated.[71]
64 Morihira
Thủ bình 		Kaisar En'yū
Viên dung thiên hoàng 		969–984
(15 tahun)
Anna,Tenroku,Ten'en,Jōgen,Tengen,Eikan 		958–991
(32 tahun)
Son of Kaisar Murakami; younger brother of Kaisar Reizei. Abdicated.[72]
65 Morosada
Sư trinh 		Kaisar Kazan
Hoa sơn thiên hoàng 		984–986
(2 tahun)
Eikan,Kanna 		968–1008
(39 tahun)
Son of Kaisar Reizei; nephew of Kaisar En'yū. Abdicated.[73]
66 Kanehito
Hoài nhân 		Kaisar Ichijō
Nhất điều thiên hoàng 		986–1011
(25 tahun)
Kanna,Eien,Eiso,Shōryaku,Chōtoku,Chōhō,Kankō 		980–1011
(31 tahun)
Son of Kaisar Kaisar En'yū. Abdicated.[74]
67 Okisada[xi]
Cư trinh 		Kaisar Sanjō
Tam điều thiên hoàng 		1011–1016
(5 tahun)
Kankō,Chōwa 		975–1017
(42 tahun)
Son of Kaisar Reizei; half-brother of Kaisar Kazan; cousin of Kaisar Ichijō. Abdicated.[75]
68 Atsuhira[xii]
Đôn thành 		Kaisar Go-Ichijō
Hậu nhất điều thiên hoàng 		1016–1036
(20 tahun)
Chōwa,Kannin,Jian,Manju,Chōgen 		1008–1036
(27 tahun)
Son of Kaisar Ichijō; cousin of Kaisar Sanjō.[76]
69 Atsunaga
Đôn lương 		Kaisar Go-Suzaku
Hậu chu tước thiên hoàng 		1036–1045
(9 tahun)
Chōgen,Chōryaku,Chōkyū,Kantoku 		1009–1045
(37 tahun)
Son of Kaisar Ichijō; younger brother of Kaisar Go-Ichijō. Abdicated.[77]
70 Chikahito
Thân nhân 		Kaisar Go-Reizei
Hậu lãnh tuyền thiên hoàng 		1045–1068
(23 tahun)
Kantoku,Eishō,Tengi,Kōhei,Jiryaku 		1025–1068
(42 tahun)
Son of Kaisar Go-Suzaku.[78]
71 Takahito
Tôn nhân 		Kaisar Go-Sanjō
Hậu tam điều thiên hoàng 		1068–1073
(5 tahun)
Jiryaku,Enkyū 		1032–1073
(40 tahun)
Son of Kaisar Go-Suzaku; half-brother of Kaisar Go-Reizei. Abdicated.[79]
72 Sadahito
Trinh nhân 		Kaisar Shirakawa
Bạch hà thiên hoàng 		1073–1087
(14 tahun)
Enkyū,Jōhō,Jōryaku,Eihō,Ōtoku 		1053–1129
(76 tahun)
Son of Kaisar Go-Sanjō. Abdicated.[80]
73 Taruhito[xiii]
Thiện nhân 		Kaisar Horikawa
Quật hà thiên hoàng 		1087–1107
(20 tahun)
Kanji,Kahō,Eichō,Jōtoku,Kōwa,Chōji,Kajō 		1079–1107
(28 tahun)
Son of Kaisar Shirakawa.[81]
74 Munehito
Tông nhân 		Kaisar Toba
Điểu vũ thiên hoàng 		1107–1123
(16 tahun)
Kajō,Tennin,Ten'ei,Eikyū,Gen'ei,Hōan 		1103–1156
(53 tahun)
Son of Kaisar Horikawa. Forced to abdicate by Kaisar Shirakawa.[82]
75 Akihito
Hiển nhân 		Kaisar Sutoku
Sùng đức thiên hoàng 		1123–1142
(19 tahun)
Hōan,Tenji,Daiji,Tenshō,Chōshō,Hōen,Eiji 		1119–1164
(45 tahun)
Son of Kaisar Toba. Abdicated. Attempted to depose Kaisar Go-Shirakawa during theHōgen rebellion.[83]
76 Narihito
Thể nhân 		Kaisar Konoe
Cận vệ thiên hoàng 		1142–1155
(13 tahun)
Eiji,Kōji,Ten'yō,Kyūan,Ninpei,Kyūju 		1139–1155
(16 tahun)
Son of Kaisar Toba; half-brother of Kaisar Sutoku.[84]
77 Masahito
Nhã nhân 		Kaisar Go-Shirakawa
Hậu bạch hà thiên hoàng 		1155–1158
(3 tahun)
Kyūju,Hōgen 		1127–1192
(64 tahun)
Son of Kaisar Toba; younger brother of Kaisar Sutoku; half-brother of Kaisar Konoe. Abdicated.[85]
78 Morihito
Thủ nhân 		Kaisar Nijō
Nhị điều thiên hoàng 		1158–1165
(7 tahun)
Hōgen,Heiji,Eiryaku,Ōhō,Chōkan 		1143–1165
(22 tahun)
Son of Kaisar Go-Shirakawa. Abdicated.[86]
79 Nobuhito[xiv]
Thuận nhân 		Kaisar Rokujō
Lục điều thiên hoàng 		1165–1168
(3 tahun)
Chōkan,Eiman,Nin'an 		1164–1176
(11 tahun)
Son of Kaisar Nijō. Deposed by Kaisar Go-Shirakawa.[87]
80 Norihito[xv]
Hiến nhân 		Kaisar Takakura
Cao thương thiên hoàng 		1168–1180
(12 tahun)
Nin'an,Kaō,Jōan,Angen,Jishō 		1161–1181
(19 tahun)
Son of Kaisar Go-Shirakawa; half-brother of Kaisar Nijō; uncle of Kaisar Rokujō. Forced to abdicate byTaira no Kiyomori.[88]
81 Tokohito[xvi]
Ngôn nhân 		Kaisar Antoku
An đức thiên hoàng 		1180–1185
(5 tahun)
Jishō,Yōwa,Juei,Genryaku 		1178–1185
(6 tahun)
Son of Kaisar Takakura. Died at theBattle of Dan-no-uraduring theGenpei War.[89]
82 Takahira[xvii]
Tôn thành 		Kaisar Go-Toba
Hậu điểu vũ thiên hoàng 		1183–1198
(15 tahun)
Juei,Genryaku,Bunji,Kenkyū 		1180–1239
(58 tahun)
Son of Kaisar Takakura; half-brother of Kaisar Antoku. Made Kaisar by Kaisar Go-Shirakawa during theGenpei War.Kamakura shogunateturned the Kaisar into a figurehead. Abdicated. Attempted to overthrow the Kamakura shogunate during theJōkyū War.[90]
83 Tamehito
Vi nhân 		Kaisar Tsuchimikado
Thổ ngự môn thiên hoàng 		1198–1210
(12 tahun)
Kenkyū,Shōji,Kennin,Genkyū,Ken'ei,Jōgen 		1196–1231
(35 tahun)
Son of Kaisar Go-Toba. Persuaded by Kaisar Go-Toba to abdicate. Exiled following theJōkyū War.[91]
84 Morinari
Thủ thành 		Kaisar Juntoku
Thuận đức thiên hoàng 		1210–1221
(11 tahun)
Jōgen,Kenryaku,Kempo,Jōkyū 		1197–1242
(44 tahun)
Son of Kaisar Go-Toba; half-brother of Kaisar Tsuchimikado. Forced to abdicate following theJōkyū War.[92]
85 Kanenari
Hoài thành 		Kaisar Chūkyō
Trọng cung thiên hoàng 		1221
(2 months)
Jōkyū 		1218–1234
(15 tahun)
Son of Kaisar Juntoku. Deposed and exiled following theJōkyū War.Posthumously named Kaisar in 1870.[93]
86 Yutahito[xviii]
Mậu nhân 		Kaisar Go-Horikawa
Hậu quật hà thiên hoàng 		1221–1232
(11 tahun)
Jōkyū,Jōō,Gennin,Karoku,Antei,Kangi,Jōei 		1212–1234
(22 tahun)
Grandson of Kaisar Takakura; first cousin of Kaisar Chūkyō. Abdicated.[94]
87 Mitsuhito[xix]
Tú nhân 		Kaisar Shijō
Tứ điều thiên hoàng 		1232–1242
(10 tahun)
Jōei,Tenpuku,Bunryaku,Katei,Ryakunin,En'ō,Ninji 		1231–1242
(10 tahun)
Son of Kaisar Go-Horikawa.[95]
88 Kunihito
Bang nhân 		Kaisar Go-Saga
Hậu tha nga thiên hoàng 		1242–1246
(4 tahun)
Ninji,Kangen 		1220–1272
(51 tahun)
Son of Kaisar Tsuchimikado; second cousin of Kaisar Shijō. Abdicated.[96]
89 Hisahito
Cửu nhân 		Kaisar Go-Fukakusa
Hậu thâm thảo thiên hoàng 		1246–1260
(14 tahun)
Kangen,Hōji,Kenchō,Kōgen,Shōka,Shōgen 		1243–1304
(61 tahun)
Son of Kaisar Go-Saga. From the Jimyōin line. Abdicated at the insistence of Kaisar Go-Saga.[97]
90 Tsunehito
Hằng nhân 		Kaisar Kameyama
Quy sơn thiên hoàng 		1260–1274
(14 tahun)
Shōgen,Bun'ō,Kōchō,Bun'ei 		1249–1305
(56 tahun)
Son of Kaisar Go-Saga; younger brother of Kaisar Go-Fukakusa. From the Daikakuji line. Abdicated.[98]
91 Yohito
Thế nhân 		Kaisar Go-Uda
Hậu vũ đa thiên hoàng 		1274–1287
(13 tahun)
Bun'ei,Kenji,Kōan 		1267–1324
(56 tahun)
Son of Kaisar Kameyama. From the Daikakuji line. Forced to abdicate by Kaisar Go-Fukakusa.[99]
92 Hirohito
熈 nhân 		Kaisar Fushimi
Phục kiến thiên hoàng 		1287–1298
(11 tahun)
Kōan,Shōō,Einin 		1265–1317
(52 tahun)
Son of Kaisar Go-Fukakusa. From the Jimyōin line. Abdicated.[100]
93 Tanehito
Dận nhân 		Kaisar Go-Fushimi
Hậu phục kiến thiên hoàng 		1298–1301
(3 tahun)
Einin,Shōan 		1288–1336
(48 tahun)
Son of Kaisar Fushimi. From the Jimyōin line. Forced to abdicate by the Daikakuji line. Traditional dates used.[101]
94 Kuniharu
Bang trị 		Kaisar Go-Nijō
Hậu nhị điều thiên hoàng 		1301–1308
(7 tahun)
Shōan,Kengen,Kagen,Tokuji 		1285–1308
(23 tahun)
Son of Kaisar Go-Uda. From the Daikakuji line.[102]
95 Tomihito
Phú nhân 		Kaisar Hanazono
Hoa viên thiên hoàng 		1308–1318
(10 tahun)
Enkyō,Ōchō,Shōwa,Bunpō 		1297–1348
(51 tahun)
Son of Kaisar Fushimi. From the Jimyōin line. Agreed to alternate control of the throne between the Daikakuji and Jimyōin lines.[103]
96 Takaharu
Tôn trị 		Kaisar Go-Daigo
Hậu thể hồ thiên hoàng 		1318–1339
(21 tahun)
Bunpō,Gen'ō,Genkō (1321–24),Shōchū,Karyaku,Gentoku,Genkō (1331–34),Kenmu,Engen 		1288–1339
(50 tahun)
Son of Kaisar Go-Uda; younger brother of Kaisar Go-Nijō. From the Daikakuji line.Kamakura shogunateended in theGenkō War.Brief imperial rule during theKenmu Restoration.Opposed theAshikaga shogunate.Became the first Kaisar of theSouthern Court.[104]
97 Noriyoshi[xx]
Nghĩa lương 		Kaisar Go-Murakami
Hậu thôn thượng thiên hoàng 		1339–1368
(29 tahun)
Engen,Kōkoku,Shōhei 		1328–1368
(40 tahun)
Son of Kaisar Go-Daigo. Second Kaisar of the Southern Court. Southern Court briefly took the Northern Court's capital, Kyoto, during theKannō disturbance.[105]
98 Yutanari
Khoan thành 		Kaisar Chōkei
Trường khánh thiên hoàng 		1368–1383
(15 tahun)
Shōhei,Kentoku,Bunchū,Tenju,Kōwa 		1343–1394
(51 tahun)
Son of Kaisar Go-Murakami. Third Kaisar of the Southern Court. Abdicated.[106]
99 Hironari
Hi thành 		Kaisar Go-Kameyama
Hậu quy sơn thiên hoàng 		1383–1392
(9 tahun)
Kōwa,Genchū 		ca1347–1424
(ca77 tahun)
Son of Kaisar Go-Murakami; younger brother of Kaisar Chōkei. Fourth and last Kaisar of the Southern Court. Agreed to peace with the Northern Court. Abdicated in favor of the Northern Court line.[107]
(1) Kazuhito
Lượng nhân 		Kaisar Kōgon
Quang nghiêm thiên hoàng 		1331–1333
(2 tahun)
Gentoku,Shōkyō 		1313–1364
(51 tahun)
Son of Kaisar Go-Fushimi; nephew and adopted son of Kaisar Hanazono. From the Jimyōin line. Made the first Kaisar of theNorthern Courtby theKamakura shogunateduring theGenkō War.Deposed by Kaisar Go-Daigo of the Daikakuji line. Captured by theSouthern Courtduring theKannō disturbance.[108]
(2) Yutahito
Phong nhân 		Kaisar Kōmyō
Quang minh thiên hoàng 		1336–1348
(12 tahun)
Kenmu,Ryakuō,Kōei,Jōwa 		1322–1380
(58 tahun)
Son of Kaisar Go-Fushimi; younger brother of Kaisar Kōgon. Made second Kaisar of the Northern Court by theAshikaga shogunate.Abdicated. Captured by the Southern Court during theKannō disturbance.[109]
(3) Okihito[xxi]
Hưng nhân 		Kaisar Sukō
Sùng quang thiên hoàng 		1348–1351
(3 tahun)
Jōwa,Kannō 		1334–1398
(64 tahun)
Son of Kaisar Kōgon; nephew of Kaisar Kōmyō. Third Kaisar of the Northern Court. Abdicated. Captured by the Southern Court during theKannō disturbance.[110]
(4) Iyahito
Di nhân 		Kaisar Go-Kōgon
Hậu quang nghiêm thiên hoàng 		1352–1371
(19 tahun)
Bunna,Kōan,Jōji,Ōan 		1338–1374
(36 tahun)
Son of Kaisar Kōgon; younger brother of Kaisar Sukō. Became the fourth Kaisar of the Northern Court after theKannō disturbance.Abdicated.[111]
(5) Ohito
Tự nhân 		Kaisar Go-En'yū
Hậu viên dung thiên hoàng 		1371–1382
(11 tahun)
Ōan,Eiwa,Kōryaku,Eitoku 		1359–1393
(34 tahun)
Son of Kaisar Go-Kōgon. Fifth Kaisar of the Northern Court. Abdicated in favor of Kaisar Go-Komatsu.[112]
(6) Motohito
Càn nhân 		Kaisar Go-Komatsu[xxii]
Hậu tiểu tùng thiên hoàng 		1382–1392
(10 tahun)
Eitoku,Shitoku,Kakei,Kōō,Meitoku 		1377–1433
(56 tahun)
Son of Kaisar Go-En'yū.Sixth and last Kaisar of the Northern Court from 1382 until 1392. Became the legitimate Kaisar following Kaisar Go-Kameyama's abdication. Agreed to alternate control of the throne by the Northern Court and the Southern Court. All emperors after him are from the Northern line.[113][114]
100 1392–1412
(20 tahun)
Meitoku,Ōei
101 Mihito[xxiii]
Thật nhân 		Kaisar Shōkō
Xưng quang thiên hoàng 		1412–1428
(16 tahun)
Ōei,Shōchō 		1401–1428
(27 tahun)
Son of Kaisar Go-Komatsu.[115]
102 Hikohito
Ngạn nhân 		Kaisar Go-Hanazono
Hậu hoa viên thiên hoàng 		1428–1464
(36 tahun)
Shōchō,Eikyō,Kakitsu,Bun'an,Hōtoku,Kyōtoku,Kōshō,Chōroku,Kanshō 		1419–1471
(51 tahun)
Great-grandson of Northern Kaisar Sukō; third cousin of Kaisar Shōkō. Abdicated. Traditional dates used.[116]
103 Fusahito
Thành nhân 		Kaisar Go-Tsuchimikado
Hậu thổ ngự môn thiên hoàng 		1464–1500
(36 tahun)
Kanshō,Bunshō,Ōnin,Bunmei,Chōkyō,Entoku,Meiō 		1442–1500
(58 tahun)
Son of Kaisar Go-Hanazono.Ōnin Warled to the start of theSengoku period.[117]
104 Katsuhito
Thắng nhân 		Kaisar Go-Kashiwabara[xxiv]
Hậu bách nguyên thiên hoàng 		1500–1526
(26 tahun)
Meiō,Bunki,Daiei 		1462–1526
(64 tahun)
Son of Kaisar Go-Tsuchimikado. Imperial rule in theAshikaga shogunatereached its lowest point in his reign.[118]
105 Tomohito
Tri nhân 		Kaisar Go-Nara[xxv]
Hậu nại lương thiên hoàng 		1526–1557
(31 tahun)
Daiei,Kyōroku,Tenbun,Kōji 		1495–1557
(62 tahun)
Son of Kaisar Go-Kashiwabara.[119]
106 Michihito
Phương nhân 		Kaisar Ōgimachi
Chính thân đinh thiên hoàng 		1557–1586
(29 tahun)
Kōji,Eiroku,Genki,Tenshō 		1517–1593
(76 tahun)
Son of Kaisar Go-Nara.Ashikaga shogunateoverthrown byOda Nobunaga.Abdicated.[120]
107 Katahito[xxvi]
Chu nhân 		Kaisar Go-Yōzei
Hậu dương thành thiên hoàng 		1586–1611
(25 tahun)
Tenshō,Bunroku,Keichō 		1571–1617
(46 tahun)
Grandson of Kaisar Ōgimachi.Tokugawa shogunateestablished.Sengoku periodended.[121]
108 Kotohito[xxvii]
Chính nhân 		Kaisar Go-Mizunoo[xxviii]
Hậu thủy vĩ thiên hoàng 		1611–1629
(18 tahun)
Keichō,Genna,Kan'ei 		1596–1680
(84 tahun)
Son of Kaisar Go-Yōzei. Japan implementsisolationist policy.Purple Robe Incidentled to his abdication.[122]
109 Okiko
Hưng tử 		Maharani Meishō
Minh chính thiên hoàng 		1629–1643
(14 tahun)
Kan'ei 		1624–1696
(72 tahun)
Daughter of Kaisar Go-Mizunoo. Abdicated.[123]
110 Tsuguhito
Thiệu nhân 		Kaisar Go-Kōmyō
Hậu quang minh thiên hoàng 		1643–1654
(11 tahun)
Kan'ei,Shōhō,Keian,Jōō 		1633–1654
(21 tahun)
Son of Kaisar Go-Mizunoo; younger brother of Maharani Meishō.[124]
111 Nagahito[xxix]
Lương nhân 		Kaisar Go-Sai[xxx]
Hậu tây thiên hoàng 		1655–1663
(8 tahun)
Jōō,Meireki,Manji,Kanbun 		1638–1685
(47 tahun)
Son of Kaisar Go-Mizunoo; younger half-brother of Maharani Meishō and Kaisar Go-Kōmyō. Abdicated.[125]
112 Satohito
Thức nhân 		Kaisar Reigen
Linh nguyên thiên hoàng 		1663–1687
(24 tahun)
Kanbun,Enpō,Tenna,Jōkyō 		1654–1732
(78 tahun)
Son of Kaisar Go-Sai. Abdicated.[126]
113 Asahito[xxxi]
Triều nhân 		Kaisar Higashiyama
Đông sơn thiên hoàng 		1687–1709
(22 tahun)
Jōkyō,Genroku,Hōei 		1675–1710
(34 tahun)
Son of Kaisar Reigen. Abdicated.[127]
114 Yasuhito[xxxii]
Khánh nhân 		Kaisar Nakamikado
Trung ngự môn thiên hoàng 		1709–1735
(26 tahun)
Hōei,Shōtoku,Kyōhō 		1702–1737
(35 tahun)
Son of Kaisar Higashiyama. Abdicated.[128]
115 Teruhito
Chiêu nhân 		Kaisar Sakuramachi
Anh đinh thiên hoàng 		1735–1747
(12 tahun)
Kyōhō,Genbun,Kanpō,Enkyō 		1720–1750
(30 tahun)
Son of Kaisar Nakamikado. Abdicated.[129]
116 Tōhito
Hà nhân 		Kaisar Momozono
Đào viên thiên hoàng 		1747–1762
(15 tahun)
Enkyō,Kan'en,Hōreki 		1741–1762
(20 tahun)
Son of Kaisar Sakuramachi. Abdicated.[130]
117 Toshiko
Trí tử 		Maharani Go-Sakuramachi
Hậu anh đinh thiên hoàng 		1762–1771
(9 tahun)
Hōreki,Meiwa 		1740–1813
(73 tahun)
Daughter of Kaisar Sakuramachi; younger sister of Kaisar Momozono.[131]
118 Hidehito
Anh nhân 		Kaisar Go-Momozono
Hậu đào viên thiên hoàng 		1771–1779
(8 tahun)
Meiwa,An'ei 		1758–1779
(21 tahun)
Son of Kaisar Momozono; nephew of Maharani Go-Sakuramachi.[132]
119 Morohito
Sư nhân 		Kaisar Kōkaku
Quang cách thiên hoàng 		1780–1817
(37 tahun)
An'ei,Tenmei,Kansei,Kyōwa,Bunka 		1771–1840
(69 tahun)
Great-grandson of Kaisar Higashiyama; cousin and adopted son of Kaisar Go-Momozono. Abdicated.[133]
120 Ayahito
Huệ nhân 		Kaisar Ninkō
Nhân hiếu thiên hoàng 		1817–1846
(29 tahun)
Bunka,Bunsei,Tenpō,Kōka 		1800–1846
(46 tahun)
Son of Kaisar Kōkaku.[134]
121 Osahito
Thống nhân 		Kaisar Kōmei
Hiếu minh thiên hoàng 		1846–1867
(21 tahun)
Kōka,Kaei,Ansei,Man'en,Bunkyū,Genji,Keiō 		1831–1867
(35 tahun)
Son of Kaisar Ninkō. Reigned during theBakumatsuperiod during which Japan ended itsisolationist policyand changed from Tokugawa rule to Imperial rule. Last instance of an Kaisar with multipleera names.[135]
122 Mutsuhito
Mục nhân 		Kaisar Meiji
Minh trị thiên hoàng 		3 February 1867
–
30 July 1912
(45 tahun, 178 hari)
Keiō,Meiji 		3 November 1852
–
30 July 1912
(Aged 59)
Son of Kaisar Kōmei. Ended theTokugawa Shogunatewith theMeiji Restoration(3 January 1868). First Kaisar of theEmpire of Japan.[136][137]
123 Yoshihito
Gia nhân 		Kaisar Taishō
Đại chính thiên hoàng 		30 July 1912
–
25 December 1926
(14 tahun, 148 hari)
Taishō 		31 August 1879
–
25 December 1926
(Aged 47)
Son of Kaisar Meiji.Taishō Democracyshifted political power from thegenrōto the Imperial Diet and political parties. His eldest son, Crown Prince Hirohito, served asSesshō(Nhiếp chính;"Regent" ) from 1921 to 1926 because of Taishō's illness.[137][138]
124 Hirohito
Dụ nhân 		Kaisar Shōwa
Chiêu hòa thiên hoàng 		25 December 1926
–
7 January 1989
(62 tahun, 13 hari)
Shōwa 		29 April 1901
–
7 January 1989
(Aged 87)
Son of Kaisar Taishō. Served asSesshōfrom 1921 to 1926. Last Kaisar of theEmpire of Japan.Reign sawWorld War IIandpost-war economic miracle.Longest reigning verifiable Kaisar in Japanese history.[137][139]
125 Akihito
Minh nhân 		Kaisar Heisei
Bình thành thiên hoàng 		7 January 1989
–
30 April 2019
(30 tahun, 113 hari)
Heisei 		born 23 December 1933
(AgeKesalahan ekspresi: Kata "december" tidak dikenal.)
Son of Kaisar Shōwa. Abdicated and later referred to asJōkō(Thượng hoàng;"Kaisar Emeritus"). Longest living verifiable Kaisar.[140]
126 Naruhito
Đức nhân 		Kaisar Reiwa
Lệnh hòa thiên hoàng 		1 May 2019
–
present
(5 tahun, 154 hari)
Reiwa 		born 23 February 1960
(AgeKesalahan ekspresi: Kata "february" tidak dikenal.)
Son of Kaisar Heisei. Referred to asKinjō Tennō(Kim thượng thiên hoàng;"the Reigning Kaisar" ) orTennō Heika(Thiên hoàng bệ hạ;"His Majesty the Kaisar" ).[141][142]

Referensi

[sunting|sunting sumber]
  1. ^Imperial Household Agency.
  2. ^Nussbaum,"Traditional Order of Tennō",p. 962.
  3. ^ Titsingh,hlm. 1–3;Aston,1,pp.109–137;Brown,hlm. 249;Varley,hlm. 84–88;Nussbaum,hlm.420.
  4. ^ Titsingh,hlm. 1–3;Aston,1,pp.109–137;Brown,hlm. 249;Varley,hlm. 84–88;Nussbaum,hlm.420.
  5. ^ Titsingh,hlm. 3–4;Aston,1, pp.138–141;Brown,hlm. 250–251;Varley,hlm. 88–89.
  6. ^ Titsingh,hlm. 4;Aston,1, pp.141–142;Brown,hlm. 251;Varley,hlm. 89;Nussbaum,hlm.32.
  7. ^ Titsingh,hlm. 4;Aston,1, pp.142–143;Brown,hlm. 251;Varley,hlm. 89;Nussbaum,hlm.405.
  8. ^ Titsingh,hlm. 4–5;Aston,1, pp.144–145;Brown,hlm. 251;Varley,hlm. 90;Nussbaum,hlm.564.
  9. ^ Titsingh,hlm. 5;Aston,1, pp.145–146;Brown,hlm. 251;Varley,hlm. 90;Nussbaum,hlm.536.
  10. ^ Titsingh,hlm. 5–6;Aston,1, pp.146–147;Brown,hlm. 252;Varley,hlm. 90–92;Nussbaum,hlm.561.
  11. ^ Titsingh,hlm. 6;Aston,1, pp.147–148;Brown,hlm. 252;Varley,hlm. 92–93;Nussbaum,hlm.542.
  12. ^ Titsingh,hlm. 6–7;Aston,1, pp.148–149;Brown,hlm. 252;Varley,hlm. 93;Nussbaum,hlm.451.
  13. ^Henshall, Kenneth (2013).Historical Dictionary of Japan to 1945.Scarecrow Press.ISBN978-0-8108-7872-3.
  14. ^ Titsingh,hlm. 7–9;Aston,1, pp.150–164;Brown,hlm. 252;Varley,hlm. 93–95;Nussbaum,hlm.910.
  15. ^ Titsingh,hlm. 9–10;Aston,1, pp.165–187;Brown,hlm. 252–254;Varley,hlm. 95–96;Nussbaum,hlm. 910.
  16. ^ Titsingh,hlm. 11–14;Aston,1, pp.188–214;Brown,hlm. 254;Varley,hlm. 96–99;Nussbaum,hlm.505.
  17. ^ Titsingh,hlm. 14–15;Aston,1, pp.214–216;Brown,hlm. 254;Varley,hlm. 99–100;Nussbaum,hlm.836.
  18. ^ Titsingh,hlm. 15;Aston,1, pp.217–223;Brown,hlm. 254–255;Varley,hlm. 100–101;Nussbaum,hlm.125.
  19. ^ Titsingh,hlm. 16–19;Aston,1, pp.224–253;Brown,hlm. 255;Varley,hlm. 101–103.
  20. ^ Titsingh,hlm. 19–22;Aston,1, pp.254–271;Brown,hlm. 255–256;Varley,hlm. 103–110].
  21. ^ Titsingh,hlm. 22–24;Aston,1, pp.272–300;Brown,hlm. 256–257;Varley,hlm. 110–111;Nussbaum,hlm.716.
  22. ^ Titsingh,hlm. 24–25;Aston,1, pp.301–310;Brown,hlm. 257;Varley,hlm. 111.
  23. ^ Titsingh,hlm. 25;Aston,1, pp.310–311;Brown,hlm. 257;Varley,hlm. 112;Nussbaum,hlm.288.
  24. ^ Titsingh,hlm. 26;Aston,1, pp.312–328;Brown,hlm. 257–258;Varley,hlm. 112.
  25. ^ Titsingh,hlm. 26;Aston,1, pp.328–332;Brown,hlm. 258;Varley,hlm. 113;Nussbaum,hlm.32.
  26. ^ Titsingh,hlm. 27–28;Aston,1, pp.333–372;Brown,hlm. 258;Varley,hlm. 113–115;Nussbaum,hlm.1068.
  27. ^ Titsingh,hlm. 28–29;Aston,1, pp.373–377;Brown,hlm. 258–259;Varley,hlm. 115–116;Nussbaum,hlm.836.
  28. ^ Titsingh,hlm. 29–30;Aston,1, pp.377–393;Brown,hlm. 259;Varley,hlm. 116;Nussbaum,hlm.510.
  29. ^ Titsingh,hlm. 30;Aston,1, pp.393–398;Brown,hlm. 259–260;Varley,hlm. 117;Nussbaum,hlm.716.
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  33. ^ Titsingh,hlm. 33;Aston,2,pp. 26–32;Brown,hlm. 261;Varley,hlm. 120–121;Nussbaum,hlm.31.
  34. ^ Titsingh,hlm. 33–34;Aston,2, pp. 33–35;Brown,hlm. 261;Varley,hlm. 121;Nussbaum,hlm.842.
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  37. ^ Titsingh,hlm. 36–37;Aston,2, pp. 90–105;Brown,hlm. 262–263;Varley,hlm. 124–125;Nussbaum,hlm.77.
  38. ^ Titsingh,hlm. 37–38;Aston,2, pp. 106–111;Brown,hlm. 263;Varley,hlm. 125–126;Nussbaum,hlm.1057.
  39. ^ Titsingh,hlm. 38–39;Aston,2, pp. 112–120;Brown,hlm. 263;Varley,hlm. 126;Nussbaum,hlm.917.
  40. ^ Titsingh,hlm. 39–42;Aston,2, pp. 121–156;Brown,hlm. 263–264;Varley,hlm. 126–129;Nussbaum,hlm.910.
  41. ^ Titsingh,hlm. 42–43;Aston,2, pp. 157–170;Brown,hlm. 264–265;Varley,hlm. 129–130;Nussbaum,hlm.431.
  42. ^ Titsingh,hlm. 43–47;Aston,2, pp. 171–194;Brown,hlm. 265–266;Varley,hlm. 130–132;Nussbaum,hlm.543.
  43. ^ Titsingh,hlm. 47–50;Aston,2, pp. 195–247;Brown,hlm. 266–267;Varley,hlm. 132–133;Nussbaum,hlm.566.
  44. ^ Titsingh,hlm. 50–52;Aston,2, pp. 248–273;Brown,hlm. 267;Varley,hlm. 133–134;Nussbaum,hlm.807.
  45. ^ Titsingh,hlm. 52–56;Aston,2, pp. 274–300;Brown,hlm. 268;Varley,hlm. 135;Nussbaum,hlm.959.
  46. ^ Titsingh,hlm. 56–58;Aston,2, p. 301ff;Brown,hlm. 268–269;Varley,hlm. 135–136;Nussbaum,hlm.538.
  47. ^ Titsingh,hlm. 58–59;Aston,2, pp. 301–381;Brown,hlm. 268–269;Varley,hlm. 135–136;Nussbaum,hlm.957.
  48. ^ Titsingh,hlm. 59–60;Aston,2, pp. 382–423;Brown,hlm. 269–270;Varley,hlm. 136–137.
  49. ^ Titsingh,hlm. 59–60;Aston,2, pp. 382–423;Brown,hlm. 269–270;Varley,hlm. 136–137;Nussbaum,hlm.426.
  50. ^ Titsingh,hlm. 60–63;Brown,hlm. 270–271;Varley,hlm. 137–140;Nussbaum,hlm.655.
  51. ^ Titsingh,hlm. 63–65;Brown,hlm. 271;Varley,hlm. 140;Nussbaum,hlm.235.
  52. ^ Titsingh,hlm. 65–67;Brown,hlm. 271–272;Varley,hlm. 140–141;Nussbaum,hlm.240.
  53. ^ Titsingh,hlm. 67–73;Brown,hlm. 272–273;Varley,hlm. 141–143;Nussbaum,hlm.884.
  54. ^ Titsingh,hlm. 73–75;Brown,hlm. 274–275;Varley,hlm. 143;Nussbaum,hlm.547.
  55. ^ Titsingh,hlm. 75–78;Brown,hlm. 275;Varley,hlm. 143–144;Nussbaum,hlm.437.
  56. ^ Titsingh,hlm. 78–81;Brown,hlm. 276;Varley,hlm. 144–147;Nussbaum,hlm.888.
  57. ^ Titsingh,hlm. 81–85;Brown,hlm. 276–277;Varley,hlm. 147–148;Nussbaum,hlm.557.
  58. ^ Titsingh,hlm. 86–95;Brown,hlm. 277–279;Varley,hlm. 148–150;Nussbaum,hlm.464.
  59. ^ Titsingh,hlm. 96–97;Brown,hlm. 279–280;Varley,hlm. 151;Nussbaum,hlm.305.
  60. ^ Titsingh,hlm. 97–102;Brown,hlm. 280–282;Varley,hlm. 151–164;Nussbaum,hlm.804.
  61. ^ Titsingh,hlm. 103–106;Brown,hlm. 282–283;Varley,hlm. 164;Nussbaum,hlm.437.
  62. ^ Titsingh,hlm. 106–112;Brown,hlm. 283–284;Varley,hlm. 164–165;Nussbaum,hlm.714.
  63. ^ Titsingh,hlm. 112–115;Brown,hlm. 285–286;Varley,hlm. 165;Nussbaum,hlm.658.
  64. ^ Titsingh,hlm. 115–121;Brown,hlm. 286–288;Varley,hlm. 166–170;Nussbaum,hlm.837.
  65. ^ Titsingh,hlm. 121–124;Brown,hlm. 288–289;Varley,hlm. 170–171;Nussbaum,hlm.1064.
  66. ^ Titsingh,hlm. 124–125;Brown,hlm. 289;Varley,hlm. 171–175;Nussbaum,hlm.549.
  67. ^ Titsingh,hlm. 125–129;Brown,hlm. 289–290;Varley,hlm. 175–179;Nussbaum,hlm.1007.
  68. ^ Titsingh,hlm. 129–134;Brown,hlm. 290–293;Varley,hlm. 179–181;Nussbaum,hlm.138.
  69. ^ Titsingh,hlm. 134–138;Brown,hlm. 294–295;Varley,hlm. 181–183.
  70. ^ Titsingh,hlm. 139–142;Brown,hlm. 295–298;Varley,hlm. 183–190;Nussbaum,hlm.667.
  71. ^ Titsingh,hlm. 142–143;Brown,hlm. 289;Varley,hlm. 190–191;Nussbaum,hlm.786.
  72. ^ Titsingh,hlm. 144–148;Brown,hlm. 299–300;Varley,hlm. 191–192;Nussbaum,hlm.182.
  73. ^ Titsingh,hlm. 148–149;Brown,hlm. 300–302;Varley,hlm. 192;Nussbaum,hlm.501.
  74. ^ Titsingh,hlm. 150–154;Brown,hlm. 302–307;Varley,hlm. 192–195;Nussbaum,hlm.369.
  75. ^ Titsingh,hlm. 154–155;Brown,hlm. 307;Varley,hlm. 195;Nussbaum,hlm.818.
  76. ^ Titsingh,hlm. 156–160;Brown,hlm. 307–310;Varley,hlm. 195–196;Nussbaum,hlm.253.
  77. ^ Titsingh,hlm. 160–162;Brown,hlm. 310–311;Varley,hlm. 197;Nussbaum,hlm.262.
  78. ^ Titsingh,hlm. 162–166;Brown,hlm. 311–314;Varley,hlm. 197–198;Nussbaum,hlm.258.
  79. ^ Titsingh,hlm. 166–168;Brown,hlm. 314–315;Varley,hlm. 198–199;Nussbaum,hlm. 259.
  80. ^ Titsingh,hlm. 169–171;Brown,hlm. 315–317;Varley,hlm. 199–202;Nussbaum,hlm.872.
  81. ^ Titsingh,hlm. 172–178;Brown,hlm. 317–320;Varley,hlm. 202;Nussbaum,hlm.352.
  82. ^ Titsingh,hlm. 178–181;Brown,hlm. 320–322;Varley,hlm. 203–204;Nussbaum,hlm.967.
  83. ^ Titsingh,hlm. 181–185;Brown,hlm. 322–324;Varley,hlm. 204–205;Nussbaum,hlm.917.
  84. ^ Titsingh,hlm. 186–188;Brown,hlm. 324–326;Varley,hlm. 205;Nussbaum,hlm.559.
  85. ^ Titsingh,hlm. 188–190;Brown,hlm. 326–327;Varley,hlm. 205–208;Nussbaum,hlm.261.
  86. ^ Titsingh,hlm. 191–194;Brown,hlm. 327–329;Varley,hlm. 208–212;Nussbaum,hlm.712.
  87. ^ Titsingh,hlm. 194–195;Brown,hlm. 329–330;Varley,hlm. 212;Nussbaum,hlm.794.
  88. ^ Titsingh,hlm. 194–195;Brown,hlm. 329–330;Varley,hlm. 212;Nussbaum,hlm.933.
  89. ^ Titsingh,hlm. 200–207;Brown,hlm. 333–334;Varley,hlm. 214–215;Nussbaum,hlm.33.
  90. ^ Titsingh,hlm. 207–221;Brown,hlm. 334–339;Varley,hlm. 215–220;Nussbaum,hlm.263.
  91. ^ Titsingh,hlm. 221–230;Brown,hlm. 339–341;Varley,hlm. 220;Nussbaum,hlm.998.
  92. ^ Titsingh,hlm. 230–238;Brown,hlm. 341–343;Varley,hlm. 221–223.
  93. ^ Titsingh,hlm. 236–238;Brown,hlm. 343–344;Varley,hlm. 223–226;Nussbaum,hlm.128.
  94. ^ Titsingh,hlm. 238–241;Brown,hlm. 344–349;Varley,hlm. 226–227;Nussbaum,hlm.252.
  95. ^ Titsingh,hlm. 242–245;Varley,hlm. 227;Nussbaum,hlm.856.
  96. ^ Titsingh,hlm. 245–247;Varley,hlm. 228–231;Nussbaum,hlm.259.
  97. ^ Titsingh,hlm. 248–253;Varley,hlm. 231–232;Nussbaum,hlm.252.
  98. ^ Titsingh,hlm. 232–233;Varley,hlm. 253–261;Nussbaum,hlm.461.
  99. ^ Titsingh,hlm. 233–237;Varley,hlm. 262–269;Nussbaum,hlm.265.
  100. ^ Titsingh,hlm. 237–238;Varley,hlm. 269–274;Nussbaum,hlm.252.
  101. ^ Titsingh,hlm. 274–275;Varley,hlm. 238–239;Nussbaum,hlm. 252.
  102. ^ Titsingh,hlm. 275–278;Varley,hlm. 239;Nussbaum,hlm.257.
  103. ^ Titsingh,hlm. 281–286, 278–281;Varley,hlm. 239–241;Nussbaum,hlm.285.
  104. ^ Titsingh,hlm. 281–286, 290–294;Varley,hlm. 241–269;Nussbaum,hlm.251.
  105. ^ Varley,hlm. 269–270;Nussbaum,hlm.257.
  106. ^Nussbaum,Chōkei Tennō,p. 120.
  107. ^Nussbaum,"Go-Kameyama Tennō",pp. 253–255.
  108. ^ Titsingh,hlm. 286–289;Nussbaum,hlm.344,543.
  109. ^ Titsingh,hlm. 294–298;Nussbaum,hlm.555.
  110. ^ Titsingh,hlm. 298–301;Nussbaum,hlm.911.
  111. ^ Titsingh,hlm. 302–309;Nussbaum,hlm.255.
  112. ^ Titsingh,hlm. 310–316;Nussbaum,hlm.251.
  113. ^Titsingh,hlm. 317–327.
  114. ^ Titsingh,hlm. 317–327;Nussbaum,hlm.555.
  115. ^ Titsingh,hlm. 327–331;Nussbaum,hlm.883.
  116. ^ Titsingh,hlm. 331–351;Nussbaum,hlm.252.
  117. ^ Titsingh,hlm. 352–364;Nussbaum,hlm.265.
  118. ^Titsingh,hlm. 364–372.
  119. ^ Titsingh,hlm. 372–382;Nussbaum,hlm.257.
  120. ^ Titsingh,hlm. 382–402;Nussbaum,hlm.739.
  121. ^ Titsingh,hlm. 402–409;Nussbaum,hlm.265.
  122. ^ Titsingh,hlm. 410–411;Nussbaum,hlm.256.
  123. ^ Titsingh,hlm. 411–412;Nussbaum,hlm.625.
  124. ^ Titsingh,hlm. 412–413;Nussbaum,hlm.256.
  125. ^Titsingh,hlm. 413.
  126. ^ Titsingh,hlm. 414–415;Nussbaum,hlm.785.
  127. ^ Titsingh,hlm. 415–416;Nussbaum,hlm.310.
  128. ^ Titsingh,hlm. 416–417;Nussbaum,hlm.690.
  129. ^ Titsingh,hlm. 417–418;Nussbaum,hlm.814.
  130. ^ Titsingh,hlm. 418–419;Nussbaum,hlm.656.
  131. ^Titsingh,hlm. 419.
  132. ^ Titsingh,hlm. 419–420;Nussbaum,hlm.257.
  133. ^ Titsingh,hlm. 420–421;Nussbaum,hlm.546.
  134. ^Nussbaum,"Ninkō Tennō",p. 716.
  135. ^Nussbaum,"Kōmei Tennō",p. 553.
  136. ^Nussbaum,"Meiji Tennō",p. 624.
  137. ^abcShimamoto, Mayako; Ito, Koji; Sugita, Yoneyuki (2015).Historical Dictionary of Japanese Foreign Policy.Rowman & Littlefield. hlm. 70–73.ISBN9781442250673.
  138. ^Nussbaum,"Taishō Tennō",p. 929.
  139. ^Nussbaum,"Hirohito",p. 318.
  140. ^Nussbaum,"Akihito",p. 19.
  141. ^"Japan's Kaisar thanks country, prays for peace before abdication".Nikkei Asian Review.Diakses tanggal30 April2019.
  142. ^Nussbaum,"Naruhito",p. 699.


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