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Seng klorida

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Seng klorida
220x220px|Seng klorida hidrat
220x220px
Nama
Nama IUPAC
Seng klorida
Nama lain
Seng(II) klorida

Seng diklorida

Butter of zinc
Penanda
Model 3D (JSmol)
ChEBI
ChEMBL
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.028.720
Nomor EC 231-592-0
PubChem<abbr title= "<nowiki>Compound ID</nowiki>" >CID
Nomor RTECS ZH1400000
UNII
Nomor UN 2331
Sifat
ZnCl2
Massa molar 136.315 g/mol
Penampilan Padatan kristalin putih

sangathigroskopis
Bau Tak berbau
Densitas 2.907 g/cm3
Titik lebur 290 °C (554 °F; 563 K)[1]
Titik didih 732 °C (1350 °F; 1005 K)[1]
432.0 g/ 100 g (25 °C)
Kelarutan larut dalametanol,gliseroldanaseton
Kelarutandalamalkohol 430.0 g/100ml
−65.0·10−6cm3/mol
Struktur
Tetrahedral,linear dalam fasa gas
Farmakologi
Kode ATC B05XA12
Bahaya
Lembar data keselamatan External MSDSArchived2007-07-01 at theWayback Machine.
Berbahaya (Xn)

Korosif (C)

Berbahaya bagi lingkungan (N)
Frasa-R R22,R34,R50/53
Frasa-S (S1/2),S26,S36/37/39,S45,S60,S61
Dosis atau konsentrasi letal (LD,LC):
350 mg/kg (tikus, oral)

350 mg/kg (tikus, oral)

200 mg/kg (guinea pig, oral)

1100 mg/kg (rat, oral)

1250 mg/kg (tikus, oral)[2][3]
1260 mg/m3(tikus, 30 min)

1180 mg-min/m3[2]
Batas imbas kesehatan AS (NIOSH):
PEL(yang diperbolehkan)
 TWA 1 mg/m3(uap)[3]
REL(yang direkomendasikan)
 TWA 1 mg/m3ST 2 mg/m3(uap)[3]
IDLH(langsung berbahaya)
 50 mg/m3(uap)[3]
Senyawa terkait
Anionlain
 Seng fluorida

Seng bromida

Seng iodida
Kationlainnya
 Kadmium klorida

Raksa(II) klorida
Kecuali dinyatakan lain, data di atas berlaku padatemperatur dan tekanan standar(25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
pra=|al=|14x14pxNverifikasi(apa inipra=|al=Ya|7x7pxYpra=|al=|8x8pxN?)
Sangkalan dan referensi

Seng kloridaya iku salah sawijiningsenyawakimia kanthi rumus kimiaZnCl2lan hidraté. Seng Klorida, ing e sangang wangun kristalé, dimangertèni minangka kristal putih sing ora ana warna, lanlarutbanget ing banyu. ZnCl2dhewé yaiku hygroscopik. Sampel saka senyawa iki kudu direksa saka sumber kelembapan, kalebu kelembapan banyu sing ditemokaké ana ing hawa ambien. Seng klorida nduwéni aplikasi ing pamrosesantekstil,fluks metalurgi, lan ing sintesis kimia. Ora ana mineral kang nduweni komposisi kimia sing dimangerténi uga sakliyanéminerallangka simonkolleite, Zn5(OH)8Cl2· H2O.

Struktur lan sipat

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Wangun awujud kristallin (polimorf) saka ZnCl2dikenal: α, β, γ, lan δ, lan ing saben kasus ion Zn2+kaordinasi tetrahedron karo papat ion klorida.[4]

Bentuke Simetri Simbol Pearson Klompok iki Ora Ana. a (nm) b (nm) c (nm) Z ρ (g / cm3)
α Tetragonal t12 Aku 4 2d 122 0.5398 0.5398 0.64223 4 3.00
β Tetragonal tp6 P42/ nmc 137 0.3696 0.3696 1.071 2 3.09
γ Monoclinic mP36 P21/ c 14 0.654 1.113 1.23328 12 2.98
δ Orthopedic oP12 Pna21 33 0.6125 0.6443 0.7693 4 2.98

Ing kene, a, b, lan c minangka konstanta kisi, Z ya iku gungguné struktur perselsatuan lan ρ ya iku kapadhetan sing dicacah saka parameter struktural.[5][6][7]

Bentuk orthorhombic (δ) anhidrat murni lan cepet ngowahi salah sawijining wangun ana ing paparanatmosfersing liyané lan wedharan kang mungkin yaiku menawa ion OH-sing asalé saka banyu sing diserap dadi luwih gampang kanggo nyusun ulang.[4]Panganyep cepet saka dledekan ZnCl2ngasilaké kaca.[8]

Sipatkovalening materi anhidrat dituduhaké dening titik leleh sing relatif kurang 275 °C.[9]bukti kang luwih kanggo kovalensi ditandani dening sipat nyampur nyawiji kang dhuwur ing diklorida ing pe;arut etereal iku ngewangunadductskaro rumus ZnCl2L2,ana kene L = ligan kaya ta O (C <sub id= "mwZg" >2</sub> H <sub id= "mwZw" >5)</sub> <sub id= "mwaA" >2</sub>. Ana ing fase gas, molekul ZnCl2ngewangun linear kanthi dawa iketan 205 pm.[10]

Dledekan ZnCl2nduweni viskositas kang dhuwur ing titik leleh lan konduktivitas elektrikal sing relatif cendhek sing mundhak nyata saka hawa.[10][11]Sinau hamburan Raman sing miturut nuduhake anané struktur polimer[12]lan studi panyebaran neutron nuduhaké anané kompleks tetrahedral {ZnCl4}.[13]

Hidrat

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Limang hidrat saka seng klorida sing dimangerteni, ZnCl2(H2O)nn = 1, 1.5, 2.5, 3 lan 4.[14]Tetrahydrate ZnCl2(H2O)4kristal saka larutan mbanyu seng klorida.[14]

Preparasi lan Pamurnèn

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ZnCl2anhidrat bisa dicepakaké saka seng lan hidrogen klorida.

Zn (s) + 2 HCl → ZnCl2+ H2 (g)

Bentuk hidrasi lan larutan banyu bisa disiapaké kanthi cara sing padha kanthi réaksikaké logam Zn karo asam klorida. Seng oksida lan seng sulfida bereaksi karo HCl:

ZnS ( s ) + 2HCl(aq) → ZnCl2(aq) + H <sub id= "mwiA" >2</sub> S (g)

ora kaya unsur-unsur sanesipun, seng sakmenika namung wonten ing satunggaling kadadeyan oksidasi, 2+, ingkang nyederhanake pamurnian klorida.

Tuladha seng klorida komersial biasane ngandhutbanyulan produk saka hidrolisis minangka pangreged. Sampel kasebut bisa diresiki deningrecrystallizationsakadioxanepanas. Sampel anhidrat bisa dimurnèkaké kanthi sublimasi ing aliran gas hidrogen klorida, diiringi pamanasan sublimasi ing 400 °C ing kahanan garing aliran gasnitrogen.Pungkasané, metode paling gampang gumantung ing opènan seng klorida karo thionil klorida.[15]

Reaksi

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ZnCl2meleleh ing suhu 500-700 °C ngeculake logam seng, lan, kanthi cepet ing leleh, kaca diamagnetik kuning dibentuk, sing ing panliten Raman nuduhake isi ionZn22+.[14]

Sawetara uyah ngemot Anion tetraklorozinkat, ZnCl42−sing dikenal.[10]"Reagent Caulton," V2Cl3(THF)6Zn2Cl6iku salah siji conto saka uyah ngemot Zn2Cl62−[16][17]Cs3ZnCl5ngandhut ZnClCl42−tetrahedral lan anion Cl-.[4]Ora senyawa ngemot Zn ionCl64−sing wis ditondoi.[4]

Nalika zink klorida larut banget ing banyu, larutan kasebut ora bisa dianggep ngandhut ion Zn2+lan Cl-ion, ZnClxH2O(4 - x)sing uga ana.[18][19][20]ZnCl2solusi banyu sing ngandhut asam: larutan banyu kanthi konsentrasi 6 M nduweni pH 1.[14]Keasaman dari larutan ZnCl2banyu saka garam Zn2+liyane yaiku amarga pembentukan kompleks aqua aoro tetrahedra sing ngurangi angka koordinasi saka 6 nganti 4 luwih nyuda kekuatan ikatan OH ing molekul banyu sing wis solvasi.[21]

Aplikasi

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Penggunaan inisial seng klorida (Silzic) ing bangunan rangka karbon kanthi ngirangaken molekulmethanol.Produkhidrokarbontak jenuh minangka produk utama, kanthi kondisi reaksi sing nyebabake distribusi produk, sanajan ana senyawa aromatik sing dibentuk.[22]Taun 1880, ditemokake yen seng klorida cair ngilangake reaksi aromatik sing digawé hexamethylbenzene. Ing titik lebur ZnCl2(283 °C), reaksi kasebut ΔG saka -1090 kJ mol−1lan bisa olih kanggo:[23]

15CH3OH→C6(CH3)6+ 3CH4+ 15H2O

Panemu reaksi iki dirasionalake amarga iku melu kondensasi unit methylene sing diikuti dening Metilasi lengkap Friedel-Crafts cincin benzene sing diprodhuksiingchloromethanesitu.[23]Transformasi alkilasi kasebut minangka aplikasi saka kekuwatan seng moderat minangkaasam Lewis,sing dadi peran utama ing sintesis laboratorium. Conto liyane kalebu catalyzing (A) sintesis indole Fischer,[24]lan uga (B) reaksi acylation Friedel-Craft sing nyakup dering aromatik sing aktif.[25][26]

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Saliyane kuwi, produksi pewarna fluorescein klasik saka phthalic anhydride lan resorcinol, kang nyakup acylation Friedel-Crafts.[27]Transformasi iki bener-bener wis digayuh kanthi nggunakake sampel ZnCl2 singterhidrasi ing gambar ing ngisor iki.

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asam kloridadewe apa sing ditanggepi ala karoalcohols utamilanalcohols secondary,nanging kombinasi HCl karo ZnCl2(dikenal dados "Reagent Lucas" ) efektif kanggo preparation saka amonium alkyl. Reaksi khas ditindakake ing 130 °C. Reaksi iki kerep dilakokake liwat mekanisme S <sub id= "mw6A" >N</sub> 2 karo alkohol utama nanging kanggo alkohol sekunder liwat mekanisme S <sub id= "mw6g" >N</sub> 1.

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Zinc chloride uga ngaktivasi halimil benzyllic lan allylic ing arah penggantian nukleofil sing lemah kaya ta alkenes:[28]

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Kanthi gaya sing padha, ZnCl2ndhukung pengurangan selektif NaBH <sub id= "mw-w" >3</sub> CN ing senyawa tersier, allylic utawa benzylated dadi hidrokarbon sing cocok.

Zinc klorida uga minangka reagen wiwitan sing migunani kanggo sintesis saka reagen organik, kaya ta sing digunakake ing kopling Negishi sing diprakirake dening palladium karo aril halida utawa vinyl halida.[29]Ing kasus kasebut, senyawa organoseng biasane digawé dening transmetrasi saka reagen organolithium utawa Grignard, umpamane:

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Zinc enolate, disiapake saka enolate alkali logam lan ZnCl2,nyedhiyakake kontrol stereokimia ing reaksi kondensasi aldol amarga chelation in seng. Ing conto ing ngisor iki, prodhukthreoluwih disenengi liwateritroskanthi faktor 5: 1 nalika ZnCl2ing DME / eter digunakake.[30]Chelates luwih stabil yen klompok fenil pseudo- khatulistiwa saka pseudo- aksial, contone,threosdibandingeritrosit.

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Ing babagan tekstil lan kertas

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Larutan zinc klorida (luwih saka 64% bobot / bobot seng klorida) ing banyu nduweni sipat sing menarik kanggo mbubehaké pati,sutra,lan selulosa. Mangkono, solusi kasebut ora bisa disaring liwat kertas panyaring standar. Kasedhiya babagan afinitas kasebut, ZnCl2digunakake minangka agen pemisah geni lan kain kaya ta Febreze. Serat retread digawé saka kertas sing nganggo klorida seng klorida.

Granat keluk

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Komposisi asap zink klorida ( "HC" ) sing digunakake ing granat gram ngandung zink oksida lan hexachlorethane, sing, nalika diobong, bereaksi kanggo mbentuk asap seng klorida, layar asap sing efektif.[31]

Deteksi cap driji

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Ninhydrin bereaksi karoasam aminolan amina kanggo mbentuk senyawa berwarna "purple Ruhemann" (RP). Nyemprotake solusi seng klorida mbentuk komplek 1: 1 RP: ZnCl (H2O)2,sing luwih gampang dideteksi amarga bisa fluoresce luwih apik tinimbang ungu Ruhemann.[32]

Disinfektan

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Sacara historis, larutan zink klorida banyu sing dipigunakaké minangka disinfektan kanthi jeneng "Fluid Disinfecting Burnett".[33]Senyawa iki uga digunakake ing pirang-pirang merek komersil mouthwash antiseptik.

Keamanan

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Seng klorida minangka irritant kulit. Sawise kontak karo kulit, langsung nglakoni reresik kanthi nggunakake sinetron lan banyu lumaku. Yen kontak karo mripat, tumindak cukup kanggo njupuk banyu, nggunakake tetes mata Isogutt, lan langsung ngubungi ophthalmologist sanalika bisa.[34]

Seng klorida arupa caustic kanggo saluran pencernaan, kadhangkala tumuju maranghematemesis.Gejala keracunan akut sing bisa kedadeyan kaya ta indigestion, diare, mual, lan nyeri abdomen. Vomiting occurs meh universal. Cara dekontaminasi ing saluran gastrointestinal sawise njupuk senyawa zinc sacara oral ora akeh, amarga pasien biasane muntah kanthi cekap. Susu bisa diwenehi kanggo ngurangi panyerapan logam. Tingkat seng bisa normalake karo EDTA asin.[34]

Inhalasi seng seng, seng oksida, utawa seng klorida nyebabake edema pulmonary lan demam asam metalik. Serang ana ing 4-6 jam lan bisa ditundha nganti 8 jam. Gejala sing bisa kedadeyan yaiku ambegan kanthi cepet, watuk, demam, kedinginan, sweating, pain dada lan leg, myalgia, lemes, rasa metalik, saliva, thirst lan leukocytosis, sing bisa tahan 24 nganti 48 jam. Ing kasus inhalasi kumelun, persiapan cortisone kudu diterapake kanthi cepet (contone, kanthi nghirup Auxilosone ) kanggo ngindhari perkembangan edema paru.[34]

Rujukan

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  1. ↑abO'Neil, M. J.; et al. (2001).The Merck index: an encyclopedia of chemicals, drugs, and biologicals.N. J.: Whitehouse Station.ISBN0911910131.
  2. ↑ab"Uap seng klorida".Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health.National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health(NIOSH).
  3. ↑abcd"NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards #0674".National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health(NIOSH).
  4. ↑abcdWells, A. F. (1984).Structural Inorganic Chemistry.Oxford: Clarendon Press.ISBN0-19-855370-6.
  5. ↑Oswald, H. R.; Jaggi, H. (1960). "Zur Struktur der wasserfreien Zinkhalogenide I. Die wasserfreien Zinkchloride".Helvetica Chimica Acta.43(1): 72–77.doi:10.1002/hlca.19600430109.
  6. ↑Brynestad, J.; Yakel, H. L. (1978). "Preparation and Structure of Anhydrous Zinc Chloride".Inorganic Chemistry.17(5): 1376–1377.doi:10.1021/ic50183a059.
  7. ↑Brehler, B. (1961). "Kristallstrukturuntersuchungen an ZnCl2".Zeitschrift für Kristallographie.115(5–6): 373–402.doi:10.1524/zkri.1961.115.5-6.373.
  8. ↑Mackenzie, J. D.; Murphy, W. K. (1960). "Structure of Glass-Forming Halides. II. Liquid Zinc Chloride".The Journal of Chemical Physics.33(2): 366–369.doi:10.1063/1.1731151.
  9. ↑Cithakan:Greenwood&Earnshaw
  10. ↑abcPrince, R. H. (1994). King, R. B. (èd.).Encyclopedia of Inorganic Chemistry.John Wiley & Sons.ISBN0-471-93620-0.
  11. ↑Ray, H. S. (2006).Introduction to Melts: Molten Salts, Slags and Glasses.Allied Publishers.ISBN81-7764-875-6.
  12. ↑Danek, V. (2006).Physico-Chemical Analysis of Molten Electrolytes.Elsevier.ISBN0-444-52116-X.
  13. ↑Price, D. L.; Saboungi, M.-L.; Susman, S.; Volin, K. J.; Wright, A. C. (1991). "Neutron Scattering Function of Vitreous and Molten Zinc Chloride".Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter.3(49): 9835–9842.doi:10.1088/0953-8984/3/49/001.
  14. ↑abcdHolleman, A. F.; Wiberg, E. (2001).Inorganic Chemistry.San Diego: Academic Press.ISBN0-12-352651-5.
  15. ↑Pray, A. P. (1990).Inorganic Syntheses.Vol. 28. New York: J. Wiley & Sons. kc. 321–322.ISBN0-471-52619-3.
  16. ↑Mulzer, J.; Waldmann, H., èd. (1998).Organic Synthesis Highlights.Vol. 3. Wiley-VCH.ISBN3-527-29500-3.
  17. ↑Bouma, R. J.; Teuben, J. H.; Beukema, W. R.; Bansemer, R. L.; Huffman, J. C.; Caulton, K. G. (1984). "Identification of the Zinc Reduction Product of VCl3· 3THF sebagai [V2Cl3(THF)6]2[Zn2Cl6] ".Inorganic Chemistry.23(17): 2715–2718.doi:10.1021/ic00185a033.
  18. ↑Irish, D. E.; McCarroll, B.; Young, T. F. (1963). "Raman Study of Zinc Chloride Solutions".The Journal of Chemical Physics.39(12): 3436–3444.doi:10.1063/1.1734212.
  19. ↑Yamaguchi, T.; Hayashi, S.; Ohtaki, H. (1989). "X-Ray Diffraction and Raman Studies of Zinc(II) Chloride Hydrate Melts, ZnCl2· RH2O (R = 1.8, 2.5, 3.0, 4.0, and 6.2) ".The Journal of Physical Chemistry.93(6): 2620–2625.doi:10.1021/j100343a074.
  20. ↑Pye, C. C.; Corbeil, C. R.; Rudolph, W. W. (2006). "Anab initioInvestigation of Zinc Chloro Complexes ".Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics.8(46): 5428–5436.doi:10.1039/b610084h.ISSN1463-9076.PMID17119651.
  21. ↑Brown, I. D. (2006).The Chemical Bond in Inorganic Chemistry: The Bond Valence Model.Oxford University Press.ISBN0-19-929881-5.
  22. ↑Olah, George A.; Doggweiler, Hans; Felberg, Jeff D.; Frohlich, Stephan; Grdina, Mary Jo; Karpeles, Richard; Keumi, Takashi; Inaba, Shin-ichi; Ip, Wai M. (1984). "Onium Ylide chemistry. 1. Bifunctional acid-base-catalyzed conversion of heterosubstituted methanes into ethylene and derived hydrocarbons. The onium ylide mechanism of the C1→ C2conversion ".J. Am. Chem. Soc.106(7): 2143–2149.doi:10.1021/ja00319a039.
  23. ↑abChang, Clarence D. (1983). "Hydrocarbons from Methanol".Catal. Rev. - Sci. Eng.25(1): 1–118.doi:10.1080/01614948308078874.
  24. ↑Cithakan:OrgSynth
  25. ↑Cithakan:OrgSynth
  26. ↑Dike, S. Y.; Merchant, J. R.; Sapre, N. Y. (1991). "A New and Efficient General Method for the Synthesis of 2-Spirobenzopyrans: First Synthesis of Cyclic Analogues of Precocene I and Related Compounds".Tetrahedron.47(26): 4775–4786.doi:10.1016/S0040-4020(01)86481-4.
  27. ↑Furnell, B. S. (1989).Vogel's Textbook of Practical Organic Chemistry(édhisi ka-5th). New York: Longman/Wiley.
  28. ↑Bauml, E.; Tschemschlok, K.; Pock, R.; Mayr, H. (1988)."Synthesis of γ-Lactones from Alkenes Employing p-Methoxybenzyl Chloride as+CH2-CO2−Equivalent "(PDF).Tetrahedron Letters.29(52): 6925–6926.doi:10.1016/S0040-4039(00)88476-2.
  29. ↑Kim, S.; Kim, Y. J.; Ahn, K. H. (1983). "Selective Reduction of Tertiary, Allyl, and Benzyl Halides by Zinc-Modified Cyanoborohydride in Diethyl Ether".Tetrahedron Letters.24(32): 3369–3372.doi:10.1016/S0040-4039(00)86272-3.
  30. ↑House, H. O.; Crumrine, D. S.; Teranishi, A. Y.; Olmstead, H. D. (1973). "Chemistry of Carbanions. XXIII. Use of Metal Complexes to Control the Aldol Condensation".Journal of the American Chemical Society.95(10): 3310–3324.doi:10.1021/ja00791a039.
  31. ↑Sample, B. E. (1997).Methods for Field Studies of Effects of Military Smokes, Obscurants, and Riot-control Agents on Threatened and Endangered Species.DIANE Publishing.ISBN1-4289-1233-9.
  32. ↑Menzel, E. R. (1999).Fingerprint Detection with Lasers.CRC Press.ISBN0-8247-1974-3.
  33. ↑Watts, H. (1869).A Dictionary of Chemistry and the Allied Branches of Other Sciences.Longmans, Green.
  34. ↑abcDieter M. M. Rohe; Hans Uwe Wolf (2007), "Zinc Compounds",Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry(édhisi ka-7th), Wiley, kc. 1–6,doi:10.1002/14356007.a28_537

Bibliografi

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  • NN Greenwood, A. Earnshaw,Kimia Unsur,edisi kaping 2, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, UK, 1997.
  • Lide, DR, ed. (2005). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (86th edition). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0486-5.
  • Indeks Merck,edisi kaping 7, Merck & Co, Rahway, New Jersey, USA, 1960.
  • D. Nicholls,Kompleks lan Unsur Transisi Kaping pisanan,Macmillan Press, London, 1973.
  • J. March,Advanced Organic Chemistry,4th ed., P. 723, Wiley, New York, 1992.
  • GJ McGarvey, ingHandbook of Reagents for Organic Synthesis, Volume 1: Reagents, Auxiliaries and Catalysts for Formation Bonds Bond,(RM Coates, SE Dhènemarken, eds.), Pp. 220-3, Wiley, New York, 1999.

Pranala njaba

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