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Tussit
Aglam
Anaw infection virale des voies respiratoires(fr)Suqel,infections à Orthomyxoviridae(fr)Suqel,aṭṭan amesgunef,aṭṭan avirusan amanṭaṭ,maladie à virus(fr)Suqel
aṭṭan
Tamuzzegt médecine générale(fr)Suqel,tujya n turin,tasensigemt
médecine d'urgence(fr)Suqel
Tamentilt Orthomyxoviridae(fr)Suqel
Isekna Tawla, congestion nasale(fr)Suqel,myalgie(fr)Suqel,amaẓla, Atmelli, Tusut, rhinite(fr)Suqel,takma n yidmaren
frissonnement(fr)Suqel
Asemdu pandémie de grippe(fr)Suqel,Tasakrart
flambée épidémique(fr)Suqel
Akala n ugaǧǧi n yigem asiweṭ anafgan,contamination par les sécrétions respiratoires(fr)Suqel,transmission directe(fr)Suqel
transmission par surface contaminée(fr)Suqel
Examen clinique(fr)Suqel examen clinique(fr)Suqel,hémogramme(fr)Suqel,culture virale(fr)Suqel
immunofluorescence(fr)Suqel
Assesfer
Asafar peramivir(fr)Suqel,oseltamivir(fr)Suqel,zanamivir(fr)Suqeldbaloxavir(fr)Suqel
Asulay
ICD-10-CM J11.1
ICD-9-CM 487d487.8
ICD-10 J10,J11dJ9
ICD-9 487
OMIM 614680
DiseasesDB 6791
MedlinePlus 000080
eMedicine 000080
MeSH D007251
Disease Ontology ID DOID:8469

Azzelgineɣtussitneɣinflwenzadaṭṭanamanṭaṭigellu-d yisuvirus n tussit[1].Iseknan tussit zemren ad ilin fsus-it neɣ d uzmiren (ujhiden)[2].Isekna ayyi gan dtusut,azzug n ugerjum,tazzla n yinzaren,takma tamaẓwalt,tawla,amaẓladutmelli.Di tuget n tegnatin, isekna-ayi d wid i d-yettneflalin seld n sin n wussan seg tefsert ar uvirus d unekcum-is ɣertfekkaw ad ṭṭfen azal n 7 n wussan i wakken ad kksen, maca tusut tezmer ad teṭṭef ugar n 15 n wussan[1].Ɣer warrac meẓẓiyen yezmer ad yeglu ula sumuktudyiriranmaca isekna-ayi ur d-ttilin ara ɣer yimedanen imeqranen

Timukrisinn tussit gant d: azzug n turin, azzug abektir n turin d unerni n wuguren idawsanen amuneggafdyibriren n wul.[2][3]

Isragen (ssebbat)

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Llant 3 n telmas n ivirusen n tussit ttaɣent amdan, tilmas-a gant d:Talmest A,Talmest B,Talmest C.[3]Ivirusen-a d wid yettenfufuden swezwudtusutdunezzu.[1]aladɣa mi ara ad ilin seg yistumen gezzilen neɣ meẓẓiyen.[4],Akken yezmer ad yenfufed s tuṭsa (anali) n tiggiwin yummsen s uvirus sin akin ad tili tuṭsa n yimi neɣ n wallen.[2][4].Amdan i tuɣ tussit yezmer adyessigem(ad yessenṭeṭ) avirus send d seld n teflalit nIseknafell-as.[2],Asentem n yigem yezmer ad yili s ukayed n uvirus deg ugerjum,alɣuɣneɣ inzaren akken illan iberdan d tirrayin tiruradin, maca imdanen imi i d-yeffeɣ ukayad-nsen d ibaw zemren ad ilin ddmen igem. Dɣa tella telmest ntsedmirt tanmezrit n Polimiraz(PCR) id yesnaramen (id ikeccfen) ɣefuzeffar aṛibuɣsann uvirus, dɣa akayad-a igan yakk d usdid.[3]

Taggaẓt d ussuji

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Asired n yifassen yessedras (yessenqas) seg umihi nyigemacku avirus yettmettat mi ara ad yessemres (yessexdem) wemdanaserrad.[1]timelsiwt nunaffar afetkand ayen igerrzen daɣen.[5],Tuddsa tamadlant n tdawsatessmagel (tweṣṣa) swegzay neɣ acraṭamseggas (n yal aseggas) mgal tussit i wid yettwafesren i yimihiyen meqqren.Tigeztd tin yettilin d tamellilt mgal 3 neɣ 3 n telmas n tussit.[6]

Acraṭ

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Agzay (acraṭ) mgal tussit

Tuddsa tamadlant n tdawsadAmmasen i wsenɣed d tesɣilt ɣef waṭṭanenssmetren (weṣṣan) swecraṭ mgal tussiti yimdanen yettwafesren i wmihi am warrac meẓẓiyen d yimɣaṛen d yixeddaen deg tɣult n tasnujjya d wid ilan (yesɛan)aṭṭanen imezrayenamuneggafd wuguren wul. Ma d imdanen imawaṭen izemren yettili-d ucraṭ ɣur-sen d amellil cwiyya deg usedres nyiseknayettemcabin agla n tussit, Dɣa anzaten (ttbut) ttɣananen tadersi deg yisig n tussit ɣer igerdan yugaren sin n iseggasen. Ɣer wid-ak yettnegririfen (iɛetben) seg wecraṭ itekksasen cwiya waṭṭan n wergal aberfaw maca ur yiban ara ma iy tekkesaneggaf.[7][8][9][10][11][12]

Amezruy n tussit

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Deg yal aseggas, tussit tettenfufud deg tamiwin n umadal yakk. Ayen id igellun s 3 ar 5 n imelyan n tegnatin tinamsadin (qessiḥen) d wazal n 200,000 ar 500,000 n tegnatin ntmekkest(lmut).[1],deg tamiwin tigafanin d tinaẓulin ttilin-d isefrurten degtegrests talɣa tagejdant ma deg yideggan isbegsanen d tamiwin id yezzin ttilin-d deg yal akud n useggas.[1],Timekkest (lmut) tettili-d gar idrasen n ilemẓiyen ilan (yesɛan) uguren deg tdawsa-nsen d yimɣaren meqqren.[1][3],degtsut tis 20lfant-d (ḍrant-d) 3 nyirwasen n tussit:*Tussit Taspenyulitdeg useggas n1918yegla-d s 50 n tmekkisin, *Tussit n Asyadeg useggas n1957tegla-d s sin n imelyan n tmekkisin, *Tussit n Hong Kongdeg useggas n1968tegla-d s umelyun n tmekkisin.[13].Tuddsa tamadlant n tdawsatelɣet-d s usefruret d unfufed n telmest tamaynut n tussit isem-is A / H1N1 id yeglan sArwas n tussit A (H1N1) n 2009.[14],Tussit tezmer ad tessemdu w ad taɣ ula deg iɣersiwen amyilfandiyasdyigṭaṭ.[15]

assegzi n uvidyu

Iseknad yizmal

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Isekna n tussit yakk d tawla d tusut[16]d isekna imezdiyen s waṭas[17]

Azal n 33% n yimdanen i tuɣ tussit ur lin ara (ur sɛan aran)isekna.[18].Isekna n tussit zemren ad ssemtin (ad bdun) s tugnit (taswiɛt kan) seld n yiwen ar sin n wussan seld nyigem.Isekna imenza ttilin daqiccew n weglimd ufray s usemmiṭ, maca ula d tawla tettili d timezdit deg wakud imizik n yigem stseddart n teẓɣeltyettilin gar n 38° ar 39°C. Amur ameqran n imuṭan ttawin-d ussan n tudna-nsen deg wusu s usrag n wagazen deg yakk tamiwin n tfekkiwin-nsen aladɣa deg uzagur d iṭarren.[19][20].Isekna n tussit d wid izemren ad ilin d:

Ar warrac meẓẓiyen, Isekna n tussit ttilin degunagraw amesgunefambeṛṛiṭ,Agaz n wadis(Isekna ayyi zemren ad ilin d inamsaden ɣer warrac i tuɣ tussit B.[22][23][24] Aserwes (ameyyez) gar n tussit dyidisd win imrayen (iweɛṛen) deg talliyin timezwura nwazzugen-a.Tussit d arway n yisekna n yidis d wazzug n turin asemmaṭ d igazen gtfekkad umaẓla d utmelli.[17][17][23][25][26]

Myaisafareninemgalen n ivirusen d imellilen deg usuji n tussit ma ttwafken-d zik, ad yili d axatar i tukza (aɛqal) n tignatin deg wakud imizik. Akken i yezmer i tegrawin n tawla d tusut d wazzug n ugerjum neɣ asekfel n yinzaren ad sselhunt seg tseddi ntwessna.Snat n tezrawin sseknen-tt-d d akken s isefrurten idiganen n tussit, isig n unfufed n waṭṭan yettugar 70%.[27][28][29] Ikayaden inamalen zeddiɣ (mazal) lehhun,immasen n usenɣed n waṭṭanen(CDC) di Marikan tetteffer agzul amsetrer i yikayaden inamalen n isnuda s unect n CDC, ikayaden ntwessnataruradt tla (tesɛa) tanefrayt 50-75% d tulmist 90-95% mi ara ad yettwaserwes s yidles anvirus.[27][30][31]. Deg kra n tikwal, Tussit tezmer ad teglu s waṭṭan anamsad am wazzug n turin anvirus. Akken illan isekna ibanen am wemray n usgunef.

Avirus n tussit

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Tilmas n ivirusen n tussit

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Taɣessa (tamsukt) n uvirus n tussit tesskanay-d Hemagglutinin (HA) d ipṛutinen n Neuraminidase (NA) deg tiggi n tzelɣiwin. Yettwafser uzeffar aṛibuɣsan anvirus id yessiliɣen ajinum am tkurin tizeggaɣin s agensu (daxel) n tzelɣiwin yettiwṭen ar (RNP).

Avirus n tussit s unect nusesmel n ivirusenyettwameggez davirus n ARNyettmag-d seg 5 ntewsitinn twacult nivirusen inezɣiwen uzmiren.[32]

Ivirusen-a teqqnen kan ar ivirusen ntussit n yilfantalsant, igan d ivirusen n uzeffar aṛibuɣsan yeṭṭafaren tawacult nMaramixerosyettumeggezen d asrag (ssebba) imezdi iwazzugnunagraw amesgunefar warrac meẓẓiyen am waṭṭan ntaɣiṭṭ,akken i yezmer ad yeglu s waṭṭan yettemcabin i tussit ar imeqqranen.[33][34]

Tettwasumer-d twacult tis 4 n ivirusen n tussit igan d (Avirus n tussit D).[35][36][37][38][39][40][41],Talmest-a tamaynut iga d tussit n tsita yettwasinfen (yettwaɛezlen) i tikkelt tamezwarut deg useggas n 2012

Avirus n tussit A

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Igṭaṭ n waman gan d imsnugaten igamanen i tegrawt meqqren n tussit A, Tikwal ivirusen-a ttenṭaṭen i telmas n iɣersiwen n iden, sin akin yessisrig-d s unfufed d usefruret id igellun s twaɣit iyiwuzaṭimegrudenid t-yessenṭaṭen s iman-is ar wemdan i wakken ad telfu (ad teḍru)tẓidmeltn tussit gar n imdanen. Dɣa ivirusen A i yemrayen (i weɛṛen) yakk gar n 3 n ivirusen n tussit acku ttaken-d Aṭṭanen inamsaden. Yezmer ad yili beṭṭu n ivirusen n tussit A ar waɣanen d inawen yemgaraden s usizder ɣer tririt ntfekkamgalini yivirusen-a, inawen inmegzayen i yessentamen ar wemdan gant d:[42][43]

Avirus n tussit B

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Ismawen n uvirus n tussit (i wvirus ntussit n Fujian)

Avirus n tussit B yettaɣ imdanen kan (maca yezmer daɣen ad yaɣ snat ntelmasn iɣersiwen:isiferdunessas), Dɣa tussit B ur telli ara s tuget am tussit A, Talmest-a n tussit yesniffil s yisig n 2 ar 3 n tikkal s ddaw n telmest A, s usrag n tdrwsi ayyi n tuggta tasemgalt tettili-d tseddart nwaffalmgal n tussit B deg temẓi, ɣas akken tussit B tesdeṛmis ɣer tfesna anda ur yettili ara waffal amaɣlal mgal-is, isig-a anamum (uḍɛif) i wessnifel asemgal yakk d tegrawt n umesnubget (asekref n tuddit n telmas s usemgal) s wakka ad yettwasegger (ad yettwaḍman) ur ttilin arairwasenn tussit B.[42][45][46][47][48][49]

Avirus n tussit C

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Tussit C tettaɣ imdanen dyiqjandyilfan.Aṭṭanen inamsaden gellun-d stzitmuratidiganin. Maca talmest-a d tin ur nelli ara s tuget yakk yerna tettaɣ kan arrac meẓẓiyen s tefses.[50][51][52][53]

Tuddit d unfufed n uvirus

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Mi ara adyenzi(yeɛḍes) neɣyusuwemdan yudnen s tussit, ugar n wezgen n umelyun n tfekkiwin n ivirusen nettgen ar wezwu. Anṭaṭ n uvirus ɣer yimdanen irennu s waṭas deg wezgen n wass ar yiwen n was seld nyigem(akud deg acu yettili deg-s wemdan yessenṭaṭ-it i wayeṭ) ma d isig n wenṭaṭ yeflalin (ɛlayen) i wemdan niden deg taggara n wass wis sin akken i yettaṭṭaf azal n 5 wussan maca yezmer ad yeṭṭef alammi d 9 n wussan.

Tasensakrart

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Isniflenisemhayen

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Ideggan yettufesren i tussit tasemhayt: wamber ar yebrir (azegzaw), wamber ar yebrir (azeggaɣ), s teɣzi n useggas (awṛaɣ).

Tussit tettawaṭ ar waggi-ynes degtegrest,llant snat n tsemhuyin n tessut yal aseggas acku tagrest tettas-d deg sin n wakuden yemgaraden gar n wezgen agafan ntegnitd wezgen anaẓul, ɣef waya tuddsa tamadlant n tdawsa tettaked isemtar (ttewṣiyat) i snat n tsuddsin yemgaraden n wecraṭ yal aseggas (yiwet deg wezgen agafan tis snat deg wezgen anaẓul).[54]

amezruy n tussit

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Tigmayin (inadiyen)

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Ẓeṛ daɣen

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Imniren

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  1. ↑1,01,11,21,31,41,5et1,6"Influenza (Seasonal) Fact sheet N°211".who.int.March 2014. Yettwaẓra deg wezmez n 25 Wamber 2014.Archived2018-04-21 at theWayback Machine
  2. ↑2,02,12,2et2,3"Key Facts about Influenza (Flu) & Flu Vaccine".cdc.gov.9 September 2014. Yettwaẓra deg uzmez n 26 Wamber 2014.Archived2019-04-28 at theWayback Machine
  3. ↑3,03,13,2et3,3Longo، Dan L. (2012). "187: Influenza".Harrison's principles of internal medicine.(taẓrigt 18th). New York: McGraw-Hill.ISBN9780071748896.
  4. ↑4,0et4,1Brankston G، Gitterman L، Hirji Z، Lemieux C، Gardam M (April 2007). "Transmission of influenza A in human beings".Lancet Infect Dis.7 (4): 257–65.PMID17376383.doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(07)70029-4.Archived2019-05-02 at theWayback Machine
  5. ↑Michiels، B؛ Van Puyenbroeck, K؛ Verhoeven, V؛ Vermeire, E؛ Coenen, S (2013)."The value of neuraminidase inhibitors for the prevention and treatment of seasonal influenza: a systematic review of systematic reviews.".PLoS ONE.8 (4): e60348.PMC3614893Freely accessible.PMID23565231.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0060348.Archived2019-05-02 at theWayback Machine
  6. ↑Jefferson T، Del Mar CB، Dooley L، d wid iden. (2011). "Physical interventions to interrupt or reduce the spread of respiratory viruses".Cochrane Database Syst Rev(7): CD006207.PMID21735402.doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006207.pub4.Archived2019-05-02 at theWayback Machine
  7. ↑Empty citation (help)
  8. ↑Smith NM, Bresee JS, Shay DK, Uyeki TM, Cox NJ, Strikas RA.PMID16874296.Unknown parameter|azmez=ignored (help);Unknown parameter|akala n ufaylu=ignored (help);Unknown parameter|azmez n ufaylu=ignored (help);Unknown parameter|akala=ignored (help);Unknown parameter|azwel=ignored (help);Unknown parameter|amaddad=ignored (help);Unknown parameter|tasniwin=ignored (help);Unknown parameter|amdan=ignored (help);Unknown parameter|aɣmis=ignored (help);Cite journal requires|journal=(help);Missing or empty|title=(help)
  9. ↑.doi:10.1002/14651858.CD000364.pub4.PMID23450529.Unknown parameter|amaddad=ignored (help);Unknown parameter|azmez=ignored (help);Unknown parameter|aneggar=ignored (help);Unknown parameter|amezwar=ignored (help);Unknown parameter|azwel=ignored (help);Unknown parameter|amaskar2=ignored (help);Unknown parameter|tasniwin=ignored (help);Unknown parameter|aɣmis=ignored (help);Cite journal requires|journal=(help);Missing or empty|title=(help)
  10. ↑Jefferson T, Rivetti A, Di Pietrantonj C, Demicheli V, Ferroni E.doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004879.pub4.PMID22895945.Unknown parameter|amaddad=ignored (help);Unknown parameter|azwel=ignored (help);Unknown parameter|aseggas=ignored (help);Unknown parameter|tasniwin=ignored (help);Unknown parameter|aɣmis=ignored (help);Cite has empty unknown parameter:|amdan=(help);Cite journal requires|journal=(help);Missing or empty|title=(help)
  11. ↑.doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001269.pub5.PMID24623315.Unknown parameter|aneggar6=ignored (help);Unknown parameter|amezwar5=ignored (help);Unknown parameter|amezwar2=ignored (help);Unknown parameter|azwel=ignored (help);Unknown parameter|aneggar3=ignored (help);Unknown parameter|aneggar2=ignored (help);Unknown parameter|aɣmis=ignored (help);Unknown parameter|amaddad=ignored (help);Unknown parameter|azmez=ignored (help);Unknown parameter|aneggar4=ignored (help);Unknown parameter|aneggar5=ignored (help);Unknown parameter|tasniwin=ignored (help);Unknown parameter|aneggar1=ignored (help);Unknown parameter|amezwar1=ignored (help);Unknown parameter|amezwar4=ignored (help);Unknown parameter|amezwar3=ignored (help);Cite journal requires|journal=(help);Missing or empty|title=(help)
  12. ↑.doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005187.pub4.PMID23881655.Unknown parameter|amaddad=ignored (help);Unknown parameter|amaskar3=ignored (help);Unknown parameter|azmez=ignored (help);Unknown parameter|aneggar=ignored (help);Unknown parameter|azwel=ignored (help);Unknown parameter|tasniwin=ignored (help);Unknown parameter|amaskar2=ignored (help);Unknown parameter|الأول=ignored (help);Unknown parameter|aɣmis=ignored (help);Cite journal requires|journal=(help);Missing or empty|title=(help)
  13. ↑"Ten things you need to know about pandemic influenza".World Health Organization. 14 October 2005. Yettwaɣbeṛ segaẓaṛفي 8 October 2009. Yettwaẓra deg 26 ctember 2009.Archived2011-09-02 at theWayback Machine
  14. ↑World Health Organization. World now at the start of 2009 influenza pandemic.http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/statements/2009/h1n1_pandemic_phase6_20090611/en/index.html
  15. ↑Palmer، S. R. (2011).Oxford textbook of zoonoses: biology, clinical practice, and public health control(taẓrigt 2.). Oxford u.a.: Oxford Univ. Press. Tasna 332.ISBN9780198570028.Archived2016-12-03 at theWayback Machine
  16. ↑Centers for Disease Control and Prevention > Influenza SymptomsPage last updated 16 November 2007. Retrieved 28 April 2009.Archived2016-12-18 at theWayback Machine
  17. ↑17,017,1et17,2Call S، Vollenweider M، Hornung C، Simel D، McKinney W (2005). "Does this patient have influenza?".JAMA.293 (8): 987–97.PMID15728170.doi:10.1001/jama.293.8.987.Archived2019-05-02 at theWayback Machine
  18. ↑Time Lines of Infection and Disease in Human Influenza: A Review of Volunteer Challenge Studies,American Journal of Epidemiology,Carrat, Vergu, Ferguson, et al.,167(7): 775–785, 2008. "... In almost all studies, participants were individually confined for 1 week..." See especiallyFigure 5which shows that virus shedding tends to peak on day 2 whereas symptoms tend to peak on day 3.Archived2015-10-18 at theWayback Machine
  19. ↑Suzuki E، Ichihara K، Johnson AM (January 2007). "Natural course of fever during influenza virus infection in children".Clin Pediatr (Phila).46 (1): 76–9.PMID17164515.doi:10.1177/0009922806289588.Archived2019-05-02 at theWayback Machine
  20. ↑"Influenza: Viral Infections: Merck Manual Home Edition".Merck. Yettwaẓra deg wezmez n 15 meɣres 2008.Archived2010-11-05 at theWayback Machine
  21. ↑Silva ME، Cherry JD، Wilton RJ، Ghafouri NM، Bruckner DA، Miller MJ (August 1999). "Acute fever and petechial rash associated with influenza A virus infection".Clinical Infectious Diseases.29 (2): 453–4.PMID10476766.doi:10.1086/520240.Archived2019-05-02 at theWayback Machine
  22. ↑Kerr AA، McQuillin J، Downham MA، Gardner PS (1975). "Gastric 'flu influenza B causing abdominal symptoms in children".Lancet.1 (7902): 291–5.PMID46444.doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(75)91205-2.Archived2019-05-02 at theWayback Machine
  23. ↑23,0et23,1Richards S (2005). "Flu blues".Nurs Stand.20 (8): 26–7.PMID16295596.Archived2019-05-02 at theWayback Machine
  24. ↑Heikkinen T (July 2006). "Influenza in children".Acta Paediatr.95 (7): 778–84.PMID16801171.doi:10.1080/08035250600612272.Archived2019-05-02 at theWayback Machine
  25. ↑Hui DS (March 2008). "Review of clinical symptoms and spectrum in humans with influenza A/H5N1 infection".Respirology.13 Suppl 1: S10–3.PMID18366521.doi:10.1111/j.1440-1843.2008.01247.x.Archived2019-05-02 at theWayback Machine
  26. ↑Eccles، R (2005). "Understanding the symptoms of the common cold and influenza".Lancet Infect Dis.5 (11): 718–25.PMID16253889.doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(05)70270-X.Archived2019-05-02 at theWayback Machine
  27. ↑27,0et27,1Rothberg M، Bellantonio S، Rose D (2 September 2003)."Management of influenza in adults older than 65 years of age: cost-effectiveness of rapid testing and antiviral therapy"(PDF).Annals of Internal Medicine.139 (5 Pt 1): 321–9.PMID12965940.doi:10.7326/0003-4819-139-5_part_1-200309020-00007.Archived2019-05-02 at theWayback Machine
  28. ↑Smith K، Roberts M (2002). "Cost-effectiveness of newer treatment strategies for influenza".Am J Med.113 (4): 300–7.PMID12361816.doi:10.1016/S0002-9343(02)01222-6.Archived2019-05-02 at theWayback Machine
  29. ↑Monto A، Gravenstein S، Elliott M، Colopy M، Schweinle J (2000)."Clinical signs and symptoms predicting influenza infection"(PDF).Arch Intern Med.160 (21): 3243–7.PMID11088084.doi:10.1001/archinte.160.21.3243.Archived2012-04-02 at theWayback Machine
  30. ↑"Rapid Diagnostic Testing for Influenza: Information for Clinical Laboratory Directors".ammasen i wsenɣed d tesɣil ɣef waṭṭanen.13 October 2015. Yettwaẓra deg wezmez n 02 fuṛaṛ 2016.Archived2019-04-06 at theWayback Machine
  31. ↑Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Lab Diagnosis of Influenza.Retrieved 1 May 2009Archived2017-12-17 at theWayback Machine
  32. ↑Kawaoka Y (editor) (2006).Influenza Virology: Current Topics.Caister Academic Press.ISBN978-1-904455-06-6.Archived2016-10-06 at theWayback Machine
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  54. ↑Empty citation (help)
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