Organoid
Organoidadalah versi miniatur sederhana dari sebuahorgan,yang diproduksidi laboratoriumdan memiliki bentuk tiga dimensi dan anatomi yang mirip organ sungguhan. Organoid dibuat dari satu atau sejumlah sel dari suatujaringan,darisel punca embrionikatau darisel induk pluripoten diinduksi(iPS), yang dapat dengan spontan membentuk susunan tiga dimensi karena kapasitas sel-sel tersebut membelah diri serta melakukandiferensiasi.Teknologi penumbuhan organoid telah mengalami banyak kemajuan sejak awal 2010an dan disebut majalahThe Scientistsebagai salah satu kemajuan ilmu pengetahuan terbesar pada tahun 2013.[1]Organoid digunakan para ilmuwan untuk meneliti penyakit dan pengobatannya di laboratorium.
Jenis-jenis organoid
[sunting|sunting sumber]Banyak struktur organ telah berhasil diminaturkan menjadi organoid.[2]
Organoid otak
[sunting|sunting sumber]Organoid otakadalah organoid yang menyerupaiotakyang ditumbuhkan di laboratorium. Organoid otak dibuat dengan menggunakan sel punca pluripoten manusia dalam sebuahbioreaktorrotasional tiga dimensi dan tumbuh dalam beberapa bulan.
Organoid saluran pencernaan
[sunting|sunting sumber]Dalam saluran pencernaan, organoid yang telah dibuat di antaranya organoidususyang dibuat langsung dari sel punca pluripoten,[2][3]serta organoidlambung.[4]
Organoid lidah
[sunting|sunting sumber]Organoid lidah telah dibuat menggunakan protein sel puncaepiteliumyang mengekspresikanBMI1dalam kultur tiga dimensi melalui manipulasiEGF,WNT,andTGF-β.[5]Kultur rganoid ini tidak memiliki sel reseptor rasa, karena sel tersebut tidak berasal dari sel punca epitelium yang mengekspresikanBMI1.[5]Namun, organoid lidah dengan indra pengecap telah dibuat dengan menggunakan sel puncaLGR5+ atauCD44+.[6]
Lainnya
[sunting|sunting sumber]- Organoidkelenjar tiroid[7]
- Organoidtimus[8]
- Organoidhati[9]
- Organoidpankreas[10]
- Organoidepitelium[3][11]
- Organoidparu-paru[12]
- Organoidginjal[13][14][15][16]
- Gastruloid(Organoid embrionik)[17][18][19][20]
- Organoidjantung[21]- Pada 2018 sebuah organoid jantung dapat berdetak dan merespons stimulus dengan berdetak lebih cepat atau lambat[22]
- Organoidretina[23]
Referensi
[sunting|sunting sumber]- ^Grens K (December 24, 2013)."2013's Big Advances in Science".The Scientist.Diakses tanggal26 December2013.
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- ^abSato T, Vries RG, Snippert HJ, van de Wetering M, Barker N, Stange DE, et al. (May 2009). "Single Lgr5 stem cells build crypt-villus structures in vitro without a mesenchymal niche".Nature.459(7244): 262–5.Bibcode:2009Natur.459..262S.doi:10.1038/nature07935.PMID19329995.
- ^McCracken KW, Catá EM, Crawford CM, Sinagoga KL, Schumacher M, Rockich BE, et al. (December 2014)."Modelling human development and disease in pluripotent stem-cell-derived gastric organoids".Nature.516(7531): 400–4.Bibcode:2014Natur.516..400M.doi:10.1038/nature13863.PMC4270898
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- ^abHisha, H., Tanaka, T., Kanno, S., Tokuyama, Y., Komai, Y., Ohe, S.,... Ueno, H. (2013). Establishment of a Novel Lingual Organoid Culture System: Generation of Organoids Having Mature Keratinized Epithelium from Adult Epithelial Stem Cells. Scientific Reports, 3.doi:10.1038/srep03224
- ^Aihara E, Mahe MM, Schumacher MA, Matthis AL, Feng R, Ren W, et al. (November 2015)."Characterization of stem/progenitor cell cycle using murine circumvallate papilla taste bud organoid".Scientific Reports.5:17185.Bibcode:2015NatSR...517185A.doi:10.1038/srep17185.PMC4665766 .PMID26597788.
- ^Martin A, Barbesino G, Davies TF (1999). "T-cell receptors and autoimmune thyroid disease--signposts for T-cell-antigen driven diseases".International Reviews of Immunology.18(1-2): 111–40.doi:10.3109/08830189909043021.PMID10614741.
- ^Bredenkamp N, Ulyanchenko S, O'Neill KE, Manley NR, Vaidya HJ, Blackburn CC (September 2014)."An organized and functional thymus generated from FOXN1-reprogrammed fibroblasts".Nature Cell Biology.16(9): 902–8.doi:10.1038/ncb3023.PMC4153409 .PMID25150981.
- ^Huch M, Gehart H, van Boxtel R, Hamer K, Blokzijl F, Verstegen MM, et al. (January 2015)."Long-term culture of genome-stable bipotent stem cells from adult human liver".Cell.160(1-2): 299–312.doi:10.1016/j.cell.2014.11.050.PMC4313365 .PMID25533785.
- ^Huch M, Bonfanti P, Boj SF, Sato T, Loomans CJ, van de Wetering M, et al. (October 2013)."Unlimited in vitro expansion of adult bi-potent pancreas progenitors through the Lgr5/R-spondin axis".The EMBO Journal.32(20): 2708–21.doi:10.1038/emboj.2013.204.PMC3801438 .PMID24045232.
- ^Barker N, van Es JH, Kuipers J, Kujala P, van den Born M, Cozijnsen M, et al. (October 2007). "Identification of stem cells in small intestine and colon by marker gene Lgr5".Nature.449(7165): 1003–7.Bibcode:2007Natur.449.1003B.doi:10.1038/nature06196.PMID17934449.
- ^Lee JH, Bhang DH, Beede A, Huang TL, Stripp BR, Bloch KD, et al. (January 2014)."Lung stem cell differentiation in mice directed by endothelial cells via a BMP4-NFATc1-thrombospondin-1 axis".Cell.156(3): 440–55.doi:10.1016/j.cell.2013.12.039.PMC3951122 .PMID24485453.
- ^Unbekandt M, Davies JA (March 2010)."Dissociation of embryonic kidneys followed by reaggregation allows the formation of renal tissues".Kidney International.77(5): 407–16.doi:10.1038/ki.2009.482.PMID20016472.
- ^Takasato M, Er PX, Chiu HS, Maier B, Baillie GJ, Ferguson C, et al. (October 2015). "Kidney organoids from human iPS cells contain multiple lineages and model human nephrogenesis".Nature.526(7574): 564–8.Bibcode:2015Natur.526..564T.doi:10.1038/nature15695.PMID26444236.
- ^Freedman BS, Brooks CR, Lam AQ, Fu H, Morizane R, Agrawal V, et al. (October 2015)."Modelling kidney disease with CRISPR-mutant kidney organoids derived from human pluripotent epiblast spheroids".Nature Communications.6:8715.Bibcode:2015NatCo...6E8715F.doi:10.1038/ncomms9715.PMC4620584 .PMID26493500.
- ^Morizane R, Lam AQ, Freedman BS, Kishi S, Valerius MT, Bonventre JV (November 2015)."Nephron organoids derived from human pluripotent stem cells model kidney development and injury".Nature Biotechnology.33(11): 1193–200.doi:10.1038/nbt.3392.PMC4747858 .PMID26458176.
- ^van den Brink SC, Baillie-Johnson P, Balayo T, Hadjantonakis AK, Nowotschin S, Turner DA, et al. (November 2014)."Symmetry breaking, germ layer specification and axial organisation in aggregates of mouse embryonic stem cells".Development.141(22): 4231–42.doi:10.1242/dev.113001.PMC4302915 .PMID25371360.
- ^Turner DA, Baillie-Johnson P, Martinez Arias A (February 2016)."Organoids and the genetically encoded self-assembly of embryonic stem cells".BioEssays.38(2): 181–91.doi:10.1002/bies.201500111.PMC4737349 .PMID26666846.
- ^Turner DA, Girgin M, Alonso-Crisostomo L, Trivedi V, Baillie-Johnson P, Glodowski CR, et al. (November 2017)."Anteroposterior polarity and elongation in the absence of extra-embryonic tissues and of spatially localised signalling in gastruloids: mammalian embryonic organoids".Development.144(21): 3894–3906.doi:10.1242/dev.150391.PMC5702072 .PMID28951435.
- ^Beccari L, Moris N, Girgin M, Turner DA, Baillie-Johnson P, Cossy AC, et al. (October 2018). "Multi-axial self-organization properties of mouse embryonic stem cells into gastruloids".Nature(dalam bahasa Inggris).562(7726): 272–276.Bibcode:2018Natur.562..272B.doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0578-0.PMID30283134.
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- ^Molteni M (2018-06-27)."These Beating Mini-Hearts Could Save Big Bucks—And Maybe Lives".WIRED.Diakses tanggal2018-06-30.
- ^Wiley LA, Burnight ER, DeLuca AP, Anfinson KR, Cranston CM, Kaalberg EE, et al. (July 2016)."cGMP production of patient-specific iPSCs and photoreceptor precursor cells to treat retinal degenerative blindness".Scientific Reports.6:30742.Bibcode:2016NatSR...630742W.doi:10.1038/srep30742.PMC4965859 .PMID27471043.
