Karl Marx
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Karl_Marx_001.jpg/220px-Karl_Marx_001.jpg)
Karl Marx ( <German: [ ma'ks ]/link> ; 5 Mee 1818 - 14 Ma ọchịchị 1883) bụ onye ọkà ihe enyemaka, onye akụ na-ahụ, onye ike ike, onye nchoputa ihe mere eme, ọkà ihe nsogbu na-akpata eze, onye nta, na onye na-ahụ maka odi . Ụbọchị ya kacha mara amara bụ akwụkwọ nta nke 1848 The Communist Manifesto (ya na Friedrich Engels ) na Das Kapital dị mfe atọ.</link> (1867–1894); nke ikpeazụ na-eji ụzọ ya dị oke egwu ịhụ ihe mmetụta n'anya ihe mere eme na achọpụta nke ikeketeke na njedebe nke mbọ isi ya. Echiche na echiche nke Marx na nwa ha sochirinụ, nke a na-akpọkarị Marxism, imela nnukwu ihe na-agụsị isi, akụ na ngwaọrụ na-eji ngwaọrụ ọgbara ọhụrụ.
Amụrụ na Trier na ala eze Prussia, Marx akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na mahadum Bonn, Berlin na Jena, wee nweta nzere doctorate na nkà ihe site na nke ikpeazụ na 1841. Hegelian na-eto eto, nkà ihe ọmụmụ Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel , ma ha abụọ katọrọ ma echiche echiche Hegel n'ọnụ ndị dị ka The German Ideology (dere 1846) na Grundrisse (dere 1857-1858). Mgbe ọ nọ na Paris na 1844, Marx dere akwụkwọ edemede Economic and Philosophic ya wee zute Engels, enyi na onye na-emekọ ihe ọnụ. Mgbe ha kwagara Brussels na 1845, ha nọ na-arụsi ọrụ ike na ọrụ Kọmunist, na 1848 wee dee akwụkwọ akụkọ Communist Manifesto, bụ nke na-amụ echiche Marx ma wepụta mmemme maka mmepụta. Achụpụrụ Marx na Belgium na Germany, na 1849 kwagara London, bụ ebe o dere Brumaire nke iri na ọrụ nke Louis Bonaparte (1852) na Das Kapital</link> . Na 1864, Marx akụkụ aka nke International Workingmen's Association (First International), bụ nke ọ na-alụso ire nke anarchists nke Mikhail Bakunin duziri. Na Critique of the Gotha Program (1875), Marx dere na iwu, steeti na iwu na Kọmunist. Ọ nwụrụ na- ike obodo na 1883 wee lie ya na Highgate Cemetery .
[6]Nkatọ Marx pasta ntolite, ọha mmadụ na akụ na-ahụ ike Soviet na ndị mmadụ na-etolite site na ndị klaasị . Na usoro iwu nke capitalist, nke a na- jerin onwe ya na ndị dị n'etiti ndị na-achị achị (nke a maara dị ka bourgeoisie ) nke na-achịkwa ụzọ ihe na ndị na-arụ ọrụ (nke a maara dị ka bourgeoisie ) ka proletariat ) nke na-eme ka ụzọ ndị a site n'ịre ike ọrụ ha na nloghachi. maka ọrụ. N'iji usoro ihe gbasara ihe ike n'eme ihe, Marx buru ihe na ike ike na-ahụ nri dị n'ime dị ka usoro akụ na mụrụ gara aga nakwa na ndu ndị a ga-eduga ná onwe ya onwe ya. na ngbanwe site na usoro a maara dị ka ụzọ nke socialist . Maka Marx, klaas antagonisms n'okpuru ikeketeorie-n'ihi na ụgwọ ya akwusighi ike na nsogbu -prone nke-ga-eme ka ndị na-arụ ọrụ na-abụ nke klaas ns ahụ, na-eduga na ha mmeri nke Christer ike ike na n'ikpeazụ guzosie ike klaasị, Communist ọha mmadụ eso a. free ibu nke ndị na-ahụ . [1] Marx rụsiri ọrụ ike maka mmebe ụka ya, na-arụ na ndị otu na-arụ ọrụ ime usoro ewepụ ahaziri hazi iji kwatuo ikekete ego wee weta akwụkwọ onwe onye na eze.
[1]A kọwawo Marx dị ka otu n'ime ndị nwere ike nwee ike n'ihi ihe mere eme nke mmadụ, a na-etokwa ọrụ ya ma katọọ ya . Marxism akpalitela dị ukwuu na echiche socialist na ike-Sopọrọ, na n'ime nhọrọ afụ nke 20, mgbatị ọkụ na-ama dị ka Marxist weghaara ihe n'ọtụtụ mba wee guzobe steeti socialist Soviet Union na Republic of China . E Jeela ọtụtụ usoro iwu dị ka Leninism, Marxism–Leninism, Trotskyism, na Maoism. Ụbọchị Marx na na-enwe ike siri ike na echiche heterodox ọgbara ọhụrụ nke ọrụ yana njikọ ya na isi obodo, [1] [2] [3] na a na-akpọ ya dị ka otu n'ime ndị isi na-ese emetụta ọgbara ọhụrụ. [2]
Akụkọ ndụ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Oge nwata na agụmakwụkwọ mbụ: 1818–1836
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Trier_BW_2014-06-21_11-11-49.jpg/220px-Trier_BW_2014-06-21_11-11-49.jpg)
A egwuregwu Karl Marx na 5 Mee 1818 nye Heinrich Marx na Henriette Pressburg . A egwuregwu ya na Brückengasse 664 na Trier, obodo oge ochie nke mpaghara ala eze Prussia nke Lower Rhine . [1] Ezin,iche Marx bụbu onye Juu na- ụdị ire chi mana ha agbanweela n'ụzọ n'ụzọ na Iso Ụzọ eji akpa ya. Nna nna ya bụ onye rabaị Dutch, ebe usoro nna ya wetara ndị rabaị Trier mọ 1723, ọrụ nna nna ya Meier Halevi Marx mere. [2] Nna ya, dị ka ike a maara dị ka Herschel, bụ onye mbụ n'ahịrị nke nchekwa ụwa. Ọka onye ọka iwu nke nwere ego klaas dị elu nke ọma yana isiokwu ahụ nwere ọtụtụ ubi vine Moselle, na mgbakwunye na ego ọ na-enweta dị ka onye ọka iwu. Tupu a nwa ya nwoke na mgbe , akwụkwọ edemede onwe ndị Juu na Rhineland, [3] Herschel tụụrụ site na ndị Juu ibu na steeti Evangelical Church nke Prussia, na-ewere aha German Heinrich n'elu Yiddish Herschel
N'ịbụ onye na-enweta, Heinrich bụ nwoke nke Enlightenment, nwere ikike na echiche nke ndị ọkà ihe ọmụma Immanuel Kant na Voltaire . Onye na-emesapụ aka oge gboo, o ngwaọrụ na mkpasu iwe maka usoro iwu na iwu na Prussia, nke bụ mgbe ahụ eze zuru oke . [1] Na 1815, Heinrich Marx akụkọ ọrụ dị ka onye ọka iwu na na 1819 kwagara ya n'iche ọnụ ụlọ iri dị nso na Porta Nigra . [2] Nwunye ya, Henriette Pressburg, bụ onye Juu Dutch sitere na ngwaahịa azụmahịa bara nke mechara guzobe ụlọ ọrụ Philips Electronics . Nwanne ya Sophie Pressburg (1797–1854) na-egosi Lion Philips (1794–1866) ma bụrụ nne nke Gerard na Anton Philips na nne nne Frits Philips . Ọdụm Philips bụ onye na-ebe ụtaba Dutch bara ilu na onye nkọwa ihe, onye Karl na Jenny Marx ga-emecha dabere na mbinye ego mgbe a chụpụrụ ha na London.
A maghị obere oge Marx bụ nwata. [1] Nke a atọ n'ime , ọkpara ọkpara mgbe nwanne ya nwoke Moritz nwụrụ na 1819. [2] Marx na ike ya ndị dị ndụ, Sophie, Hermann, Henriette, Louise, Emilie, na Caroline, e mere baputiziiz. baa na Lutheran n'August 1824, na nne ha na Nọvemba 1825. [3] Nna ya ngwaọrụ Marx na six ruo 1830 mgbe ọ ịhụ Trier High School ( Gymnasium zu Trier [ de ]), onye onye isi ya, Hugo Wyttenbach, bụ enyi nna ya. Site n'iji ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ na-emesapụ aka dị ka ndị nkuzi, Wyttenbach wetara iwe nke ọgụ ime obodo. Mgbe nke ahụ ahụ, ndị uwe ojii wakporo ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ na 1832 wee dị na a na-ekesa akwụkwọ ndị na-akwado akwụkwọ ikike- n'etiti ụmụ akwụkwọ ahụ. N'ịtụle nkesa nke ihe dị otú ahụ dị ka omume nnupụisi, ndị Chicago kpatara ma ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ n'oge Marx bịara..
N'October 1835 mgbe ọ dị afọ 16, Marx gara Mahadum Bonn na-achọ ka ọ nkà ihe ọmụmụ na akwụkwọ, ma nna ya siri ọnwụ na iwu dị ka ubi bara uru uru. [1] N'ihi ọnọdụ a na-akpọ "igbe sị ike", [27] Agbaghara Marx n'afọ agha mgbe ọ gbara afọ 18. Mgbe ọ nọ na Mahadum dị na Bonn, Marx sonyeere Poets' Club, otu nwere ndị ụzọ ụzọ nke ndị uwe ojii na-egosi. [2] Marx so na-aga na Trier Tavern Club na--aጠጡ ( German: </link> ) ebe a tụlere ọtụtụ echiche ma n'otu oge ọ ọrụ dị ka onye isi oche ego. [3] [4] egwu na nke ahụ, Marx nwere aka na eziokwu ụfọdụ, ụfọdụ n'ime ha ndị siri ike: na August 1836, o so na onye òtù Borussian Korps nke mahadum na-ekere òkè na duel. [5] Ọ bụ ebe na akara ule ya na okwu mbụ dị mma, n'oge na-adịghị anya, ha dara njọ, na-eduga nna ya ịmanye ịfe na Mahadum Berlin ka njọ na ikpe N'ịbụ onye na-emefu akwụkwọ na mgbụsị akwụkwọ 1836 na Trier, Marx bịara akpata ọnwụ ọnwụ ihe na ndụ ya. Ɔ gbara aka na Jenny von Westphalen, onye akwụkwọ akwụkwọ nke ndị ama ama ama Marx nwata ọ bụ nwata. Ka ọ njikọ njikọ ya na nwa na- eto eto ka ya na Marx, nke ha na-arụrịta ụka n'etiti nsogbu na eze n'ihi ndụ dị n'etiti adịrechi na klaasị, ma Marx mere enyi nna ya Ludwig von. Westphalen (onye na-emesapụ aka) ma ike raara onwe ya nye doctoral. tesis nye ya. [1] Afọ asaa ka ha nwesịrị echiche, na 19 June 1843, ha ọmụmụ na Protestant na Kreuznach
N'October 1836, Marx rutere Berlin, na-agụ akwụkwọ na ngalaba iwu nke mahadum na ịgbazite ọnụ ụlọ na Mittelstrasse. [1] N'oge okwu mbụ, Marx gara nkuzi nke Eduard Gans (onye na-amị anya Hegelian na-aga n'ihu,kwuo maka njikọ ezi uche na-eme ihe mere eme site na-emesi ike akwụkwọ nke akwụkwọ onwe ya. , na mkpa nke mkpa ndị na ibe ya) na nke Karl von Savigny (onye na-ekiri anya akwụkwọ History). nke Iwu ). [2] N'agbanyeghị na ọ na-amụ iwu, nkà ihe ndị masịrị ya ma ndị ụzọ ọ ga-esi kaadị abụọ ahụ, na-ekwere na "na-Maka nkà ihe ọmụmụ ihe ọ na-echeghị a echiche imezu". [3] Marx nwewere na onye ọkà ihe ndị German nwụrụ n'oge na-adịbeghị anya Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, onye echiche ya na-arụrịta ụka mgbe ahụ n'etiti ndị ọkà ihe nke Europe. [4] N'oge ọ na-enwe obi ụtọ na Stralau, ọ sonyeere amị ( Doktorklub</link> ), otu ụmụ akwụkwọ nke tụlere echiche Hegelian, na site na ha sonye na otu ndị na-eche echiche radical a mara dị ka Young Hegelians na 1837. Ha gba mkpuchi gburugburu Ludwig Feuerbach na Bruno Bauer, na Marx na-etolite ezigbo enyi na Adolf Rutenberg . ka Marx, ndị Hegel na-eto eto na-akatọ echiche metaphysical Hegel mana ha nakweere usoro nhọrọ ya iji katọọ mmadụ, ndị agha ndị na-ejirechi n'ụdị aka ekpe. [5] Nna Marx nwụrụ na Mee 1838, na-akpata obere ego maka ihe. [6] Marx na nna ya na-akpa n'ụzọ GPS uche ma jiri ihe ngosi ya gosi ihe mgbe ọ nwụsịrị. 42]
Ka ọ na-erule 1837, Marx na-ede ma merụrụ ifo ma ndị na-eso ọmụmụ ifo, mgbe ọ dechara akwụkwọ dị ndị, Scorpion na Felix ; ihe nkiri, Oulanem; yana ọtụtụ uri iwe raara nri ya. Ọ dịghị nke ọ na-alụ n'ime ọrụ mbụ a ebụ n'oge ndụ ya. [1] Ebipụtara uri n'ahụ ndị ahụ n'oge ndụ ya na nche na nche nke Karl Marx na Frederick Engels: Mpakọta 1 . [2] N'oge na-adịghị anya, Marx gbahapụrụ ndị mmehie ifo maka nchụso ndị ọzọ, ọkụ nke ma Bekee na Italian, nje nka na ozi nke oge ochie Latin. [3] Ọ akụkọ imekọ ihe na Bruno Bauer na-edezi Hegel's Philosophy of Religion na 1840. Marx na-etinyekwa aka na ide akwụkwọ akwụkwọ doctoral ya, Ọdịiche Dị n'etiti Democritean na Epicurean Philosophy of Nature, [4] nke ọ dechara. na 1841. A ika ya dị ka "ọ dị egwu na nke mbụ nke Marx kwuputara iji gosi na nkà agha ga-erubere dị elu nke nkà ihe ndị". [5] Edemede a bụ ibu, anyị n'etiti ndị prọfesọ na-achọghị akara na Mahadum Berlin. Marx ihe dị ka akwụkwọ akwụkwọ ya na Mahadum Jena na-emesapụ aka akụkụ, onye ngalaba nyere ya Ph.D. n'April 1841. [6] Ebe Marx na Bauer bụ ndị na-enye na Chineke, na March 1841 ha akwụkwọ maka akwụkwọ edemede aha ya bụ Archiv des Atheismus</link> ( Atheistic Archives ), ma ọ dịghị mgbe o mezuru. . N'nọ Julaị, Marx na Bauer si Berlin gaa Bonn. N'ebe ahụ, ha kparịrị ụmụ klas ha site n'ị̀biga ókè ókè, na-achị ọchịchị na ihe ma jiri ike ibu na-agba ọsọ n'okporo ụzọ.
Paris: 1843–1845
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]. [N'afọ 1843, Marx ikpe onye na-edezi akwụkwọ akwụkwọ Parisian ọhụrụ, bụ Deutsch-Französische Jahrbücher</link> ( German-French Annals ), ahụ mgbe onye na-akwado German Arnold Ruge akwụkwọ iji mee ka ndị na-agba chaa. chaa German na ndị France gbakọta ọnụ. [1] Ya mere Marx na-egosi ya kwagara Paris na October 1843. Na mbụ ya na Ruge na na-enye na-ebikọ ọnụ na 23 Rue Vaneau, ndụ ahụ siri ike, n'ihi ya kwagara mgbe a mere nwa ha onye Jenny. na 1844. [2] N'agbanyeghị na e bu n'obi dọta akwụkwọ si ma France na German steeti, Jahrbücher</link> Nke ikpeazụ na-achị na nna onye na-enweta onye edemede German bụ onye nchịkọta anarchist Russia a dọọrọ n'agha bụ Mikhail Bakunin . [3] Marx nyere edemede abụọ n' akwụkwọ ahụ, " Okwu Mmalite na nke aka na nkatọ nke Hegel's Philosophy of Right " [4] na " Na ihe ndị Juu ", [5] nke ikpeazụ na-ewebata ya na proletariat bụ ike akara na akara. ụzọ ya nke Kọmunist. [59]. agbanyeghị Ruge inye ego maka akwụkwọ nke akwụkwọ). Okwu ndị ọzọ na ọbẹbụenyi ya na Marx dara). [6] Mgbe akwụkwọ ahụ dasịrị, Marx akụkọ ide akwụkwọ maka akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na-egosi nke German ike, Vorwärts!</link> ( Gaa n'ihu! ). Dabere na Paris, akwụkwọ ahụ akwụkwọ ya na ọrụ, otu ihe ndi nke utopian socialist nke ndị ọrụ na ndị ọrụ aka. Marx gara ụfọdụ n'ime ihe ha ma o sonyeghị. [7] Na Vorwärts!</link> , Marx nụchara echiche ya echiche socialism na Hegelian na Feuerbachian echiche nke dialectical materialism, n'otu oge ahụ na-akatọ liberals na ndị ọzọ na-elekọta mmadụ na-arụ ọrụ na Europe.]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Engels_1856.jpg/220px-Engels_1856.jpg)
Na 28 August 1844, Marx onye German socialist Friedrich Engels na Café de la Régence, na-amalite ọbịbụenyi ogologo ndụ. [63] Engels Son Marx ihe o na-enye n'oge na-adịbeghị anya The Condition of the Working Class in England na 1844, [1] [2] na-eme ka Marx kwenye na ndị na-arụ ọrụ ga-abụ onye nkịtị na ngwá ọrụ nke njedebe ikpeazụ na ihe mere eme. [67] N'oge na-adịghị anya, Marx na Engels nọ na-arụkọ ọrụ na nka nke echiche nkà ihe nke enyi mbụ Marx, Bruno Bauer . E nyere ọrụ a na 1845 dị ka Ezin ntụ Nsọ . [68] [3] Ọ bụ ebe na ọ na-akatọ Bauer, Marx na-enwewanye site n'echiche nke Young Hegelians Max Stirner na Ludwig Feuerbach, ma n'ikpeazụ Marx na Engels gbahapụrụ Feuerbachian ịhụ ihe n'anya.
N'oge ahụ o biri na 38 Rue Vaneau na Paris (site na October 1843 ruo January 1845), [1] Marx na-etinye aka na nyọpụta siri ike nke akụ na ngwaọrụ ike ike ( Adam Smith, David Ricardo, James Mill , wdg), [72] ndị French socialists (karịsịa Claude Henri St. Simon na Charles Fourier ) [73] na ihe mere eme nke France. [74] iro ihe, na nkatọ, nke akụ na-ahụ soja ndị bụ ọrụ nke Marx ga-a-ahụso n'oge ndụ ya niile [2] na ọ ga-eme ka ọrụ akụ na ya bụ isi — usoro atɔ a na-akpọ Das Capital . [3] Marxism gbadoro ụkwụ n'ịkpọ dị ukwuu na ụgbọ mmiri: ịrịba atọ: Hegel, French utopian socialism na ngwa agha Britain. ለወደፊቱ olumba Hegel, Marx mere n'oge a na Paris , niile bụ isi nke "Marxism" dị n'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ nke 1844. yaama akụ na-ama ndọrọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị — ọ bụghị site na ihe ndị a na-eme kwa ụbọchị, ọmụmụ site na ịdezi akwụkwọ radical na emesịa site n'ịhazi na iduzi mbọ nke otu ndị agha n'ime ọtụtụ afọ nke ọgba aghara nsogbu na eze nwere ike ime mgbanwe. nke ụmụ amaala. N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, a na- Marx mgbe niile na ọnwụ ihe ya ebe ọ na-achọ "ịghọta ọrụ dị n'ime nke ikeketeke" [74]
[81]Ihe ndepụta nke "Marxism" etolitela n'uche Karl Marx ka ọ na-erule ngwụsị afọ 1844. N'ezie, ọtụtụ akụkụ nke echiche Marxist banyere ụwa ka arụpụtara nke ọma n'ụzọ zuru ezu, ma Marx kwesịrị idetu nkọwa niile nke ya. echiche ụwa iji dokwuo anya nkatọ ọhụrụ nke akụ na ụba ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'uche nke ya.[1] N'ihi ya, Marx dere The Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts.[2] Ihe odide ndị a kpuchiri ọtụtụ isiokwu, na-akọwapụta echiche Marx banyere ọrụ e kewapụrụ.[3] Ka ọ na-erule n'oge opupu ihe ubi nke 1845, ọmụmụ ihe ọ gara n'ihu banyere akụ na ụba ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, isi obodo na ike ọchịchị emeela ka Marx kwenye na nkatọ ọhụrụ nke akụ na ụba ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ọ na-akwado-nke gbasara mmekọrịta sayensị - dị mkpa ka e wulite na ntọala nke ịhụ ihe onwunwe n'anya nke ọma. echiche nke ụwa
.Edere Akwụkwọ Nsọ Economic and Philosophical nke 1844 n'etiti akpụkpọ na Ọgọst 1844, mana n'oge na-adịghị anya Marx echiche na ụfọdụ echiche Ludwig Feuerbach na-ekwekọghị ekwekọ emetụtawo Akwụkwọ Nsọ . N'ihi ya, Marx mkpa mkpa ọ dị ozi nkà ihe ndị Feuerbach maka ịhụ ihe mgbaàmà n'anya nke ihe mere eme, ya mere otu afụ ka e ịhụ (na April 1845) mgbe ọ si Paris gaa Brussels, Marx dere ya iri na otu " These on Feuerbach". [1] A kacha mara "Theses on Feuerbach" maka Tesis 11, nke na-ekwu na "ndị ọkà ihe echiche elekọtawo ụwa n'ụzọ dị iche iche, isi ihe bụ agbasa". [2] Ọrụ a nwere nkatọ Marx hụ ịhụ ihe mmetụta n'anya (maka ndị na- መሪ uche), echiche (maka ibelata omume na tiori), na, n'ozuzu, nkà ihe ndị (maka ịmụma ndu ndu ụwa) ). O si otú a webatara nhụpeta nke mbụ na ịhụ ihe mmetụta n'anya nke Marx, isi na a na- agbanwe ụwa ọ bụghị site n'echiche kama site n'ezie, anụ ahụ, ọrụ ihe na-eme omume. Na 1845, mgbe eze Prussia natara, France mechiri Vorwärts!</link> , ya na minista ime obodo, François Guizot, ịchụpụrụ Marx na France. [85]
Ntụaka
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- ↑ Little. Marxism and Method. Archived from the original on 10 December 2017. Retrieved on 10 December 2017.
- ↑ Kim (2017). "Max Weber", in Zalta: Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Retrieved on 10 December 2017. “Max Weber is known as a principal architect of modern social science along with Karl Marx and Emil Durkheim.”