Kulturkampf
Tampilan
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Kladderadatsch_1875_-_Zwischen_Berlin_und_Rom.png/300px-Kladderadatsch_1875_-_Zwischen_Berlin_und_Rom.png)
Kulturkampfadalah penindasan umatKatolikdiJermanpada akhir abad ke-19.[1]Gerakan ini dilakukan olehOtto von Bismarckyang takut pada pengaruhgerejaKatolikRoma yang akan memecah belah kesatuan Kekaisaran Jerman.[2]ParaYesuitdiusir keluarJermandan sekolah-sekolahgerejadinegerikan.[2]Ada beberapauskupdankardinalyang dipenjarakan,Gereja Katolik Romakehilangan semua bantuan finansial dari pemerintah dan semua anggota serikat diusir dari Jerman.[2]Tetapi ketikaBismarckingin mengalahkan Partai Sosial Demokrasi ia justru meminta bantuan dariGereja Katolik Roma,dan hal ini menyebabkan adanya perdamaian denganPaus Leo XIII.[2]Pada tahun 1887, peraturan yang melawanGereja Katolik Romadihapuskan, tetapi serikatYesuittetap diusir.[2]
Referensi[sunting|sunting sumber]
Bacaan lebih lanjut[sunting|sunting sumber]
- Anderson, Margaret Lavinia.Windthorst: A Political Biography(1981), the leader of the Catholic Center Party
- Anderson, Margaret Lavinia.Practicing democracy: Elections and political culture in Imperial Germany(Princeton University Press, 2000)
- Atkin, Nicholas, and Frank Tallett.Priests, Prelates and People: A History of European Catholicism since 1750(Oxford UP, 2003).
- Bennette, Rebecca Ayako.Fighting for the Soul of Germany: The Catholic Struggle for Inclusion After Unification(Harvard University Press; 2012) 368 pages; examines Catholics' promotion of an alternative national identity after 1871.
- Blackbourn, David.Marpingen: Apparitions of the Virgin Mary in Nineteenth-Century Germany(Oxford, 1993)
- Clark, Christopher and Wolfram Kaiser, eds.Culture Wars: Secular-Catholic Conflict in Nineteenth Century Europe(Cambridge University Press, 2003); Covers 10 countries;online review
- Gross, Michael B.The War against Catholicism: Liberalism and the Anti-Catholic Imagination in Nineteenth-Century Germany(2005)
- Hollyday, FBM (1970),Bismarck,Great Lives Observed, Prentice-Hall.
- Hope, Nicholas, "Prussian Protestantism," in Philip G. Dwyer, ed.Modern Prussian History: 1830–1947(2001) pp. 188–208
- Lamberti, Marjorie. "Religious conflicts and German national identity in Prussia, 1866–1914," in Philip G. Dwyer, ed.Modern Prussian History: 1830–1947(2001) pp. 169–187
- Ross, Ronald J.The failure of Bismarck's Kulturkampf: Catholicism and state power in imperial Germany, 1871–1887,(Washington, D.C., 1998)
- Ross, Ronald J. "Enforcing the Kulturkampf in the Bismarckian state and the limits of coercion in imperial Germany."Journal of Modern History(1984): 456-482.in JSTOR
- Ross, Ronald J. "The Kulturkampf: Restrictions and Controls on the Practice of Religion in Bismarck’s Germany." in Richard Helmstadter, ed.Freedom and Religion in the Nineteenth Century(1997) pp: 172-195.
- Trzeciakowski, Lech.The Kulturkampf in Prussian Poland(East European Monographs, 1990) 223 pp
- Weir, Todd.Secularism and Religion in Nineteenth-Century Germany: The Rise of the Fourth Confession,Cambridge University Press, 2014,ISBN1139867903,9781139867900
- Zeender, John. "Ludwig Windthorst, 1812-1891"History(1992) 77#250 pp 237–54, the leader of the Catholic Center Party
Historiografi[sunting|sunting sumber]
- Anderson, Margaret Lavinia. "Confessions of a Fellow Traveler,"Catholic Historical Review(2013) 99#4 pp 623–648.
- Heilbronner, Oded. "From Ghetto to Ghetto: The Place of German Catholic Society in Recent Historiography"Journal of Modern History(2000) 72#2 pp. 453–495.in JSTOR
Pranala luar[sunting|sunting sumber]
"Kulturkampf".Catholic Encyclopedia.1913.,artikel mendetail oleh Martin Spahn, ditulis pada tahun 1910.
"Kulturkampf".New International Encyclopedia.1905.
- "Bismarck’s Failure: the Kulturkampf"deskripsi panjang
- Founding Manifesto of the Protestant League (1887); Statistics on Membership (1887-1913) (English translation)a German anti-Catholic propaganda organization that became active after the Kulturkampf
- Bismarck’s Domestic Polices 1871 -1890Kulturkampf in the context of Bismarck's entire domestic policies, by a head of history at Catholic University School in Dublin
- Kulturkampf Now and Thenesai sepanjang 13 halaman dalam bentukpdfoleh seorang ProfesorAkademi Angkatan Udara Amerika Serikat
- Ludwig Windthorst Speaks in the Prussian Parliament (1873)pidatoLudwig Windthorstsetelah analisisnya
- Bismarck on the purpose of the KulturkampfPidato di House of Lords Prussian, 10 Maret 1873
- Kulturkampf: Bibliography byLitDok East-Central EuropeHerder-Institut (Marburg)