Anti-Amerikanisme

Anti-Amerikanisme,Amerikanofobia^[1],atausentimen anti-Amerikaadalah kebencian, ketakutan, atau kekerasan terhadap Amerika Serikat, bangsa Amerika dan kebudayaannya, atau kebijakanpemerintahannya,khususnyakebijakan luar negerinya.Stereotip Amerika Serikatyang negatif meliputi anggapan bahwa orang Amerika itu agresif, arogan, tidak mau tahu, kelebihan berat badan, lusuh, terobsesi dengan uang, terlalu moralistis dan materialistis, dan merasa paling penting.^[2]

Pakar politik, Brendon O'Connor dariUnited States Studies Centreberpendapat bahwa anti-Amerikanisme tidak dapat dipisah sebagai fenomena yang konsisten. O'Conor juga mengatakan bahwa istilah ini bermula dari sekumpulanstereotipe,prasangka,dan kritik terhadap orang Amerika Serikat atau negara Amerika Serikat yang berubah menjadi kritik politis. Pakar politik lainnya dari Prancis, Marie-France Toinet, mengatakan bahwa pemakaian istilah ini "baru bisa dibenarkan apabila mengacu pada penolakan sistematis - semacam reaksi alergi - terhadap Amerika Serikat secara keseluruhan".^[3]Pengamat politik lainnya sepertiNoam Chomskydan Nancy Snow berpendapat bahwa penerapan istilah "anti-Amerika" ke negara lain ataupun penduduknya adalah sesuatu yang tidak masuk akal. Hal ini dikarenakan istilah tersebut mengimplikasikan ketidaksukaan terhadap pemerintah Amerika ataupun kebijakannya adalah sesuatu yang dilarang atau sebagai suatu kejahatan.^[4]^[5]

Pembahasan anti-Amerikanisme kadang tidak ikut menentukan penyebab sentimen ini dengan tepat (selain ketidaksukaan secara umum) sehingga istilah ini dipakai secara luas dengan berbagai cara. Karena itu pula, pendapat-pendapat yang tidak jelas pun bisa dicap anti-Amerika.^[6]

Lihat pula

Referensi

^fr[Denis Lacorne],"Anti-Americanism and Americanophobia: A French Perspectives." (2005).
^William Russell Melton.The new American expat: thriving and surviving overseas in the post-9/11 world.(Intercultural Press 2005. p. XIX.)
^O'Connor, Brendan:"A Brief History of Anti-Americanism from Cultural Criticism to Terrorism"Diarsipkan2006-08-20 diWayback Machine.,Australasian Journal of American Studies,July 2004, pp. 77–92
^Chomsky, Noam (1993)."Totalitarian Culture in a Free Society".Internet Archive.Diakses tanggal9 Juni2023.
^Snow, Nancy (2006).The Arrogance of American Power: What U.S. Leaders Are Doing Wrong and Why It's Our Duty to Dissent.Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. hlm. 27ff.ISBN 0-7425-5373-6.OCLC 69992247.
^O'Connor, Brendan, p 89.

Bacaan lanjutan

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Friedman, Max Paul.Rethinking Anti-Americanism: The History of an Exceptional Concept in American Foreign Relations(Cambridge University Press, 2012)
Gienow-Hecht, Jessica C. E. "Always blame the Americans: Anti-Americanism in Europe in the Twentieth Century",American Historical Review(2006) 111#4 pp. 1067–91online free
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Lacorne, Denis. "Anti-Americanism and Americanophobia: A French Perspective" (2005)online;also in Denis Lacorne and Tony Judt, eds.With Us or Against Us: Studies in Global Anti-Americanism(2007) pp 35-58
Lacorne, Denis and Tony Judt, eds.With Us or Against Us: Studies in Global Anti-Americanism(2007)excerpt and text search,essays by scholars in Europe and Asia
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O'Connor, Brendon (July 2004). "A Brief History of Anti-Americanism: From Cultural Criticism to Terrorism".Australasian Journal of American Studies.23(1): 82.
O'Connor, Brendon; Griffiths, Martin, ed. (2005).The Rise of anti-Americanism.Routledge.
O'Connor, Brendon (ed.) (2007).Anti-Americanism: History, Causes, Themes.Greenwood Press.ISBN 1-84645-004-7.
O'Connor, Brendon; Griffiths, Martin (2006).The rise of anti-Americanism.Routledge.ISBN 978-0-415-36906-0.
Pells, Richard (1997).Not like Us: How Europeans Have Loved, Hated, and Transformed American Culture since World War II.New York: Basic Books.
Revel, Jean-François(2003).Europe's Anti-American Obsession.The View from Abroad.The American Enterprise Institute.Diarsipkandari versi asli tanggal 2003-12-04.Diakses tanggal4 December2003.
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Historiografi

Friedman, Max Paul.Rethinking Anti-Americanism: The History of an Exceptional Concept in American Foreign Relations(Cambridge University Press; 2012) 358 pages. Scholarly history of the concept of anti-Americanism and considers how the idea has affected American politics.
Klautke, Egbert (2011). "Anti-Americanism in Twentieth-Century Europe".Historical Journal.64(4): 1125–1139.doi:10.1017/S0018246X11000276.

Templat:Teori konspirasi

[1] r[Denis Lacorne],"Anti-Americanism and Americanophobia: A French Perspectives." (2005).

[2] William Russell Melton.The new American expat: thriving and surviving overseas in the post-9/11 world.(Intercultural Press 2005. p. XIX.)

[OConnor-3] O'Connor, Brendan:"A Brief History of Anti-Americanism from Cultural Criticism to Terrorism"Diarsipkan2006-08-20 diWayback Machine.,Australasian Journal of American Studies,July 2004, pp. 77–92

[4] Chomsky, Noam (1993)."Totalitarian Culture in a Free Society".Internet Archive.Diakses tanggal9 Juni2023.

[5] Snow, Nancy (2006).The Arrogance of American Power: What U.S. Leaders Are Doing Wrong and Why It's Our Duty to Dissent.Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. hlm. 27ff.ISBN 0-7425-5373-6.OCLC 69992247.

[6] O'Connor, Brendan, p 89.

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