Plutonium

Plutoniumyakuwi sawijiningunsur kimiajroningtabel périodikkang nduwèni lambangPulannomer atom94. Piyambakipun punika unsurradioaktif transuraniumingkang langka lan punika logamaktinidakaliyan penampilan ingkang gadhah warni pèthak keperakan. Ing wanci tèrpapar kaliyan udara, Piyambakipun badhé ngusam amargi pembentukanplutonium(IV) oksidaingkang nutupi lumah logam. Unsur punika ing dasaripun gadhah enèmalotroplan sắc kawankeadaan oksidasi.Piyambakipun bèreaksi kaliyankarbon,halogen,nitrogen,lansilikon.Manawi nembé terpapar kaliyan kelembaban udara, Piyambakipun badhé mbèntukoksidalanhidridakaliyan volume 70% langkung ageng lan dados bubuk ingkang saged nyala kanthi spontan. Piyambakipun ugi merupakanracun radiologisingkang saged berakumulasi ingsungsum balung.Manawi punika sipat-sipat kados ta makaten, pro sắc s penanganan plutonium cekua mbebayani, manawi tingkat toksisitas sadayanipun logam punika kadang-kadang langkung dipunagèng-agnègakèn.

Karakteristik[besut|besut sumber]

Fisik[besut|besut sumber]

Sami kados ta logam-logam sanèsipun, plutonium gadhah penampilan pérak mengkilat.Anangng ing wanci terpapar kaliyan udara bébas,plutonium(IV) oksidabadhé dumadi kaliyan cepat lan ndamel logam mau dados kusam kelabu. Sanèsipun punika warni kuning lan ijem zaitun ugi naté dipunlaporaken.^[1]^[2]Ing suhu kamar, plutonium wonten ing wujudalotop alfanya.Wujud alotrop punika ingkang merupakan wujud ingkang paling umum lan gadhah tingkat kekerasan kados tabesi cor,sanèsipun manawi piyambakipun dialoi kaliyan logam sanèsipun lan ndamel dados lunak lan saged kaliyan gampil dipunewahi bentuk.^[1]Benten kaliyan kathah jinis logam, plutonium boten konduktor panas lan listrik ingkang saé.^[1]Piyambakipun gadhahtitik lelehingkang cendhèk (640 °C) lantitik didihingkang sangat inggil (3,327 °C).^[1] Emisi partikel alfamanawi ing pelepasan intiheliumberenergi inggil inggih punika wujud radiasi paling umum ingkang dipunpancaraken déning plutonium.^[3]Panas ingkang dipunlepasaken ngantos pelepasan lan deselerasi partikel-partikel alfa punika ndamel plutonium kaliyan ukuran sami kaliyan bolasofbolraosipun anget manawi dipunsentuh, manawi kanggé massa plutonium ingkang langkung ageng, piyambakipun saged ndidihkan satunggallitertoya ing wekdal pinten-pinten menit (bervariasi nggumantung ing komposisi isotop).^[4]^[5]

Alotrop[besut|besut sumber]

Plutonium gadhah enem alotrop ing tekanan biyasa:**alfa**(α),**beta**(β),**gamma**(γ),**delta**(δ),**delta prime**(δ′), &**epsilon**(ε)^[6]

Plutonium limrahipun gadhah enemalotrop.Ing temperatur ingkang inggil lan jangka tekanan katamtu, alotrop kaping pitu (zeta, ζ) saged dumadi.^[6]Alotrop-alotrop piyambakipun gadhahtingkat ènergiingkang hampir sami, nangingdensitaslanstruktur kristalingkang bènten-bènten. Hal punika ndamel plutonium sangat sensitif kaliyan kaewahan temperatur, tekanan, lan lingkungan kimiawi. Sanèsipun punika, kaewahan volume ingkang dramatis ngantostransisi fasesaking satunggal alotrop ing alotrop sanèsipun ugi memungkinkan.^[7]Boten kados ta bahan-bahan sanèsipun, densitas plutonium badhémeningkatmanawi piyambakipun meleleh (sebesar 2,5%). Nanging cuwèran logam plutonium punika piyambak nedahaken penurunan kanthi linear ing densitasnya seiring kaliyan ningkataken temperatur.^[8]Densitas pinten-pinten alotrop plutonium sawatawis saking 16,00 g/cm³ngantos kaliyan 19,86 g/cm³.^[9]

Fisi nuklir[besut|besut sumber]

Plutonium punika logamaktinidaradioaktif. Isotopplutonium-239(Pu-239) punika salah satunggaling saking tiga isotop fisil utama^[10](sisanya inggih punikauranium-233lanuranium-235).^[11]Supados saged dipunanggep dados fisil,inti atomsebuah isotop kedah saged memecah (fisi) manawi dipuntembakaken kaliyanneutronlan ngelepasaken sejumlah neutron tambahan ingkang cekap kanggé mempertahankanreaksi berantai nuklirkaliyan memecahkan inti salajengipun.

Cathetan suku[besut|besut sumber]

↑^a ^b ^c ^d NIH contributors."Plutonium, Radioactive".Wireless Information System for Emergency Responders (WISER).Bethesda (MD): U.S. National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.Dibukak ing2008-11-23.{{cite web}}:|author=has generic name (pitulung)(public domain text)
↑ ARQ staff (2008)."Nitric acid processing".Actinide Research Quarterly.Los Alamos (NM): Los Alamos National Laboratory (3rd quarter).Dibukak ing2009-02-15.While plutonium dioxide is normally olive green, samples can be various colors. It is generally believed that the color is a function of chemical purity, stoichiometry, particle size, and method of preparation, although the color resulting from a given preparation method is not always reproducible.
↑Masalah sitiran: Tenger<ref>ora trep; ora ana tèks tumrap refs kanthi jenengNNDC
↑Masalah sitiran: Tenger<ref>ora trep; ora ana tèks tumrap refs kanthi jenengHeiserman1992
↑ Rhodes, Richard (1986).The Making of the Atomic Bomb.New York: Simon & Schuster. kc. 659–660.ISBN 0-671-65719-4.Leona Marshall: "When you hold a lump of it in your hand, it feels warm, like a live rabbit"
↑^a ^b Baker, Richard D. (1983)."Plutonium: A Wartime Nightmare but a Metallurgist's Dream"(PDF).Los Alamos Science.Los Alamos National Laboratory: 148, 150–151.Dibukak ing2009-02-15.{{cite journal}}:Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (pitulung)
↑ Hecker, Siegfried S. (2000)."Plutonium and its alloys: from atoms to microstructure"(PDF).Los Alamos Science.26:290–335.Dibukak ing2009-02-15.
↑Miner 1968,kc. 544
↑Masalah sitiran: Tenger<ref>ora trep; ora ana tèks tumrap refs kanthi jenengCRC2006p4-27
↑Masalah sitiran: Tenger<ref>ora trep; ora ana tèks tumrap refs kanthi jenengStwertka1998
↑ EPA contributors (2008)."Fissile Material".Radiation Glossary.United States Environmental Protection Agency.Dibukak ing2008-11-23.{{cite web}}:|author=has generic name (pitulung)

Pranala njaba[besut|besut sumber]

"A Perspective on the Dangers of Plutonium" by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Archived2006-09-29 at theWayback Machine.
Collection of articles on plutonium at the Canadian Coalition for Nuclear Responsibility
The Myth of Plutonium Toxicity
Criticality Accidents Report Issued
Nuclear Weapons: Disposal Options for Surplus Weapons-Usable Plutonium
Unraveling the Phase Diagram of Plutonium Archived2006-09-29 at theWayback Machine.
Physical, Nuclear, and Chemical, Properties of Plutoniumfrom IEER
Los Alamos National Laboratory — Plutonium Archived2004-10-17 at theWayback Machine.
It's Elemental — Plutonium
DOE Plutonium fact sheet (PDF)Archived2007-06-30 at theWayback Machine.
End of the Plutonium Age Archived2006-08-08 at theWayback Machine.,D. Samuels, Discover Magazine, vol. 26, no. 11 (November, 2005).
WebElements — Plutonium
EnvironmentalChemistry — Plutonium(JavaScript required)
Federation of American Scientists — Plutonium production Archived2011-09-05 at theWayback Machine.
nuclearweaponarchive.org — Plutonium Manufacture and Fabrication
Ambient pressure phase diagram of plutonium — A unified theory for α-Pu and δ-Pu Archived2008-02-13 at theWayback Machine.,P. Söderlind, Europhys. Lett., 55 (4), p. 525 (2001).
Nuclear Files.org Archived2011-06-21 at theWayback Machine.Information regarding world plutonium inventories
"Challenges in Plutonium Science"— Special issue ofLos Alamos Sciencefrom 2000 dedicated to scientific work on plutonium.

Cithakan:Tabel periodik unsur kimia

[WISER-1] NIH contributors."Plutonium, Radioactive".Wireless Information System for Emergency Responders (WISER).Bethesda (MD): U.S. National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.Dibukak ing2008-11-23.{{cite web}}:|author=has generic name (pitulung)(public domain text)

[2] ARQ staff (2008)."Nitric acid processing".Actinide Research Quarterly.Los Alamos (NM): Los Alamos National Laboratory (3rd quarter).Dibukak ing2009-02-15.While plutonium dioxide is normally olive green, samples can be various colors. It is generally believed that the color is a function of chemical purity, stoichiometry, particle size, and method of preparation, although the color resulting from a given preparation method is not always reproducible.

[NNDC-3] Masalah sitiran: Tenger<ref>ora trep; ora ana tèks tumrap refs kanthi jenengNNDC

[Heiserman1992-4] Masalah sitiran: Tenger<ref>ora trep; ora ana tèks tumrap refs kanthi jenengHeiserman1992

[5] Rhodes, Richard (1986).The Making of the Atomic Bomb.New York: Simon & Schuster. kc. 659–660.ISBN 0-671-65719-4.Leona Marshall: "When you hold a lump of it in your hand, it feels warm, like a live rabbit"

[Baker1983-6] Baker, Richard D. (1983)."Plutonium: A Wartime Nightmare but a Metallurgist's Dream"(PDF).Los Alamos Science.Los Alamos National Laboratory: 148, 150–151.Dibukak ing2009-02-15.{{cite journal}}:Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (pitulung)

[HeckerPlutonium-7] Hecker, Siegfried S. (2000)."Plutonium and its alloys: from atoms to microstructure"(PDF).Los Alamos Science.26:290–335.Dibukak ing2009-02-15.

[Miner1968p544-8] Miner 1968,kc. 544

[CRC2006p4-27-9] Masalah sitiran: Tenger<ref>ora trep; ora ana tèks tumrap refs kanthi jenengCRC2006p4-27

[Stwertka1998-10] Masalah sitiran: Tenger<ref>ora trep; ora ana tèks tumrap refs kanthi jenengStwertka1998

[11] EPA contributors (2008)."Fissile Material".Radiation Glossary.United States Environmental Protection Agency.Dibukak ing2008-11-23.{{cite web}}:|author=has generic name (pitulung)

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