Ekonomi Tiongkok
EkonomiTiongkok | |
---|---|
Mata uang | Renminbi(CNY, ¥) |
Tahun fiskal | Tahun kalender |
Organisasi organizations | WTO,BRICS,SCO,APEC,RCEP,G-20,G-77dan lainnya |
Statistik | |
PDB | |
Pertumbuhan PDB | |
PDB per kapita | |
PDB per sektor | |
PDB per komponen |
|
Inflasi(IHK) | 2,9% (2020)[1] |
Penduduk di bawah garis kemiskinan | |
Koefisien gini | ▲46,7tinggi(2018)[6][note 2] |
Labor kerja | |
Labor kerja berdasarkan sektor | |
Pengangguran | |
Industri utama |
|
Peringkat kemudahan melakukan bisnis | ke-31(sangat mudah, 2020)[11] |
Eksternal | |
Ekspor | US$3,36 triliun (2021)[12] |
Komoditas ekspor |
|
Tujuan ekspor utama |
|
Impor | $2,69 triliun (2021)[12] |
Komoditas impor |
|
Negara asal impor utama |
|
Modal investasi langsung asing | |
Utang kotor luar negeri | ▲US$1,598 triliun (31 December 2017)[4] |
Pembiayaan publik | |
Utang publik | ▲47% dari PDB (2017)[4][note 4] |
Pendapatan | CNY 30,74 triliun (US$4,45 trilun)[14] 31% dari PDB (2019) |
Beban | CNY 37,18 triliun (US$5,38 triliun)[14] 37,5% dari PDB (2019) |
Peringkat utang | |
Cadangan mata uang asing | US$3,219 triliun (Oktober 2019)[19][20](ke-1) |
Sumber data utama: CIA World Fact Book |
EkonomiRepublik Rakyat Tiongkokadalahekonomi berorientasi pasaryangsedang berkembang,[21]yang menggabungkanperencanaan ekonomimelalui kebijakan industri dan rencana strategis lima tahun.[21]Perekonomian Tiongkok terdiri dariperusahaan milik negara (BUMN)dan perusahaan kepemilikan campuran, serta sektor swasta domestik yang besar dan keterbukaan terhadap bisnis asing dalam sistem yang secara resmi digambarkan sebagaiekonomi pasar sosialis.Perusahaan milik negara menyumbang lebih dari 60% kapitalisasi pasar Tiongkok pada 2019[22]dan menghasilkan 40% dari PDB Tiongkok sebesarUS$15,98 triliun (101,36 triliunyuan) pada tahun 2020, dengan bisnis swasta domestik dan asing serta investasi menyumbang 60% sisanya.[23][24]Hingga akhir 2019, total aset seluruh BUMN Tiongkok, termasuk yang bergerak di sektor keuangan, mencapai US$58,97triliun pada 2015.[25]Sembilan puluh satu (91) BUMN ini masuk dalam daftar perusahaanFortune Global 500tahun 2020.[26]Tiongkok memilikiekonomi terbesar kedua di duniajika diukur dengan PDB nominal, danyang terbesar di duniasejak 2014[27]jika diukur denganKeseimbangan Kemampuan Berbelanja (KKB).Tiongkok telah menjadi negara dengan ekonomi terbesar kedua berdasarkan PDB nominal sejak 2010, dengan data mengandalkan nilai tukar pasar yang berfluktuasi.[28]Tiongkok juga baru-baru ini telah melampauiekonomi Uni Eropapada tahun 2021. Sebuah perkiraan menyatakan bahwa Tiongkok akan menjadi ekonomi terbesar di dunia dalam PDB nominal pada tahun 2028.[29]Secara historis, Tiongkok adalah salah satu kekuatan ekonomi terkemuka di dunia selama hampir duamilenium,dariabad ke-1hinggake-19.[30]
Ekonomi wilayah
[sunting|sunting sumber]GDP menurut pembagian administratif
[sunting|sunting sumber]Terdapat 31 pembagian administratif di Tiongkok. Di bawah ini adalah pembagian administratif teratas di Tiongkok menurut peringkat GDP pada 2012.[31]GDP dialihkan dari CNY ke USD menggunakan rating FX dari 6.3125 CNY/USD.[32][33]
Peringkat | Divisi Administratif | GDP $ miliar 2012 | GDP per kapita $2012 | Jumlah penduduk pertengahan tahun 2012 |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Guangdong | 904.05 | 8,570 | 105,494,200 |
2 | Jiangsu | 856.37 | 10,827 | 79,093,900 |
3 | Shandong | 792.29 | 8,201 | 96,610,000 |
4 | Zhejiang | 548.22 | 10,022 | 54,700,000 |
5 | Henan | 472.24 | 5,025 | 93,970,000 |
6 | Hebei | 420.99 | 5,796 | 72,640,100 |
7 | Liaoning | 392.89 | 8,958 | 43,860,000 |
8 | Sichuan | 377.82 | 4,686 | 80,631,000 |
9 | Hubei | 352.48 | 6,111 | 57,682,500 |
10 | Hunan | 350.96 | 5,304 | 66,172,500 |
Tren makroekonomi
[sunting|sunting sumber]Sejarah figur GDP di Tiongkok pada 1978 - 2012[34] | ||||||||||||
Tahun | GDP (dalam jutaan) | GDP per kapita | ||||||||||
CN¥ | pertumbuhan berdasarkan pada CN¥(%) |
US$ | pertumbuhan berdasarkan pada US$(%) |
PPP (Intl$.) |
pertumbuhan berdasarkan pada ppp (%) |
pertumbuhan riil (%) |
CN¥ | pertumbuhan berdasarkan pada CN¥(%) |
US$ | PPP (Intl$.) |
pertumbuhan riil (%) | |
p2012 | 51,932,210 | 9.8 | 8,226,885 | 12.3 | 12,405,670 | 9.7 | 7.8 | 38,449 | 9.2 | 6,091 | 9,185 | 7.2 |
r2011 | 47,310,400 | 17.8 | 7,324,952 | 23.5 | 11,305,769 | 11.6 | 9.3 | 35,198 | 17.3 | 5,450 | 8,411 | 8.8 |
r2010 | 40,151,280 | 17.8 | 5,931,203 | 18.8 | 10,128,399 | 11.9 | 10.4 | 30,015 | 17.2 | 4,434 | 7,571 | 9.9 |
r2009 | 34,090,281 | 8.6 | 4,990,526 | 10.4 | 9,049,450 | 10.2 | 9.2 | 25,608 | 8.0 | 3,749 | 6,798 | 8.7 |
2008 | 31,404,543 | 18.1 | 4,521,827 | 29.4 | 8,214,366 | 12.1 | 9.6 | 23,708 | 17.5 | 3,414 | 6,201 | 9.1 |
2007 | 26,581,031 | 22.9 | 3,495,664 | 28.8 | 7,329,920 | 17.5 | 14.2 | 20,169 | 22.2 | 2,652 | 5,562 | 13.6 |
2006 | 21,631,443 | 17.0 | 2,713,495 | 20.2 | 6,239,567 | 16.3 | 12.7 | 16,500 | 16.3 | 2,070 | 4,759 | 12.0 |
2005 | 18,493,737 | 15.7 | 2,257,619 | 16.9 | 5,364,258 | 14.2 | 11.3 | 14,185 | 15.0 | 1,732 | 4,115 | 10.7 |
2004 | 15,987,834 | 17.7 | 1,931,644 | 17.7 | 4,697,901 | 13.0 | 10.1 | 12,336 | 17.0 | 1,490 | 3,625 | 9.4 |
2003 | 13,582,276 | 12.9 | 1,640,966 | 12.9 | 4,157,822 | 12.3 | 10.0 | 10,542 | 12.2 | 1,274 | 3,227 | 9.3 |
2002 | 12,033,269 | 9.7 | 1,453,820 | 9.7 | 3,701,133 | 10.8 | 9.1 | 9,398 | 9.0 | 1,135 | 2,891 | 8.4 |
2001 | 10,965,517 | 10.5 | 1,324,818 | 10.5 | 3,338,919 | 10.7 | 8.3 | 8,622 | 9.7 | 1,042 | 2,625 | 7.5 |
2000 | 9,921,455 | 10.6 | 1,198,475 | 10.6 | 3,014,891 | 10.8 | 8.4 | 7,858 | 9.8 | 949 | 2,388 | 7.6 |
1999 | 8,967,705 | 6.2 | 1,083,279 | 6.3 | 2,721,556 | 9.2 | 7.6 | 7,159 | 5.3 | 865 | 2,172 | 6.7 |
1998 | 8,440,228 | 6.9 | 1,019,462 | 7.0 | 2,492,189 | 9.1 | 7.8 | 6,796 | 5.9 | 821 | 2,007 | 6.8 |
1997 | 7,897,303 | 11.0 | 952,653 | 11.3 | 2,285,333 | 11.2 | 9.3 | 6,420 | 9.8 | 774 | 1,858 | 8.2 |
1996 | 7,117,659 | 17.1 | 856,085 | 17.6 | 2,054,666 | 12.1 | 10.0 | 5,846 | 15.9 | 703 | 1,688 | 8.9 |
1995 | 6,079,373 | 26.1 | 727,981 | 30.2 | 1,832,827 | 13.2 | 10.9 | 5,046 | 24.8 | 604 | 1,521 | 9.7 |
1994 | 4,819,786 | 36.4 | 559,224 | -8.8 | 1,618,589 | 15.5 | 13.1 | 4,044 | 34.9 | 469 | 1,358 | 11.8 |
1993 | 3,533,392 | 31.2 | 613,223 | 25.6 | 1,401,823 | 16.5 | 14.0 | 2,998 | 29.7 | 520 | 1,190 | 12.7 |
1992 | 2,692,348 | 23.6 | 488,222 | 19.3 | 1,203,462 | 16.9 | 14.2 | 2,311 | 22.1 | 419 | 1,033 | 12.8 |
1991 | 2,178,150 | 16.7 | 409,173 | 4.8 | 1,029,043 | 13.0 | 9.2 | 1,893 | 15.1 | 356 | 894 | 7.7 |
1990 | 1,866,782 | 9.9 | 390,279 | -13.5 | 910,270 | 7.8 | 3.8 | 1,644 | 8.2 | 344 | 802 | 2.3 |
1989 | 1,699,232 | 13.0 | 451,311 | 11.7 | 844,044 | 8.0 | 4.1 | 1,519 | 11.2 | 403 | 755 | 2.5 |
1988 | 1,504,282 | 24.7 | 404,149 | 24.7 | 781,297 | 15.1 | 11.3 | 1,366 | 22.8 | 367 | 709 | 9.5 |
1987 | 1,205,862 | 17.4 | 323,974 | 8.9 | 678,661 | 14.8 | 11.6 | 1,112 | 15.5 | 299 | 626 | 9.8 |
1986 | 1,027,518 | 14.0 | 297,590 | -3.1 | 590,966 | 11.2 | 8.8 | 963 | 12.3 | 279 | 554 | 7.2 |
1985 | 901,604 | 25.1 | 307,023 | -0.9 | 531,421 | 16.9 | 13.5 | 858 | 23.4 | 292 | 506 | 11.9 |
1984 | 720,805 | 20.9 | 309,757 | 2.6 | 454,455 | 19.5 | 15.2 | 695 | 19.3 | 299 | 438 | 13.7 |
1983 | 596,265 | 12.0 | 301,799 | 7.3 | 380,210 | 15.3 | 10.9 | 583 | 10.4 | 295 | 372 | 9.3 |
1982 | 532,335 | 8.8 | 281,287 | -2.0 | 329,799 | 15.8 | 9.1 | 528 | 7.2 | 279 | 327 | 7.5 |
1981 | 489,156 | 7.6 | 286,895 | -5.5 | 284,910 | 15.1 | 5.2 | 492 | 6.2 | 289 | 287 | 3.9 |
1980 | 454,562 | 11.9 | 303,446 | 16.1 | 247,622 | 7.8 | 463 | 10.5 | 309 | 252 | 6.5 | |
1979 | 406,258 | 11.4 | 261,259 | 20.7 | 7.6 | 419 | 10.0 | 270 | 6.1 | |||
1978 | 364,522 | 13.2 | 216,462 | 11.7 | 381 | 11.7 | 226 | 10.2 |
tahun | GDP (dalam jutaan) | GDP per kapita | ||||
CN¥ | pertumbuhan | pertumbuhan riil |
CN¥ | pertumbuhan | pertumbuhan riil | |
1978 | 364,522 | 13.2 | 11.7 | 381 | 11.7 | 10.2 |
1977 | 322,105 | 8.8 | 7.6 | 341 | 7.2 | 6.2 |
1976 | 296,147 | -1.7 | -1.6 | 318 | -3.3 | -3.1 |
1975 | 301,311 | 7.5 | 8.7 | 329 | 5.8 | 6.8 |
1974 | 280,374 | 2.6 | 2.3 | 311 | 0.3 | 0.2 |
1973 | 273,335 | 8.0 | 7.9 | 310 | 5.4 | 5.4 |
1972 | 253,022 | 3.9 | 3.8 | 294 | 1.4 | 1.2 |
1971 | 243,526 | 7.7 | 7.1 | 290 | 5.1 | 4.1 |
1970 | 226,132 | 16.2 | 19.4 | 276 | 13.1 | 16.1 |
1969 | 194,578 | 12.5 | 16.9 | 244 | 9.4 | 13.7 |
1968 | 173,016 | -2.8 | -4.1 | 223 | -5.5 | -6.6 |
1967 | 178,028 | -5.0 | -5.7 | 236 | -7.5 | -8.1 |
1966 | 187,308 | 9.1 | 10.7 | 255 | 6.3 | 7.7 |
1965 | 171,720 | 18.0 | 17 | 240 | 15.4 | 14.3 |
1964 | 145,554 | 17.7 | 18.3 | 208 | 14.9 | 15.5 |
1963 | 123,637 | 7.4 | 10.2 | 181 | 4.6 | 7.5 |
1962 | 115,124 | -5.7 | -5.6 | 173 | -6.5 | -6.4 |
1961 | 122,094 | -16.2 | -27.3 | 185 | -15.1 | -26.6 |
1960 | 145,747 | 1.2 | -0.3 | 218 | 0.9 | -0.5 |
1959 | 144,036 | 10.1 | 8.8 | 216 | 8.0 | 6.7 |
1958 | 130,821 | 22.3 | 21.3 | 200 | 19.0 | 18.3 |
1957 | 106,929 | 3.9 | 5.1 | 168 | 1.2 | 2.4 |
1956 | 102,898 | 13.0 | 15 | 166 | 10.7 | 12.7 |
1955 | 91,078 | 6.0 | 6.8 | 150 | 4.2 | 4.5 |
1954 | 85,938 | 4.3 | 4.2 | 144 | 1.4 | 1.8 |
1953 | 82,419 | 21.4 | 15.6 | 142 | 19.3 | 13.1 |
1952 | 67,900 | 119 |
Sistem pajak
[sunting|sunting sumber]Sektor
[sunting|sunting sumber]Agribudaya
[sunting|sunting sumber]Tiongkok adalah produsen dan konsumen produk-produk agribudaya terbesar di dunia – dan sekitar 300 juta pekerjaperkebunanTiongkok berada di perindustrian
Energi dan sumber daya mineral
[sunting|sunting sumber]Pertambangan
[sunting|sunting sumber]Perdagangan luar negeri
[sunting|sunting sumber]Periode | Perdagangan Dua Jalur | Ekspor | Impor |
---|---|---|---|
1981–85 | +12.8% | +8.6% | +16.1% |
1986–90 | +10.6% | +17.8% | +4.8% |
1991–95 | +19.5% | +19.1% | +19.9% |
1996–2000 | +11.0% | +10.9% | +11.3% |
2001–05 | +24.6% | +25.0% | +24.0% |
2006-10 | +15.9% | +15.7% | +16.1% |
2014 | +3.4% | +6.1% | +0.4% |
Demografi
[sunting|sunting sumber]Transportasi dan infrastruktur
[sunting|sunting sumber]Ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi
[sunting|sunting sumber]Catatan
[sunting|sunting sumber]- China: Country Studies – Federal Research Division, Library of Congress.Lcweb2.loc.gov (27 Juli 2010). Retrieved on 6 Agustus 2010.
- ^Pada tahun 2011, Tiongkok menetapkan garis kemiskinan baru di angka CNY 2.300 (sekitar US$400).[4]
- ^Sebagian penyebab ketimpangan pendapatan yang lebih tinggi adalah distribusi pendapatan daerah yang tidak merata.
- ^Model estimasiOrganisasi Perburuhan Internasional.
- ^Data resmi yang mencakup utang pemerintah pusat dan daerah, termasuk utang yang diakui secara resmi oleh laporan Kantor Audit Nasional Tiongkok pada tahun 2011. Data tidak termasuk kebijakan obligasi bank, utang Kementerian Perkeretaapian, dan utang Perusahaan Manajemen Aset Tiongkok.
Referensi
[sunting|sunting sumber]- ^abcdef"Report for Selected Countries and Subjects: April 2022".imf.org.Dana Moneter Internasional.
- ^"China GDP growth slowed to 4 per cent in fourth quarter, but 2021 beat target".17 Januari 2022.
- ^Dunia, Bank (8 Januari 2022)."Global Economic Prospects, January 2022"(PDF).openknowledge.worldbank.org.Bank Dunia.hlm. 4.Diakses tanggal8 Mei2022.
- ^abcdefg"The World Factbook".CIA.gov.Badan Intelijen Pusat.Diakses tanggal8 Mei2022.
- ^"Regional aggregation using 2011 PPP and $1.9/day poverty line".iresearch.worldbank.org.Bank Dunia.Diakses tanggal8 Mei2022.
- ^"China Economic Update, December 2019: Cyclical Risks and Structural Imperatives"(PDF).openknowledge.worldbank.org.Bank Dunia.Diakses tanggal8 Mei2022.
- ^"Labor force, total – China".data.worldbank.org.Bank Dunia&Organisasi Perburuhan Internasional.Diarsipkan dariversi aslitanggal 8 Mei 2022.Diakses tanggal8 Mei2022.
- ^"Employment to population ratio, 15+, total (%) (national estimate) – China".data.worldbank.org.Bank Dunia& ILO.Diakses tanggal8 Mei2022.
- ^"Labor Force by Services".data.worldbank.org.Diakses tanggal8 Mei2022.
Labor Force byIndustryandagriculture
- ^"Unemployment, youth total (% of total labor force ages 15–24) (modeled ILO estimate) – China".data.worldbank.org.Bank Dunia.Diakses tanggal8 Mei2022.
- ^"Ease of Doing Business in China 2020"(PDF).doingbusiness.org.Diarsipkan dariversi asli(PDF)tanggal 8 Mei 2022.Diakses tanggal8 Mei2022.
- ^abNational Data – Indicator – Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation.stats.gov.cn. 1 Mei 2019. Diarsipkan dariversi aslitanggal 8 Mei 2022.Diakses tanggal8 Mei2022. ;juga lihatStatistical Communiqué of the People's Republic of China on the 2018 National Economic and Social Development.stats.gov.cn. 28 Februari 2019. Diarsipkan dariversi aslitanggal 8 Mei 2022.Diakses tanggal8 Mei2022.
- ^abcd"China – WTO Statistics Database".Organisasi Perdagangan Dunia.Diarsipkan dariversi aslitanggal 8 Mei 2022.Diakses tanggal8 Mei2022.
- ^ab"Unraveling the Mysteries of China's Multiple Budgets".Bloomberg.com.13 Maret 2020.
- ^"Sovereigns rating list".Standard & Poor's. 26 Januari 2017. Diarsipkan dariversi aslitanggal 26 September 2017.Diakses tanggal8 Mei2022.
Pada 26 Januari 2017, S&P Global Ratings mengafirmasi peringkat kredit pemerintah jangka pendek 'AA-' dan 'A-1+' di Tiongkok. Prospek pada peringkat jangka panjang tetap negatif
- ^"Moody's downgrades China's rating to A1 from Aa3 and changes outlook to stable from negative".moodys.com.24 Mei 2017. Diarsipkan dariversi aslitanggal 8 Mei 2022.Diakses tanggal8 Mei2022.
- ^"Fitch – Complete Sovereign Rating History".fitchratings.com.Diarsipkan dariversi aslitanggal 8 Mei 2022.Diakses tanggal8 Mei2022.
- ^"Scope revises China's Outlook to Stable from Negative, affirms ratings at A+".Scope Ratings.9 Juli 2021.Diakses tanggal8 Mei2022.
- ^"Money and Banking Statistics".Diakses tanggal8 Mei2022.
- ^"Official reserve assets".pbc.gov.cn.Diakses tanggal8 Mei2022.
- ^ab
—Xu, Chenggang. “The Fundamental Institutions of China’s Reforms and Development.”Journal of Economic Literature,vol. 49, no. 4,American Economic Association,2011, pp. 1076–151,JSTOR23071664.
—Nee, Victor, and Sonja Opper. “Political Capital in a Market Economy.” Social Forces, vol. 88, no. 5,Oxford University Press,2010, pp. 2105–32,JSTOR40927540.
—Shue Tuck Wong & Sun Sheng Han (1998) Whither China's Market Economy? The Case of Lijin Zhen,Geographical Review,88:1, 29-46,DOI:10.1111/j.1931-0846.1998.tb00094.x
—Gregory C. Chow (2005) The Role of Planning in China's Market Economy, Journal of Chinese Economic and Business Studies, 3:3, 193-203,DOI:10.1080/14765280500317866 10.1080/14765280500317866
—HUA, HUANG. “The Market Economy in China.” Security Dialogue, vol. 24, no. 2,Sage Publications,Ltd., 1993, pp. 175–79,JSTOR44471339.
—Chow, Gregory C. “Development of a More Market-Oriented Economy in China.” Science, vol. 235, no. 4786,American Association for the Advancement of Science,1987, pp. 295–99,JSTOR1698592. - ^Hissey, Ian (17 Desember 2019)."Investing in Chinese State-Owned Enterprises".insight.factset.com.Diakses tanggal8 Mei2022.
- ^Tjan, Sie Tek (21 Mei 2020)."How reform has made China's state-owned enterprises stronger".www.weforum.org.Diakses tanggal8 Mei2022.
- ^CBNEditor (18 Januari 2021)."China's GDP Breaches 100 Trillion Yuan Threshold after Posting 2.3% Growth in 2020, Disposable Income up 4.7%".China Banking News(dalam bahasa Inggris).Diakses tanggal8 Mei2022.
- ^Tjan, Sie Tek (17 Oktober 2020)."China State Firms' Assets grow even as the Government presses for lighter debt".www.caixinglobal.com.Diakses tanggal8 Mei2022.
- ^Tjan, Sie tek (18 Agustus 2020)."The Biggest but not the Strongest: China's place in the Fortune Global 500".www.csis.org.Diakses tanggal8 Mei2022.
- ^"Report for Selected Country Groups and Subjects (PPP valuation of country GDP)".DMI. Diarsipkan dariversi aslitanggal 8 Mei 2022.Diakses tanggal8 Mei2022.
- ^Barboza, David (16 Agustus 2010)."China Passes Japan as Second-Largest Economy".The New York Times(dalam bahasa Inggris).ISSN0362-4331.Diakses tanggal8 Mei2022.
- ^Elliot, Larry (26 Desember 2020)."China to overtake US as world's biggest economy by 2028, report predicts".The Guardian.Diakses tanggal8 Mei2022.
Dengan AS diperkirakan akan berkontraksi sebesar 5% tahun ini, Tiongkok akan mempersempit kesenjangan dengan saingan terbesarnya, kata CEBR. Secara keseluruhan, PDB global diperkirakan turun 4,4% tahun ini, sebuah penurunan terbesar dalam satu tahun sejakperang dunia kedua.Douglas McWilliams, wakil ketua CEBR, mengatakan: "Berita besar dalam perkiraan ini adalah kecepatan pertumbuhan ekonomi Tiongkok. Kami berharap Tiongkok dapat menjadi negara berpenghasilan tinggi selama periode rencana lima tahun saat ini (2020-25). Dan kami memperkirakan bahwa Tiongkok akan menyalip AS lima tahun penuh lebih awal dari apa yang perkirakan tahun lalu. Tiongkok akan melewati ambang batas per kapita US$12.536 (£9.215) untuk menjadi negara berpenghasilan tinggi pada tahun 2023.
- ^Maddison, Angus (2008).Chinese Economic Performance in the Long Run: 960-2030 AD.Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. hlm.43.ISBN978-9264037625.
- ^"Salinan arsip".Diarsipkan dariversi aslitanggal 2013-05-29.Diakses tanggal2015-05-03.
- ^"US Dollar: CURRENCY:USD quotes & news - Google Finance".google.com.
- ^"Salinan arsip".Diarsipkan dariversi aslitanggal 2019-01-07.Diakses tanggal2015-05-03.
- ^the gross domestic product in 2012 is a preliminary data according toStatistical Communiqué of the People's Republic of China on the 2012 National Economic and Social Development(China NBS, 22 February 2013); the Data of GDP in 2011 is the Final Verification (7 Januari 2013), seeChina NBS:Bulletin on the Final Verification Data of GDP in 2011;Data GDP 1978-2010 is fromChina Statistical Yearbook 2012(ISBN 978-7-5037-6693-0/C•2752). Purchasing power parity (PPP) is estimate according toIMFWEO16 Apr. 2013figures; Exchange rate of CN¥ to US$ is according to State Administration of Foreign Exchange, pubulished onChina Statistical Yearbook 2012
Lihat juga
[sunting|sunting sumber]Pranala luar dan bacaan tambahan
[sunting|sunting sumber]Cari tahu mengenai Economy of China pada proyek-proyek Wikimedia lainnya: | |
Definisi dan terjemahandari Wiktionary | |
Gambar dan mediadari Commons | |
Beritadari Wikinews | |
Kutipandari Wikiquote | |
Teks sumberdari Wikisource | |
Bukudari Wikibuku |
- China Economic Information Network (CEInet) under the SIC
- China Monitor is the International presence of the SIC's CEInetDiarsipkan2017-09-14 diWayback Machine.
- ChinabilityBackground and statistics on China's economy and business climate.
- Chinability BlogDiarsipkan2016-11-04 diWayback Machine.Up-to-date analysis of the Chinese economy.
- China on the World Stagefrom theDean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives
- Asian Development Bank, ChinaDiarsipkan2010-04-24 diWayback Machine.
- China EconomyDiarsipkan2010-03-27 diWayback Machine.(China Economic Information Network). News stories and subscriber-only market analysis for various sectors of the country's economy.
- The State of the Chinese EconomyUSC U.S. China Institute 2011 conference on the structure, health, and future of China's economy. Twenty leading analysts examined the macroeconomic situation, worries about property bubbles and debt accumulation, labor and human capital trends, and the challenges posed by the health care and pension needs of an aging population.USChinaInstitutediYouTube.
- China's economy.Articles By Subject. Economist.com
- China Economic Net
- China Economic Review
- Far Eastern Economic ReviewDiarsipkan2006-07-20 diWayback Machine.Dow Jones' monthly magazine on Asia. For valuable insights on Asia's business and political development. With search and 58-year archive.
- Chinese EconomyChina Daily Special Coverage
- Financial Times, China
- The New York Times series "Choking on Growth"
- "Goldman Sachs Downgrades China’s Economy"Diarsipkan2015-04-04 diWayback Machine.Stocknewsdesk
Data dan Statistik
[sunting|sunting sumber]- National Bureau of Statistics of China
- China's State Information Center (SIC)
- World Bank, China
- World Bank China 2012 Trade Summary Statistics
- IMF, China
- Comprehensive current and historical economic data
- Chinese Economy statisticsNationMaster (All stats)
- Economy of China | statistics and chartsstatistics and charts extracted from the CIA Factbook & Worldbank data
- Tariffs applied by China as provided by ITC'sMarket Access Map,an online database of customs tariffs and market requirements.
- Trade Profile (Exports/Imports) - China
Jurnal
[sunting|sunting sumber]- China Economic JournalTaylor & Francis Journals: Welcome.Tandf.co.uk. Retrieved on 2010-08-06.
- China Economic Quarterly
- China & World EconomyChina & World Economy – Journal InformationDiarsipkan2012-09-24 diWayback Machine.. Blackwellpublishing.com (2010-05-07). Retrieved on 2010-08-06.
- Journal of Chinese Economic and Business Studies(JCEBS)Taylor & Francis Journals: Welcome.Tandf.co.uk. Retrieved on 2010-08-06. is the official journal of the Chinese Economic Association (UK).CEA Publications – Journal of Chinese Economic and Business Studies.Ceauk.org.uk. Retrieved on 2010-08-06.
- Journal of Chinese Economic and Foreign Trade StudiesEmerald, Journal of Chinese Economic and Foreign Trade Studies information.Emeraldinsight.com. Retrieved on 2010-08-06.
- The China QuarterlyJournals.cambridge.org
- The Chinese EconomyM.E. Sharpe, Inc. – Journal Information.Mesharpe.com. Retrieved on 2010-08-06.
- Journal of Chinese Economic Studies(ISSN: 1348-2521)
- Journal of the Chinese Statistical Association(ISSN: 0529-6528)
- China: An International Journal(ISSN: 0219-7472)
- China Economic Review(ISSN: 1043-951X)
- China Review(ISSN: 1680-2012)
- Frontiers of Economics in China(ISSN: 1673-3444)
- China 2030: Building a Modern, Harmonious, and Creative High-Income Society (pre-publication version)
- Citation: "World Bank; Development Research Center of the State Council, P.R.C.. 2012. China 2030: Building a Modern, Harmonious, and Creative High-Income Society [pre-publication version]. © Washington, DC: World Bank.http://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/6057License:Creative Commons licenseCC BY 3.0 Unported."
- URI:http://hdl.handle.net/10986/6057
- Date: 2012-02-27
- Author(s): World Bank; Development Research Center of the State Council, P.R.C.
- China 2030
- Citation: "World Bank; Development Research Center of the State Council, P.R.C.. 2012. China 2030: Building a Modern, Harmonious, and Creative High-Income Society [pre-publication version]. © Washington, DC: World Bank.http://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/6057License:Creative Commons licenseCC BY 3.0 Unported."
Buku
[sunting|sunting sumber]- Cardenal, Juan Pablo;Araújo, Heriberto(2011).La silenciosa conquista china(dalam bahasa Spanyol). Barcelona: Crítica.