Delapan ribuan
Delapan ribuan(Eight-thousanders) adalah 14gunungdibumiyang memiliki tinggi lebih dari 8000 meter diataspermukaan laut.Semua delapan ribuan terletak di jajaranpegunungan HimalayadanKarakoramdi Asia. Semuanya memiliki puncak yang berada dizona kematian.
Percobaan pertama dalam upaya mendaki delapan ribuan adalah saatAlbert F. MummerydanJ. Norman Colliemencoba mendakiNanga Parbatpada tahun 1895 diPakistan.Upaya itu gagal saat Mummery dan duaGurkha,Ragobir dan Goman Singh, terbunuh karenalongsoran salju.
Pendakian pertama delapan ribuan yang berhasil diraih olehMaurice HerzogdanLouis Lachenal,yang mencapai puncakAnnapurnapada 3 Juni 1950.
Orang pertama yang berhasil mendaki keempatbelas puncak delapan ribuan adalahReinhold Messner,yang menyelesaikannya pada 16 Oktober 1986. Setahun kemudian,Jerzy Kukuczkamenjadi pendaki kedua yang mencapai prestasi ini. Messner telah memanjat setiap 14 puncak tanpa bantuanoksigentambahan. Tak ada yang dapat melakukan kembali aksi Messner, hingga 9 tahun kemudian,Erhard Loretanmelakukannya pada tahun 1995.Phurba Tashidari Nepal menjadi orang dengan pendakian delapan ribuan paling banyak didunia, dengan 30 pendakian antara tahun 1998 dan 2011.[1]Juanito Oiarzabalmenjadi yang kedua, dengan 25 kali pendakian antara 1985 dan 2011.[2]
Negara dengan jumlah pendaki delapan ribuan terbanyak adalahItaliadanKorea Selatan,dengan lima pendaki, lalu diikuti denganSpanyol,dengan empat pendaki.KazakhstandanPolandamempunyai tiga pendaki.
Pada bulan Agustus 2011, pendaki asalAustria,Gerlinde Kaltenbrunnermenjadi wanita pertama yang mendaki keempatbelas delapan ribuan tanpa menggunakan oksigen tambahan.[3][4]
Rangkuman Gunung Delapan ribuan
[sunting|sunting sumber]Puncak | Tinggi | Lokasi | Pendakian pertama | Pencapaian puncak pertama | Pendakian pertama pada musim dingin | Pencapaian puncak pertama pada musim dingin | Pendakian | Kematian | Tingkat kematian | Tingkat kematian | Tingkat kematian |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Everest | 8848 m (29,029 ft) | Nepal/ | 29 Mei 1953 | Edmund Hillary | 17 Feb 1980 | Krzysztof Wielicki | 5656 | 223 | 3.9% | 37% | 4.4% |
K2 | 8611 m (28,251 ft) | Pakistan/Cina[8]/ | 31 Juli 1954 | Achille Compagnoni | 306 | 81 | 26.5% | 41% | 19.7% | ||
Kangchenjunga | 8586 m (28,169 ft) | Nepal/ | 25 Mei 1955 | George Band | 11 Januari 1986 | Krzysztof Wielicki | 283 | 40 | 14.1% | 21% | 22% |
Lhotse | 8516 m (27,940 ft) | Nepal/ | 18 Mei 1956 | Fritz Luchsinger | 31 Desember 1988 | Krzysztof Wielicki | 461 | 13 | 2.8% | 14% | 2% |
Makalu | 8485 m (27,838 ft) | Nepal/ | 15 Mei 1955 | Jean Couzy | 09 Februari 2009 | Simone Moro | 361 | 31 | 8.6% | 16% | 8.5% |
Cho Oyu | 8201 m (26,906 ft) | Nepal/ | 19 Oktober 1954 | Joseph Joechler
[[Pasang Dawa Lama|Pasang Dawa Lama]] Herbert Tichy |
12 Februari 1985 | Maciej Berbeka | 3138 | 44 | 1.4% | ||
Dhaulagiri I | 8167 m (26,795 ft) | Nepal | 13 Mei 1960 | Kurt Diemberger | 21 Januari 1985 | Andrzej Czok | 448 | 69 | 15.4% | 31% | 11% |
Manaslu | 8163 m (26,781 ft) | Nepal | 9 Mei 1956 | Toshio Imanishi | 12 Januari 1984 | Maciej Berbeka | 661 | 65 | 9.8% | 35.16% | 13.42% |
Nanga Parbat | 8126 m (26,660 ft) | Pakistan | 3 Juli 1953 | Hermann Buhl | 335 | 68 | 20.30% | 77% | 5.5% | ||
Annapurna I | 8091 m (26,545 ft) | Nepal | 3 Juni 1950 | Maurice Herzog | 3 Februari 1987 | Jerzy Kukuczka | 191 | 61 | 32% | 66% | 19.7% |
Gasherbrum I(Hidden Peak) | 8080 m (26,444 ft) | Pakistan/ | 5 Juli 1958 | Andrew Kauffman | 9 Maret 2012 | Adam Bielecki | 334 | 29 | 8.7% | 15.5% | 8.75% |
Broad Peak | 8051 m (26,414 ft) | Pakistan/ | 09 Juni 1957 | Fritz Wintersteller
Marcus Schmuck Kurt Diemberger Hermann Buhl |
5 Maret 2013 | Maciej Berbeka | 404 | 21 | 5.2% | 5% | 8.6% |
Gasherbrum II | 8035 m (26,362 ft) | Pakistan/ | 7 Juli 1956 | Fritz Moravec | 2 Februari 2011 | Simone Moro | 930 | 21 | 2.3% | 7.8% | 0.44% |
Shishapangma | 8027 m (26,335 ft) | Cina | 2 Mei 1964 | Hsu Ching
Migmar Trashi Doji Yonten |
14 Januari 2005 | Piotr Morawski | 302 | 25 | 8.3% | 2% | 16.8% |
Pendaki yang sudah mendaki keempatbelas Delapan ribuan
[sunting|sunting sumber]Posisi Pencapaian | Semua tanpa
O2(turutan) |
Nama | Waktu hidup | Kelahiran | Usia | Warganegara |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1 | Reinhold Messner | 1970–1986 | 1944 | 42 | Italia |
2 | Jerzy Kukuczka | 1979–1987 (mati) | 1948 | 39 | Polandia | |
3 | 2 | Erhard Loretan | 1982–1995 (mati) | 1959 | 36 | Switzerland |
4 | [10] | Carlos Carsolio | 1985–1996 | 1962 | 33 | Meksiko |
5 | Krzysztof Wielicki | 1980–1996 | 1950 | 46 | Polandia | |
6 | 3 | Juanito Oiarzabal | 1985–1999 | 1956 | 43 | Spanyol |
7 | Sergio Martini | 1983–2000 | 1949 | 51 | Italia | |
8 | Young-Seok Park | 1993–2001 (mati)[11] | 1963 | 38 | Korea Selatan | |
9 | Hong-Gil Um | 1988–2001 | 1960[12] | 40 | Korea Selatan | |
10 | 4 | Alberto Iñurrategi | 1991-2002[13] | 1968 | 33 | Spanyol |
11 | Wang-Yong Han | 1994–2003 | 1966 | 37 | Korea Selatan | |
12 | 5[14] | Ed Viesturs | 1989–2005 | 1959 | 46 | Amerika |
13 | 6[15][16][17] | Silvio Mondinelli | 1993–2007 | 1958 | 49 | Italia |
14 | 7[18] | Ivan Vallejo | 1997–2008 | 1959 | 49 | Ekuador |
15 | 8[19] | Denis Urubko | 2000–2009 | 1973 | 35 | Kazakhstan |
16 | Ralf Dujmovits | 1990–2009 | 1961[20] | 47 | Jerman | |
17 | 9 | Veikka Gustafsson | 1993–2009 | 1968 | 41 | Finlandia |
18[21] | Andrew Lock | 1993–2009 | 1961[22] | 48 | Australia | |
19 | 10 | João Garcia | 1993–2010 | 1967 | 43 | Portugal |
20[23] | Piotr Pustelnik | 1990–2010 | 1951 | 58 | Polandia | |
21[24] | Edurne Pasaban | 2001–2010 | 1973 | 36 | Spanyol | |
22[25] | Abele Blanc | 1992–2011[26][27] | 1954 | 56 | Italia | |
23 | Mingma Sherpa | 2000–2011[26] | 1978 | 33 | Nepal | |
24 | 11 | Gerlinde Kaltenbrunner | 1998–2011[26] | 1970 | 40 | Austria |
25 | Vassily Pivtsov | 2001–2011[26] | 1975 | 36 | Kazakhstan | |
26 | 12 | Maxut Zhumayev | 2001–2011[26] | 1977 | 34 | Kazakhstan |
27 | Jae-Soo Kim | 2000–2011[26] | 1961 | 50 | Korea Selatan | |
28[28] | 13 | Mario Panzeri | 1988–2012 | 1964 | 48 | Italia |
29[29] | Hirotaka Takeuchi | 1995–2012[29] | 1971 | 41 | Jepang | |
30 | Chhang Dawa Sherpa | 2001–2013[26] | 1982 | 30 | Nepal | |
31 | 14 | Kim Chang-Ho | 2005–2013[26] | 1970 | 43 | Korea Selatan |
32 | Jorge Egocheaga | 2002–2014[30] | 1968 | 45 | Spanyol | |
33 | 15 | Radek Jaroš | 1998–2014[26] | 1964 | 50 | Ceko |
Diragukan
[sunting|sunting sumber]Orang-orang dibawah tak memiliki bukti yang kuat untuk mengsahkan pencapaian pendakian.
Nama | Waktu hidup | Kelahiran | Usia | Warganegara |
---|---|---|---|---|
Fausto De Stefani(Lhotse 1997)[31] | 1983–1998 | 1952 | 46 | Italia |
Alan Hinkes(Cho Oyu 1990)[32][33] | 1987–2005 | 1954 | 53 | Inggris |
Vladislav Terzyul(Shishapangma 2000)[34][35] | 1993–2002 (mati) | 1953 | 49 | Ukraina |
Eun-Sun Oh(Kangchenjunga 2009)[36][37][38][39] | 1997–2010 | 1966 | 44 | Korea Selatan |
Carlos Pauner(Shishapangma 2012)[40] | 2001–2013 | 1963 | 50 | Spanyol |
Galeri
[sunting|sunting sumber]-
No. 1 –Everest
-
No. 2 –K2
-
No. 3 –Kangchenjunga
-
No. 4 –Lhotse
-
No. 5 –Makalu
-
No. 6 –Cho Oyu
-
No. 7 –Dhaulagiri
-
No. 8 –Manaslu
-
No. 9 –Nanga Parbat
-
No. 10 –Annapurna
-
No. 11 –Gasherbrum I
-
No. 12 –Broad Peak
-
No. 13 –Gasherbrum II
-
No. 14 –Shishapangma
Referensi
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- ^"Lhotse Summits".8000ers.Diakses tanggal2014-01-04.
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- ^"Austrian is first woman to scale 14 peaks without oxygen".AsiaOne. August 30, 2011.Diakses tanggal2014-01-04.
- ^abcd"General Info".8000ers.Diakses tanggal2014-02-21.
- ^abc"Stairway to heaven".The Economist. 29 May 2013.Diakses tanggal2015-09-07As of March 2012
- ^abChinese National Geography,August 2006, page 77.
- ^http:// bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-28500721K2 lies in Pakistan, near the northern border with China.
- ^"Climbers - First 14".8000ers. 2012-05-26.Diakses tanggal2014-02-21.
- ^Carlos Carsolio required emergency oxygen on his descent from Makalu in 1988.
- ^Coley, Mariah."Koreans Missing on Annapurna Presumed Dead".Alpinist.Diakses tanggal9 November2011.
- ^EverestNews2004, News (age calculated: in 2004 Hong-Gil Um was 44)."Mr. Um Hong Gil has bagged his 15th 8000 meter peak".Diarsipkan dariversi aslitanggal 2009-06-21.Diakses tanggal2008-11-30.
- ^Kukuxumusu, Spanish News."Alberto Iñurrategi achieves his fourteenth" eight thousand meters"".Diarsipkan dariversi aslitanggal 2009-06-21.Diakses tanggal2008-11-30.
- ^"Best of ExplorersWeb 2005 Awards: Ed Viesturs and Christian Kuntner".Mounteverest.net. Diarsipkan dariversi aslitanggal 2008-12-22.Diakses tanggal2008-11-30.
...the American climber became one of only five men in the world to accomplish the quest entirely without supplementary oxygen.
- ^Mounteverest.net."The wolf is back: Gnaro bags Baruntse".Diarsipkan dariversi aslitanggal 2008-10-28.Diakses tanggal2008-11-30.
Last year, Silvio 'Gnaro' Mondinelli broke the haunted 13 when he summited the last peak on his list of 14, 8000ers - becoming only the 6th mountaineer in the world to have bagged them all without supplementary oxygen.
- ^"The day after: Silvio Mondinelli, Broad Peak and all 14 8000m summits".PlanetMountain.Diakses tanggal2008-11-30.
13/07 interview with Silvio Mondinelli after the summit of his 14th 8000m peak without supplementary oxygen.
- ^"The 14th knight: Ecuadorian Ivan Vallejo is ready to continue".Mounteverest.net.Diakses tanggal2008-11-30.
Implied in text:...Following Italian Silvio "Gnaro" Mondinelli last year and American Ed Viesturs in 2005, Ivan also became only the seventh mountaineer in the world to have done them all without supplementary oxygen.
- ^"The 14th knight: Ecuadorian Ivan Vallejo is ready to continue".Mounteverest.net.Diakses tanggal2008-11-30.
...Ivan also became only the seventh mountaineer in the world to have done them all without supplementary oxygen.
- ^"Denis Urubko, Cho Oyu and all 14 8000m peaks".PlanetMountain.Diakses tanggal2009-05-18.
- ^"Ralf Dujmovits".Ralf-dujmovits.de. Diarsipkan dariversi aslitanggal 2010-07-15.Diakses tanggal2010-04-14.
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- ^"Australia's Most Accomplished Mountaineer".Andrew Lock. 2009-10-02.Diakses tanggal2010-04-14.
- ^"Piotr Pustelnik summits Annapurna - bags the 14x8000ers!".Explorersweb. Diarsipkan dariversi aslitanggal 2016-03-10.Diakses tanggal2014-02-21.
- ^"Shisha Pangma: Edurne Pasaban summits - completes the 14x800ers".Explorersweb. Diarsipkan dariversi aslitanggal 2016-04-18.Diakses tanggal2014-02-21.
- ^"Abele Blanc summits Annapurna and all 8000ers".Planetmountain.Diakses tanggal2014-02-21.
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- ^MountEverest.net, News, under headingNo Proof:Alan himself said later that he continued alone for one hour into the fog to find the true summit. He said that he "has no proof to have not been to the summit" and so he counts it a done deal. The statistician's didn't buy it, and Alan was deleted on all of the Cho Oyu lists.."Alan Hinkes Kangchenjunga - 13 or 14?".Diarsipkan dariversi aslitanggal 2010-04-02.Diakses tanggal2008-11-30.
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