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Tafukt (itri)

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Si Wikipedia, tasanayt tilellit.
(Yettusmimeḍ segTafukt)
Tafukt☉
Isefka n wannay
Isig n umaccaq
ɣef tegnit 		1.496× 10⁸ km
8 ntesdatin,19 ntsininsufawatay
Azal amaskad(V) −26.74[1]
Azal amagdez 4.83[1]
Asesmel aylalan G2V
Tamaɣuzt Z= 0.0122
Akdu uɣmir 31.6′ – 32.7′[2]
Tiskanin timezzayin
Isig n umaccaq ɣef
wammas n umazellaw 		~2.5×1017 km
26000ifawatayen
Tanzagttamazallawt (2.25–2.50)×108iseggasen inafuken
Arured ~220 km/s(deg tmezzit ɣef wammas n umazellaw)
~ 20|km/s(Isig n tazzla s wassaɣ ɣer yitran yudsen)
~370|u=km/s (s wassaɣ ɣerwammar n tudfirt amikṛuwan)
Tiskanin tisengamin
Isig n ukdu 1.392684 km[3]
Aqqaṛasbegsan 6.96342 km[3]
109 × tagnit[4]
Tamezzatasbegsant 4.379 km[4]
109 × tagnit[4]
Tigni 9×10−⁶
Tajumma n tiggi 6.0877 km²[4]
11990 ×tagnit[4]
Ableɣ 1.412 × 10¹⁸ km³[4]
1300000 × tagnit
Takura 1.9891 × 10³⁰ kg[1]
333000 × tagnit[1]
isig n tneẓẓi 1.408 × 10³ km/m³[1][4][5]
Tineẓẓi ammas: 1.622 × 10⁵kg/m³[1]
Afutusfir adday: 2×10-⁴ kg/m³
Krumusfir adday: 5×10−⁶ kg/m³
izɣuɣ ( isig ): 1×10−¹² kg/m3[6]
Taldayt n tjummadeg uzirig n usebges 274.0 m/s²[1]
27.94 g
28 × tagnit[4]
Tazzla n teslullit
(seg tjumma) 		617.7 km/s[4]
55 × tegnit[4]
Taẓɣelt Ammas ~1.57× 10⁷C[1]
Photosphere): 5778C[1]
Kruna:~5 × 10⁶ C
Asfijjej(Ltafukt) 3.846 × 10²⁶ wat[1]
~3.75 × 10²⁸Lunen
~98 Lumen/wat
isig nwaffa(I) wat/m−²·Stirdyan-¹
Addar 4.57 n imelyaṛen n iseggasen[7]
Tisekna timazzayin
Annuz agellusan 7.25°[1]
(segEcliptic)
67.23°
(to theuswir n umazellaw)
Aluy amaɣad
seg tiglezt n ugafa 		286.13°
19 h 4 min 30 s
Annuz
Seg tiglezt n ugafa 		+63.87°
63° 52' s agafa
TasnallantTanzagt n tuzzya
(deg usebges) 		25.05 wussan[1]
(deg tehri n 16° ) 25.38 wussan
25 d 9 h 7 min 12 s
(deg tzeglin) 34.4 wussan[1]
Tazzla n tuzzya
(deg usebges) 		7.189× 10³km/t[4]
Isegra nTugnakurt
Hidṛujin 73.46%
Hilium 24.85%
Uksijin 0.77%
Kaṛbun 0.29%
Uzzal 0.16%
Neyon 0.12%
Aẓut 0.09%
Silisium 0.07%
Magnisyum 0.05%
Akebri 0.04%
Cette boîte:ẓeṛ•amyan.•bed.

TafuktneɣIṭij(azamul-is:☉) d yiwen nyitriid-yezgan di tlemnast nunagraw afuyan,temmug amzun d tawinest (tadewṛant), tegber segplasmaiẓeɣlen, yerna tesmunned (temcubbak) yakk dyiger adekran.[8]
Akdu-ines ila (yesɛa) azal n 1,392,684 km, ayen yegdan 109 n tikkal n ukdu ntegnit,ma dtakura-ines2×1030 kg, ayen yegdan 330,000 n tikkal n tkura n tegnit neɣ ayen i d-issiliɣen 99.86% n tkura n unagraw anafuk s timmad-is.[9]

Tafukt d yiwet segyitrannumazellawnwasif n igenwanigebren seg wugar 200 n imelyaṛen n yitran[10] Dɣa amazellaw-a s iman-is yeṭṭafar tagrawt n imazellawen niḍen yettusemman stagrawt tadigant,anda tajumma tanamdalt i teṭṭef tegrawt-a d tawinest azgen n ukdu-ines yettawaṭ ar 10 n imelyan nifawatayen(iseggasen inafaten).[11]
Ma deg wayen yezzin ɣeftekrura,ad nafahidṛujind win i d-issiliɣen kṛad n imkuẓen (¾) n isegra n tkura tanafukt. Ma d ayen i d-yegran, amur ameqqran deg-s dahiliumyakk d wazal n 1,69% niferdiseniẓayanen amweksujindusinuksid n ukaṛbundneyondwuzzald iferdisen niḍen.[12]
Tafukt teṭṭafar taggayt nigezlanen iwraɣens unect nusesmel atrawisennden ɣef tissiwintiggwanin.S udday, s unect n usesmel atraw, azmul G2 yemmal-dtaẓɣelt n tiggiyettawṭen ɣer 5778° C, ma d azamul V d akken tafukt d itri nwelkem agejdan[13].Dɣaimesnallunenttmeggizent d akken tafuwt d itri meẓẓiyen s wassaɣ, akken i ttɣilen d akken (tafukt) d tin yettfeǧǧijen ugar n 85% n yitran nwasif n igenwanigan deg tuget n tegnatin digezlanen izeggaɣen.Azal amagdezn tfukt d win issawaṭen ɣer 4.83, dɣa d tafukt i d tafekka tagnnant yettfeǧǧijen yakk s waṭas deg tegnawt ntegnitswazal amaskadissawṭen ɣer −26.74.[14][15]
Tamrest n tfukttetteẓẓel s teɣlel deg tallunt, ayen i d-issiliɣenaṭu anafukigan d tizelɣiwin tuzdimin yeẓẓlen seg yiri nuhiliusfirɣer wazal n 100tiggtin tisnullanin,ahilyusfur-a yessiliɣ-d tamuski tamanṭaṭ i meqqren yakk degunagraw anafuk.[16]dɣaammas agratrawyeččaray s waṭu anafuk.

Tafukt tettnwiwil (tettḥerrik) degusigna agratraw adigani d-izgan deg tama ntlilect tadigantɣef yiri agensuy nyiɣil n umanarigan d yiwen seg yiɣallen atliwen numazellawnwasif n igenwan.[17]

Tafukt tezga-d deg wedras wis 4 deg wayen yezzin ɣef tkura n 50 n yitran yudsen ɣertegnit(itran i d-izgan deg usutem n 17 nifawatayenɣef tegnit), anda itri yudsen yakk ɣer tegnit seld n tfukt iga dprocima Centauriyaggugin (ibeɛden) s 4,2 n ifawatayen.[18]
Timezzittamazallawt n tfukt taggug (tebɛed) ɣefwammas amazallaws kra n 24,000 ar 26.000 nyifawatayenyerna tsemmed (tettkemmil)yiwen n useggas amazallaw(akken i d-ittbin degyimsidag n umazallaw) azal n 225 ɣer 250 n imelyan n iseggasen.
Amussu d unwiwel n tfukt s tazzla n 370 km/t ɣer tnila ntezdemt n weyradneɣ ɣertezdemt n tenhawtd win i d-yettilin myaamazallawyettnwiwel s talɣa tamazgayt yakk dwammar n tudfirt amikṛuwans tazzla n 550 kmt.[19]
Isig n westum gar n tfukt dtegnitd win igan azal n 149.6 n imelyan km. Imusnawen ttɣilen d akken astum-a yettbeddil s unwiwel n tegnit seguceffaluɣerufafuk,Tafat d tin i d-ittfakkan tikli n usutem-a deg 8 ntesdatind 9 ntsinin,Tafasan uzenzar anafat n tfukt d tin i d-ittaken tudert s temhalt ntugnaddast,[20],akken daɣen i d-tgellu sunezwudtignewt,Tigelsinn tfukt d tid yettwassnen deg tegnit seg tallit nuzarmezruyanda aṭas n iɣerfan d wadlisen meggzen tafukt dyellu.[21]

Tiskanin timuta

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Tugna s yiniten isaflawen tettwasseknew sunegjenjaṛtesskanay-d affaw seg telmest C (tama tamellalt deg wamur azelmaṭ afellay)

Tafukt d itri yeṭṭafaren talmest nwelkam agejdan G,Takura-inestessiliɣ-d azal n 99.8632% seg tkura nwudus anafukma d talɣa-ines cki-tt d tuzza (meḥsub d tamduṛant) anda akdu deg tizgelt d win yemgaraden ɣef ukdu deg usebges s 10 km kan. Mya tafukt tga degwaddadnplasmaanecta yennumk d akken-it tetezzi s urured degusebgesugar n wayen i d-ttezzi deg tzeglin, dɣa tikeli ayi tettwassen stuzzya tamgirdant,anecta igellu-d stseddimtd unwiwel n tkura s usrag n wuẓeẓ meqqren degteẓɣeltseg weɣyay ɣer beṛṛa. Takura ayi tettaddam kra segyimir amussay.[22]

Tallit tufrint n tuzzya n tfukt tettaṭṭaf 25,6 n wussan deg usebges-is d 33,5 n wussan deg tzeglin-is. Ma d tallit n tuzzya tamaskadt deg usebges teṭṭafaf 28 n wussa.[23]
Asemdu ntdusi tuẓẓlammastn tuzzya ayi talwayant tga 18 n imelyan n tikkal ddaw ntdusi n teldayttajummant deg usebges. Yernatadusi n tndeffertn yimtiwgen d tis ur nli ara (ur nesɛi ar) asemdu meqqren, ɣef wanect-a ur ssemduyen ara ɣef tfukt.[24]

Tafat n tfukt

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Imtiwgen igazawen icafcalen n tfukt:Yebter,Awihad,Uṛanusyakk dNiftun(ibelɣen s yimsektayen imassaɣen)

Tafatn tfukt d aɣbalu agejdan ntfasadegtegnitma d iɣbula niden gan d tinegwa tisinsinin deg wuln tegnit, dɣa tinegwa ayi tisinsinin gant d aɣbalutarakaẓɣalt n tegniti d-ittilin s tsedmirin tiɣisanin.
Timezgit tanafuktd tasmekta n tfasa i d-ttak tfukt i wfimidi n tigget n tjumma yettwafsaren srid i tafat n tfukt.[25],Timezgit tanafukt n tjumma ɣef wuggug ntigget tasnullantyegda uggug n tegnit ɣef tfukt (azal n 1368 wat/m)2[26] Tignut n tegnitd tin yettekkayen degusifesn tafat n tfukt s wakka ad tili tfasa i d-ittawaṭen seg tfukt tudes ɣer 1000 wat/m2deg tegnatin tigamanin neɣ mi ara ad tili tfukt deg tdeɣra numeddu.[27]

Aɣelluyn tfukt seg tegnit

Asemres ntfasa tanafuktd ayen izemren ad yili s waṭas n tarrayin timguranin d tgamanin. Amedya, tamhalt ntugnaddastd tin i d-igerrun tafasa seg tfult w ad tt-iterr dtafasa takrurant.Ihi tamhelt-a d yiwet seg temhalin i d-ittilin s tarrayt tagamant deg tegnit. Akken i yezmer ad yili usemres n tafat n tfukt i wfares ntfasa tazrurants useẓɣel usrid neɣ s turrit n tafat ɣer tzarurt (trisiti) s usemres ntekwafukin.[28]

Isegran

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Timsengelt n yiniten d uleggen n umussu n tfukt stamawt n STEREO.

Tafukt tegber seguhidṛjinduhilium.Deg tallit-a seg tudert-is sgensisen-d 74,9% d 23,8% segtkura n tfuktdegtegnignut.[29]ma d iferdisen iẓayanen yakk ittwasemmanimɣuzensgensisen-d ddaw n 2% seg takura-ines yakk dweksujins wazal n 1% dukaṛbun0,3% dNeon0,2% dwuzzal0,2%.[30]

Tasuddest takrurant taẓaṛant n tfukt d tin i d-immugen degwammas agratraw,anda deg tazwara tella tegber seg 71.1% n uhidṛujin, 27.4% n uhilium d 1.5% seg yimɣuzen niden. Dɣa ahidṛujin d wamur ameqran seg uhilium yellan di tfukt ttwafarsen-d s temhalt ntseddɣisantdeg 20 ntesdatintimenza nusedday,iferdisen iẓayanen llan ttwafarsen-d sɣur tisutiwin yezrin nyitransend n tlallit n tfukt sin akin nfufden deg wammas agratraw deg talliyin tineggura n tudert tatrawt yakk d inelfuyen (ineḍruyen) amsupernuva.[31]

Mira(yiwen nucafcal azeggaɣ) degtezdemtnuɣaɣa.

Seg wass mi i d-tennulfa tfukt,tamhelt n wezday tagejdant tegber ɣef urway n uhidṛujin yakked uhilium ɣef teɣzi n 4,6 n imelyaṛen n iseggasen yezrin, takur-a d tansa n uhilium s agensu n tfukt d tid yenbeddalen kra kra. S agensu n weɣyay, yuli ufimidi n uhilium seg 24% ɣer 60% s usrag n wefsay. Ma d kra niden n uhilium d iferdisen iẓayanen rekdrn deg tegnignut ɣer tnila n wul n tfukt s usrag nteldayt.Ma yella d ifimidiyen n yimɣuzen ur nbeddalen ara.[32]

Yettili-d usembiwel nteẓɣeltɣer uzɣar (beṛṛa) n wul n tfukt s uzenzar deg wadeg n usseẓɣel, s wakka ur d-ittili ara usali n wefsay ɣer wezɣar s weẓɣal maca ad yeqqim deg weɣyay, Aɣyay agensaw n uhilium yebda yettmag-d kra kra yerna azday-is mači d ayen izemren ad yili acku ul n tfukt imir-a ur yeẓɣil ur yelli d aneẓẓaw s tesmekta ara ad yezdin ahilium. Ma deg tugnignut n tura yettili-d usedres deg uhilium (d yiferdisen iẓayanen) anda i d-issiliɣ 84% seg wayen yella deg tallit tamezwarut send ma ad tebdu temhelt nwezday aɣisandeg wul.[33] Deg yimal, ahilium ad ismed (ad ikemmel) asemnenni deg wul n tfukt, asemnenni ayi d tmerniwt-a ad teglu s tuffɣa n tfukt segwelkam agejdani wakken ad tuɣal dacafcal azeggaɣ,anecta seld n 5 n imelyaṛen n iseggasen.[34]

Tasuddest takrurant n tugnignut deg tuget n tegnatin d tin yemmerwasen i wsileɣ nwudus anafukamenzu.Akatn tyawant n iferdisen iẓayanen ntfasa tanafukts usemres ntesledt taylalanti tugnignut n tfukt yakk d wakat n tyawant degiseffudenur yettwaseẓɣlen ara ula degteẓɣeltn usefsi. Imusnawen ttɣilem d akken iseffuden ttagẓen s usileɣ nyitrazwarɣef wanect-a ur tettwasemdu ara s usbeddi n iferdisen iẓayanen. Akken illant snat n tarrayin mtawan fell-asent deg wayen yezzin ɣef usileɣ anafuk[35]:

  • Tagrawt tasemdant n iferdisen n wuzzal ittwa-ion-in:

Deg useggas n1970,kkrent-d waṭas n tegmayin yessezdyen ɣef tegmi ɣef isezdiyen n tegrawin n wuzzal deg tfukt.[36][37]ɣas akken tigmayin-a wwint-d igemmuden igerrzen maca aguccel n isezdiyen n kra n iferdisen n tegrawt n wuzzal (Akubaltdumegnisyum) qqimen mrayen (weɛṛen) s usrag n tmuski-nsen tanegt n tseddi, alammi d aseggas n1978.[36] Deg useggas n1962tennulfa-d tegmi tummidt tamezwarut i tezrawt ntdisiwin n umcalayɣef yiferdisen n tegrawt tasemdant n wuzzal ittwa-ion-in,[38]ttwasidnen-t deg useggas n1976.[39]ma deg useggas n 1978 ttwasuddmen-d isezdiyen n yiferdisen n tegrawt n wuzzal ittwa-ion-in.[36]

  • Assaɣ ger n tfukt d yimtiwgen deg wayen yezzin ɣef ucellex n tkura:

Aṭas n imusnawen qellden ɣef tilin n wassaɣ deguserẓuakurangar tsuddisin nyinyateninafuken dyigazen inagrazen,[40]amedya amyaqqan ver n yinyaten imtiwganen dNeondusinundeg tfukt d yimtiwgen.[41]

Aɣili d akken tafukt tla (tesɛa) yiwet n tsuddest i d-tla tugnignut tanafukt d win yersan alammi d aseggas n 1983[42] Deg useggas n 1983 yettwadma d akken yella userẓu deg tfukt s usrag n wassaɣ aseẓran gar n tsuddisin n yinyaten n yimtiwgen d wezwu anafuk i cekkṭen igazen inagrazen.[42],ma yella send n useggasa, yella yettuɣil d akken tafukt s timmad-is tla yiwet n tsuddest ntzugnut tanafukt.[43]

Tamuski d tɣessa

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Iger adekran

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Timezziyin tinafukin

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Allus n tudert n tfukt

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Asileɣ

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Tamhazt n tfukt d usfijjej anafuk d waqqar-ines d teẓɣelt-is s wassaɣ ɣer tura.

Tafukt tettwasileɣ-d send n 4,57 n imelyaṛen n iseggasen s usrag n uɣelluy n wamur n yiwen nusignew axeclawanacafcal yellan yegber - deg tuget-is - seg uhidṛujin d uhilyum, yerna yezmer ad yili usignew-a ittwasileɣ-d seg yitran niḍen. Dɣa addar-a yettwasteg s usenned ɣer usmudem s usemres nuselkimi westag n takkayt tatrawt. Tizrawin ɣefyiseffudenimziken snarment-d idrizen n yiɣwawen irekden seg yinyaten meẓẓiyen deg waddar am wuzzal-60 i d-yettmagen deg yiderḍqen meẓẓiyen n yitran. Anecta yemmal-d d akken yessefk ad yeṭṭerḍeq yiwen nSupernovaneɣ sin zdat n wadeg anda i d-tettwasileɣ tfukt. D amedwal d akkentamdeswelt n tneggesti d-yemmugen seg uṭerḍeq n Supernova d nettat i yeǧǧan tafukt ad tettwasileɣ s wadad n igazen yellan deg usignew axeclawan, s akin tegla-d s yiwen n uɣelluy s agensu n usignew deg kra n tama s ddaw n usemdu-ines. Amur yennebran seg usignew yeɣlin yebda itezzi s usrag n taggaẓt nyimir uɣmir,sin akin terna teẓɣelt-is tettali yakked d walluy nwadad-is,anecta yakk yegla-d s umsegrew n tuget n tkura deg wammas-is, deg wakud anda i yufeg wayen i d-yezgan s azɣar (ɣer beṛṛa) n wagra, ayen i d-issalɣen imtiwgen d tfekkiwin yemgaraden n unagraw anafuk. Addad d teẓɣelt deg weɣyay n usignew yennebran urwen-d takrura meqqren seg teẓɣelt, akken i d-yuffes wugar n igazen deg waẓi n wegra. Di taggara, anecta yegla-d s beddu n tsedmirin tiɣisanin i d-iglan s tlalit n tfukt.[44]

Anwiwel n tfukt d tmersiwt-ines deg umazellaw

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Imniren

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  1. ↑1,001,011,021,031,041,051,061,071,081,091,101,11et1,12 Williams, D. R. (2004)."Sun Fact Sheet".Nasa.Retrieved2010-09-27.
  2. ↑ "Eclipse 99: Frequently Asked Questions".Nasa.Retrieved2010-10-24.
  3. ↑3,0et3,1Emilio, Marcelo; Kuhn, Jeff R.; Bush, Rock I.; Scholl, Isabelle F. (March 5, 2012),"Measuring the Solar Radius from Space during the 2003 and 2006 Mercury Transits",arXiv,retrievedMarch 28,2012
  4. ↑4,004,014,024,034,044,054,064,074,084,09et4,10 "Solar System Exploration: Planets: Sun: Facts & Figures".Nasa.Archived fromthe originalon 2008-01-02.
  5. ↑ Ko, M. (1999). Elert, G. (ed.)."Density of the Sun".The Physics Factbook.
  6. ↑ "Principles of Spectroscopy".Tasddawit n Michigan,Astronomy Department. 30 August 2007.
  7. ↑Bonanno, A.; Schlattl, H.; Paternò, L. (2008). "The age of the Sun and the relativistic corrections in the EOS".tasɣunt n tesnallunt d tsengama tasnallant.390(3): 1115–1118.arXiv:astro-ph/0204331.Bibcode:2002A&A...390.1115B.doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20020749.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  8. ↑Empty citation (help)
  9. ↑Brown, M.E.; Van Dam, M.A.; Bouchez, A.H.; Le Mignant, D.; Campbell, R.D.; Chin, J.C.Y.; Conrad, A.; Hartman, S.K.; Johansson, E.M.; Lafon, R.E.; Rabinowitz, D.L. Rabinowitz; Stomski, P.J., Jr.; Summers, D.M.; Trujillo, C.A.; Wizinowich, P.L. (2006). "Satellites of the Largest Kuiper Belt Objects" (PDF). The Astrophysical Journal. 639 (1): L43–L46. arXiv:astro-ph/0510029. Bibcode:2006ApJ...639L..43B. doi:10.1086/501524. Retrieved 19 October 2011.
  10. ↑Gerber, R. A.; Lamb, S. A.; Balsara, D. S. (1994). "Ring Galaxy Evolution as a Function of" Intruder "Mass". Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society 26: 911. Bibcode:1994AAS...184.3204G.
  11. ↑Grocholski, Aaron J.؛ Aloisi, Alessandra؛ van der Marel, Roeland P.؛ Mack, Jennifer؛ d wid niden. (October 20, 2008). "A New Hubble Space Telescope Distance to NGC 1569: Starburst Properties and IC 342 Group Membership". Astrophysical Journal Letters. 686 (2): L79–L82. Bibcode:2008ApJ...686L..79G. arXiv:0808.0153Freely accessible. doi:10.1086/592949.
  12. ↑Anglada-Escudé, Guillem; Amado, Pedro J.; Barnes, John; Berdiñas, Zaira M.; Butler, R. Paul; Coleman, Gavin A. L.; de la Cueva, Ignacio; Dreizler, Stefan; Endl, Michael; Giesers, Benjamin; Jeffers, Sandra V.; Jenkins, James S.; Jones, Hugh R. A.; Kiraga, Marcin; Kürster, Martin; López-González, Marίa J.; Marvin, Christopher J.; Morales, Nicolás; Morin, Julien; Nelson, Richard P.; Ortiz, José L.; Ofir, Aviv; Paardekooper, Sijme-Jan; Reiners, Ansgar; Rodríguez, Eloy; Rodrίguez-López, Cristina; Sarmiento, Luis F.; Strachan, John P.; Tsapras, Yiannis; Tuomi, Mikko; Zechmeister, Mathias (25 August 2016). "A terrestrial planet candidate in a temperate orbit around Proxima Centauri". Nature. 536 (7617): 437–440. arXiv:1609.03449. Bibcode:2016Natur.536..437A. doi:10.1038/nature19106. ISSN 0028-0836.PMID 27558064.
  13. ↑Dvorak R,Pilat-Lohinger E,Bois E,Schwarz R,Funk B,Beichman C,Danchi W,Eiroa C,Fridlund M,Henning T,Herbst T,Kaltenegger L,Lammer H,Léger A,Liseau R,Lunine J,Paresce F,Penny A,Quirrenbach A,Röttgering H,Selsis F,Schneider J,Stam D,Tinetti G,White G. "Dynamical habitability of planetary systems" Institute for Astronomy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria. January 2010
  14. ↑.Bibcode:1986SSRv...43..244..doi:10.1007/BF00190626.Unknown parameter|amaddad=ignored (help);Unknown parameter|aneggar=ignored (help);Unknown parameter|aseggas=ignored (help);Unknown parameter|amezwar=ignored (help);Unknown parameter|Azwel=ignored (help);Unknown parameter|tasniwin=ignored (help);Unknown parameter|amdan=ignored (help);Unknown parameter|Aɣmis=ignored (help);Cite journal requires|journal=(help);Missing or empty|title=(help)CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  15. ↑ .Bibcode:1998A&A...333..231B.Unknown parameter|amaddad=ignored (help);Unknown parameter|aneggar=ignored (help);Unknown parameter|tasniwin=ignored (help);Unknown parameter|Aɣmis=ignored (help);Unknown parameter|azwel=ignored (help);Unknown parameter|amezwar=ignored (help);Unknown parameter|aseggas=ignored (help);Unknown parameter|amezwar2=ignored (help);Unknown parameter|Aneggar3=ignored (help);Unknown parameter|aneggar2=ignored (help);Unknown parameter|amezwar3=ignored (help);Cite journal requires|journal=(help);Missing or empty|title=(help)CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  16. ↑Fajans, J.; L. Frièdland (October 2001). "Autoresonant (nonstationary) excitation of pendulums, Plutinos, plasmas, and other nonlinear oscillators" (PDF). American Journal of Physics. 69 (10): 1096–1102. Bibcode:2001AmJPh..69.1096F. doi:10.1119/1.1389278. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 June 2011. Retrieved 26 December 2006.
  17. ↑Opher، M.؛ Alouani Bibi، F.؛ Toth، G.؛ Richardson، J. D.؛ Izmodenov، V. V.؛ Gombosi، T. I. (December 24–31, 2009). "A strong, highly-tilted interstellar magnetic field near the Solar System" (PDF). Nature. 462: 1036–1038. Bibcode:2009Natur.462.1036O.PMID 20033043.doi:10.1038/nature08567.
  18. ↑ .Bibcode:2004RMxAC..22...46A.Unknown parameter|azemz n ufaylu=ignored (help);Unknown parameter|amezwar2=ignored (help);Unknown parameter|akala n ufaylu=ignored (help);Unknown parameter|amezwar=ignored (help);Unknown parameter|Aseggas=ignored (help);Unknown parameter|Aneggar3=ignored (help);Unknown parameter|aneggar2=ignored (help);Unknown parameter|Aɣmis=ignored (help);Unknown parameter|amaddad=ignored (help);Unknown parameter|akala=ignored (help);Unknown parameter|tasniwin=ignored (help);Unknown parameter|aneggar=ignored (help);Unknown parameter|azwel=ignored (help);Unknown parameter|amezwar3=ignored (help);Cite journal requires|journal=(help);Missing or empty|title=(help)CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  19. ↑ .arXiv:astro-ph/9312056.Bibcode:1993ApJ...419....1K.doi:10.1086/173453.Unknown parameter|Aneggar6=ignored (help);Unknown parameter|Aneggar=ignored (help);Unknown parameter|Aneggar7=ignored (help);Unknown parameter|Aneggar9=ignored (help);Unknown parameter|amezwar=ignored (help);Unknown parameter|aseggas=ignored (help);Unknown parameter|Imaskaren=ignored (help);Unknown parameter|Amezwar8=ignored (help);Unknown parameter|aneggar2=ignored (help);Unknown parameter|Aɣmis=ignored (help);Unknown parameter|amaddad=ignored (help);Unknown parameter|Aneggar8=ignored (help);Unknown parameter|Aneggar5=ignored (help);Unknown parameter|Amezwar9=ignored (help);Unknown parameter|Amezwar6=ignored (help);Unknown parameter|Amezwar5=ignored (help);Unknown parameter|amezwar7=ignored (help);Unknown parameter|Aneggar4=ignored (help);Unknown parameter|azwel=ignored (help);Unknown parameter|Amezwar4=ignored (help);Unknown parameter|Amezwar2=ignored (help);Unknown parameter|tasna=ignored (help);Unknown parameter|aneffar3=ignored (help);Unknown parameter|Amezwar3=ignored (help);Cite journal requires|journal=(help);Missing or empty|title=(help)
  20. ↑ Empty citation (help)
  21. ↑"Near-Earth Supernovas". NASA Science. NASA. January 6, 2003.
  22. ↑Michael Zellik (2002). Astronomy: The Evolving Universe (9th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 240.ISBN 978-0-521-80090-7.OCLC 223304585.
  23. ↑Phillips, 1995, pp. 78–79
  24. ↑Empty citation (help)
  25. ↑Bargagli1، R.؛ Catenil، D.؛ Nellil، L.؛ Olmastronil، S.؛ Zagarese، B. (August 1997)، "Environmental Impact of Trace Element Emissions from Geothermal Power Plants" ، Environmental Contamination Toxicology، New York: Springer، 33 (2): 172–181، ISSN 0090-4341، doi:10.1007/s002449900239
  26. ↑Empty citation (help)
  27. ↑Empty citation (help)
  28. ↑Lashkaryov, V. E. (1941) Investigation of a barrier layer by the thermoprobe method, Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Ser. Fiz. 5, 442–446, English translation: Ukr. J. Phys. 53, 53–56 (2008).
  29. ↑"isalan ɣef tegnignut deg tansa jstor.org". jstor.org.
  30. ↑Roussel، E. G.؛ Cambon Bonavita، M.؛ Querellou، J.؛ Cragg، B. A.؛ Prieur، D.؛ Parkes، R. J.؛ Parkes، R. J. (2008). "Extending the Sub-Sea-Floor Biosphere". Science. 320 (5879): 1046. Bibcode:2008Sci...320.1046R.PMID 18497290.doi:10.1126/science.1154545.
  31. ↑taferkit tussnant Alsaru yettwaggẓen 24 ctember 2015 deg tansa n Wayback Machine.
  32. ↑Amaṭṭaf Analman, Forschung aktuellhttp://www.dradio.de/dlf/meldungen/forschak/2173035/Astronomen haben die Entstehung eines riesigen Monster-Protosterns in der Milchstraße entdeckt] Alsaru yettwaggẓen 04 wamber 2013 deg tansa n Wayback Machine.Archived2013-11-04 at theWayback Machine
  33. ↑Larson, R.B. (2003), The physics of star formation, Reports on Progress in Physics, vol. 66, issue 10, pp. 1651–1697
  34. ↑Science: Youngest star | New Scientist Alsaru yettwaggẓen 06 yebrir 2015 deg tansa Wayback Machine.
  35. ↑Sternentstehung auf uni-goettingen.de
  36. ↑36,036,1et36,2 .Bibcode:1978MNRAS.184..683B.Unknown parameter|amaddad=ignored (help);Unknown parameter|aneggar=ignored (help);Unknown parameter|amezwar=ignored (help);Unknown parameter|aseggas=ignored (help);Unknown parameter|Azwel=ignored (help);Unknown parameter|tasniwin=ignored (help);Unknown parameter|Aɣmis=ignored (help);Cite journal requires|journal=(help);Missing or empty|title=(help)CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  37. ↑Ross and Aller 1976, Withbroe 1976, Hauge and Engvold 1977, cited in Biemont 1978.
  38. ↑Corliss and Bozman (1962 cited in Biemont 1978) and Warner (1967 cited in Biemont 1978)
  39. ↑Smith (1976 cited in Biemont 1978)
  40. ↑Signer and Suess 1963; Manuel 1967; Marti 1969; Kuroda and Manuel 1970; Srinivasan and Manuel 1971, all cited in Manuel and Hwaung 1983
  41. ↑Kuroda and Manuel 1970 cited in Manuel and Hwaung 1983:7
  42. ↑42,0et42,1 .Bibcode:1983Metic..18..209M.Unknown parameter|Amaddad=ignored (help);Unknown parameter|aneggar=ignored (help);Unknown parameter|uṭṭun=ignored (help);Unknown parameter|Azwel=ignored (help);Unknown parameter|amezwar=ignored (help);Unknown parameter|aseggas=ignored (help);Unknown parameter|amezwar2=ignored (help);Unknown parameter|aneggar2=ignored (help);Unknown parameter|aɣmis=ignored (help);Cite journal requires|journal=(help);Missing or empty|title=(help)CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  43. ↑Brandt، Pontus (February 27–March 2, 2007). "Imaging of the Heliospheric Boundary" (PDF). NASA Advisory Council Workshop on Science Associated with the Lunar Exploration Architecture: White Papers. Tempe, Arizona: Lunar and Planetary Institute. 25 mayu 2007.
  44. ↑ Hill et al., "First Stars. I. The extreme r-element rich, iron-poor halo giant CS 31082-001" Astronomy & Astrophysics, 387, (2002) 560-579. (Accessed 3/8/06)
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