Africa

	Ti-ci article besona revision.

Africaes licontinenteduesim in grandore delmundee li duesim plu populat posAsia.Con circa 30,244,050km²(11,677,240mi²), includente li insules vicinal, it covri 20.3 percent del superficie total de terre sur literra.Con plu quam 800 million habitantes homan in 54 states, it forma circa sett percent delpopulation homan mundal.

Etimologie

World map showing Africa (geographically)

Li nómineAfricaesset introductet per liRomanesqui usat li nómineAfrica terra- "land del Afri" por li part nord del continente, quam liprovincia de Africacon su capitaleCarthage,corespondent alTunisiadel témpor modern.

Li Afri esset un tribe — forsanBerberes— quel vivet inNord-Africain li region de Carthage. Li orígine deAferes possibilmen conexet conPhoenician`afar,polve (anc trovat in mult lingues semitic altri); hay anc altri etimologies queles aparit por li nómine ancian 'Africa'. Li etimologies max discusset es:

li parolLatinaprica,significant "solic";

li parolgreciaphrike,significant "sin frigore". Li historicoLeo Africanus(1495-1554) atribuet li orígine al parol grecphrike(φρικε, significant "frigore e horrore" ), combinat con li prefixe negativ a-, dunc land sin frigore e horrore. Támen li changeament de son dephafin Grec es databil a circa lisecul prim,e pro to it ne posser vermen esser li orígine del nómine.

Egiptiaesset considerat quam part de Asia per li ancianes, e ante omnicos assignat a Africa per li geografPtolemeus(85-165), qui hat acceptatAlexandriaquammeridian prime fat liistme de Sueze liMare Rubili ligament ínterAsiae Africa. QuandeEuropanesdevenit conscient del extension real del continente, li idé deAfricaaugmentat con ti conossentie.

Geografie

Africa es li max larg del tri grand projectiones del pesa principal del superficie del terra. It include un geometrie remarcabilmen regulari tra circa 30,244,050km²(11,677,240mi²), con li insules includet.

Separat deEuropaper liMare Mediterranean,it es ligat al Asia a su extremitá nord-ost per liIstme de Suez(transectet per liCanale de Suez), 130 km (80 miles) de long (Geopoliticalmen,liPenínsul del SinaidelEgiptiaal ost delCanale de Suezes sovente considerat quam part del Africa.) del punctu li plu al nord,Cap SpartelinMorocco,un poc al west deCape Blanc,in 37°21′ N, al max sudic punctu,Cape AgulhasinSud-Africa,34°51′15″ S, it es distantie aproximativ de 8,000 km (5,000 miles); deCape Verde,17°33′22″ W, li max west punctu aRas HafuninSomalia,51°27′52″ E, li max ost projection al ost, es un distantie (dunc aproximativmen) de 7,400 km (4,600 miles). Li longore del linea del costes es 26,000 km (16,100 miles) e li absentie de cavettes profund del coste es visibil per li fact que Europa, quo covri solmen9,700,000 km²(3,760,000 quadrat miles), have un linea costal de 32,000 km (19,800 miles).

Historie

Africa es li continente ú trova se limax ancian habitat territoriasur terre, ex quel originat li rasse homan. In li medie del 20esim secul, antropologos decovrit mult fossiles e evidentie de tost homan ocupation sur un periode tam long quam 7 million annus. Li famosi Britannic/AfricanLeakeyfamily decovrit pluri species de tost simiesc homes thought a haveevolvedinto modern day man, tam quamAustralopithecus afarensis(carbon-datat a 3.9-3.0 million annusBCE),Paranthropus boisei(2.3-1.4 million BCE) eHomo ergaster(c. 600,000-1.9 million BCE).

Li Ishango Bone, datat a c. ante 25 000 annus, monstratalliesinmathematical notation.Tra li prehistorie del homanité, Africa (just quam omni altri continentes) possedet nullnation-states,e esset vice to inhabitat per gruppes dehunter-gathererstales quam liKhoieSan(formerly conosset quambushmen).

Circa 3300 AC, li historic record aperte se in Africa con li ascendentie de literacy inEgiptia,which continued con varying nivelles de influentie sur altri areas til 343 PC. Altri prominent civilisationes includeEtiopia,li reyatu deNubia,li reystus de liSahel(Ghana,Mali,eSonghai) eGreat Zimbabwe.

In 1482, liportugalesesetablisset li unesim de mult centres de comercie along li costa de Guinea inElmina.Li chef commodities dealt in esset slaves, aure, ivor e spices. Li europan decovrition de America in1492esset sequet per un grand developation delslave trade,quel, before li Portuguese era, hat esset un overland trade almost exclusively, e never confined a any one continent.

Ma durant que li sclaveríe esset trovant su fine in Europa, in li tost 19esim secul li europan imperial potenties staged a massive "scramble por Africa"e ocupat li pluparte del continente, creante manicolonialnation-states, e lassante solmen du nationes índependent:Liberia,li Black American colony, eEthiopia.Ti-ci occupation continuat til pos li conclusion de li Duesim Guerre Mundal, when all colonial states gradually obtenet formal independence.

Hodie, Africa es li hem de plu quam 50 índependent landes, omnis except 2 ancor possedente frontieras drawn up durant li era de Europeancolonialisme.

Economie

Africa es li max povri continente del munde: li Raport pri Homan Decelopament delUnit Nation Human Development Report 2003(de 175 landes) trovat que positiones 151 (Gambia) a 175 (Sierra Leone) esset completmen plenat per nationes african.

It ha havet (e in alqual maniere have ancor) un ínstabil e íncert transition de colonialisme, con increscementes incorruptionedespotismequam major contribuent factores a su povri economic situation. Benque rapid crescentie inChinae nuIndia,e moderat crescentie inSouth America,ha seurlevat milliones beyond subsistence living, Africa ha regresset in terms de forentrade,investiment,eper capita income.Tipovritáhave widespread effects, includente lowerlife expectancy,violentie,einstabilitá- factors intertwined con li povritá del continente.

Li max grand economic success esSud-Africa,quel ha developat a li extent that it has its own maturstock exchange.To es in parte pro su abundantie denatural ressurses,essente li max grand productor mundal de ambi aure e diamantes, e in parte pro su well-established legal system. South Africa also has access a capital, markets e know how.

Nigeriasede sur un ex li max grand proven oil reserves in li world e has li highest population among nationes in Africa, con one de li fastest growing. However, most de li oil industrie es foreign owned, e li industrie es rife con corruption al national level so that very litt oil money stays in li country, e what does goes a a very small percentage de li population.

Demografie

Africanes posse esser gruppat secun tis qui vive in li nord e tis in li sud delSahara Desert;ti gruppes es nominatNord AfricanseSub-Saharan Africans,respectivmen. Arabic-speakingArab-Berberpeoples predominate in North Africa, while Sub-Saharan Africa es dominat per un númere de disparate populations. Hay un grand diversitá de physical types among Sub-Saharan African peoples -- ranging de liMasaieTutsi,known por their tall stature, aPygmiesqui es inter li world's shortest adults.

Ad-látere del Nilotic gruppes de sudic Sudan, alcun Nilotic gruppes in Ethiopia, e un Bantu African minority in Somalia, Africanes del nordostic parts del continente tipicmen have a different appearance de those in altri regions. Speakers deBantu languagesare li majority in southern, central e east Africa proper; ma hay anc several Nilotic groups in East Africa, e a few remaining indigenous Khoisan ('San' or 'Bushmen') e Pygmy peoples in sudic e central Africa, respectively. Bantu-speaking Africans also predominate in Gabon e Equatorial Guinea, e trova se in parts de southern Cameroon e southern Somalia. In liKalahari Desertde Southern Africa, li distint people known quam li Bushmen (also "San", closely related to, but distinct de "Hottentots") have long been present. li San are physically distinct de altri Africans e are li indigenous people de southern Africa." Pygmies "es li indigenes de central Africa.

Li popules deNord Africaes por li pluparte Arab-Berber; li arabes who arrived in li 7th century ha assimilated li indigen Berber people. li SemiticPhoenicians,e li EuropeanGreekseRomanssettled in North Africa quam well. Berber peoples remain a significant minority withinMoroccoeAlgeria,e are present inTunisiaeLibya.liTuarege altri often-nomadic peoples are li principal inhabitants de li Saharan interior de North Africa.Nubiansalso developed civilizations in North Africa during ancient times.

Durante li passant secul, coloniessmallma economicmen importat de libaneses e chineses ha developat en li cités costal de Africa occidental e oriental respectivement.

Cultura

Vice un sol cultura, Africa have pluri culturas coincident. Li disintion max conventional es ti ínter Sub-Saharan Africa e li paises al nord deEgiptiaaMarocco,quel associa se con li cultura Arabic. Per ti ci comparation, li nationes al sude delSaharaes considerat a consister in mult areas cultural, particularmen ti del gruppe linguisticBantu.

On posse far anc divisiones inter li parte de Africa quel parlaFrancesie li rest de Africa, precipue li anteyan colonias Britannic deAfrica sudiceoriental.Un altri linea divident es ti inter tis Africanes quel seque un stil de vive traditional e tis quel es, essentialmen, modern. Li traditionalistes es quelcvez dividet in pastoralistes e agriculturalistes.

African artreflecte li diversitá de african culturas. Li max ancian existent arte de Africa es 6000-year old carvings found inNiger,durant que liGrand Piramide de GizainEgiptiaesset li world's tallest architectural accomplishment durant quar mill annus til li creation delEiffel Tower.Li Etiopian complex demonolitic eclesiasaLalibela,de quel liChurch de St. Georgees representativ, es egardat quam un altri marvel de ingenieríe.

Limusica de Africaes un de su formes de art max dinamic. Egiptia ha esset un cultural focus del munde arab wdesde long, while remembrance del rhythms de sub-Saharan Africa, particularimen west Africa, esset transmisset tra liAtlantic slave tradea modernblues,jazz,reggae,rap,erock e roll.Modern musica del continente include li altmen complex coral cantada de sudic Africa e li dance rhythms desoukous,dominat per li musica del Democratic Republic de Congo. Un recent developament del 21im secul es li emergentie deAfrican hip hop,in particular un form inSenegalmixtet con traditionalmbalax.Recentmen in South Africa, un forme de musica relatet ahouse musicconosset sub li nómineKwaitoha developat se, benque li land ha esset li hem a su propri forme deSud-African jazzdurant alquant témpor, whileAfrikaansmusic es completely distint e comprised mostly de traditionalBoere musiek,e formes deFolkeRock.