Jump to content

OpenStreetMap

ពីវិគីភីឌា
Translation to khmer arrow icon
អត្ថបទនេះត្រូវការបកប្រែទៅជាភាសាខ្មែរ។

អត្ថបទនេះត្រូវបានសរសេរជាភាសាផ្សេង ដែលមិនមែនជាភាសាខ្មែរ។ បើសិនជាអត្ថបទទុកសម្រាប់អ្នកអានមកពី សហគមន៍នៃភាសាមួយនេះ វាគួរតែចែកចាយទៅវិគីភីឌាជាភាសានោះ។ សូមមើលបញ្ជីនៃគម្រោងវិគីភីឌាទាំងអស់។

សូមមើលច្រកចូលអត្ថបទនេះលើក្រុមទំព័រដែលត្រូវការបំណកប្រែទៅជាភាសាខ្មែរដើម្បីពិភាក្សា ។ ប្រសិនបើ អត្ថបទមិនត្រូវបានសរសេរជាភាសាខ្មែរឡើងវិញទេក្នុងរយៈពេលពីរសប្ដាហ៍ទៀត អត្ថបទនឹងត្រូវចុះបញ្ជីដើម្បីលុបចោលនិង/ឬ ប្ដូរវាទៅកាន់វិគីភីឌាជាភាសាដើមរបស់វាវិញ ។

បើសិនជាលោកអ្នកគ្រាន់តែចង់បិទស្លាកទំព័រនេះត្រូវការបំណកប្រែ សូមបញ្ចូល
{{អាទេស.:ត្រូវការបកប្រែ | ទំ. = OpenStreetMap | ភាសា = មិនស្គាល់ | ផ្ដល់យោបល់ = }} ~~~~
ទៅខាងក្រោម នៃផ្នែក នៃក្រុមទំព័រនេះត្រូវការបំណកប្រែទៅជាភាសាខ្មែរ។
OpenStreetMap
OpenStreetMap នៃCambridge,អង់គ្លេស
ប្រភេទរបស់គេហទំព័រ
Collaborative mapping
ម្ចាស់សហគមន៍័ OpenStreetMap. គាំទ្រគម្រោងដោយOpenStreetMap Foundation.[១]
បង្កើត​ឡើង​ដោយSteve Coast
អាសយដ្ឋាន URLOpenStreetMap.org
ពាណិជ្ជកម្មមិនទេ
ការចុះឈ្មោះRequired for contributors
បើកដំណើរការ1 កក្កដា 2004;20 ឆ្នាំកន្លងទៅ(2004-០៧-01)


OpenStreetMap(OSM) គឺជាគម្រោងសហការរួមគ្នាមួយដើម្បីបង្កើតឲ្យបានជាផែនទីពិភពលោកសេរីឥតគិតថ្លៃមួយ ដែលអាចកែសម្រួលបានដោយសហគមន៍អ្នកប្រើប្រាស់ ។ កំលាំងជំរុញចំបងធំៗដែលស្ថិតនៅពីក្រោយការបង្កើតនិងកំណើតប្រជាប្រិយភាពនៃ OSM មាន២ចំនុច៖ ១) ការដាក់កំហិតឬលក្ខខណ្ឌលើការប្រើប្រាស់ ឬស្ថានភាពមិនអាចរកបាននូវព័ត៌មានផែនទីនៃបណ្ដាតំបន់នានាពាសពេញពិភពលោក និង ២) ការចូលមកនៃឧបករណ៍satellite navigationចល័តដែលមានតំលៃសមរម្យ។[៣]

ផែនទីត្រូវបានបង្កើតឡើយដោយប្រើប្រាស់និន្នន័យពីឧបករណ៍ GPS ចល័ត,aerial photography,និងពីប្រភពសេរីឥតគិតថ្លៃនានា ឬពីចំណេះដឹង-ការដឹងលឺពីអ្នកមូលដ្ឋាន។ ទាំងរូបភាពផែនទី (rendered images) និងសំនុំទិន្នន័យវិុចទ័រ (vector dataset) គឺអាចទាញយកបាន ក្រោមអជ្ញាបណ្ណOpen Database License.[៤]

The OpenStreetMap approach to mapping was inspired by sites such asWikipedia;[៥]the map display features a prominent "Edit" link and a full revision history is maintained. Registered users can upload GPS track logs and edit the vector data using freeGISediting tools likeJOSM.[៦]Various mobile applications also allow contribution ofGPXtracks to the OSM project.

ប្រវត្តិ

[កែប្រែ]
Steve Coast(2009)
OpenStreetMap usage stats. Dark is better and popular. (February 2011)

OpenStreetMap (OSM) ត្រូវបានបង្កើតឡើង នៅខែកក្កដា ២០០៤ ដោយលោកSteve Coast។ នៅខែមេសា ២០០៦ មូលនិធិកOpenStreetMap Foundation(OSMF) ក៏ត្រូវបានបង្កើតឡើងដើម្បីជួយជំរុញនិងលើកទឹកចិត្តដល់ការរីកចំរើន អភិវឌ្ឍន៍ ក៏ដូចជាការចែកចាយនូវទិន្នន័យgeospatialសេរីឥតគិតថ្លៃ និងផ្ដល់ជូននូវទិន្នន័យទាំងនេះដល់អ្នកដែលចំណាប់អារម្មណ៍ដើម្បីប្រើប្រាស់ និងចែករំលែកបន្ត។ នៅខែធ្នូ ២០០៦ ក្រុមហ៊ុនYahooបានបញ្ជាក់ប្រាប់ឲ្យដឹងថា ខ្លួនបានអនុញ្ញាតឲ្យ OSM អាចប្រើប្រាស់aerial photographyរបស់ខ្លួន ជាផ្ទាំងផ្ទៃខាងក្រោយសម្រាប់ការបង្កើត-គូរផែនទីបាន។[៧]

នៅខែមេសា ២០០៧Automotive Navigation Data(AND) បានបរិច្ចាគនូវសំនុំទិន្នន័យផ្លូវថ្នល់ទាំងស្រុងសម្រាប់ប្រទេសNetherlandsនិងទិន្នន័យផ្លូវtrunk roadសម្រាប់IndiaនិងChinaទៅកាន់គម្រោង OSM[៨]and by July 2007, when the first OSM internationalThe State of the Mapconference was held, there were 9,000 registered users. Sponsors of the event includedGoogle,YahooandMultimap.In October 2007, OpenStreetMap completed the import of aUS CensusTIGERroad dataset.[៩]In December 2007,Oxford Universitybecame the first major organisation to use OpenStreetMap data on their main website.[១០]

In January 2008, functionality was made available to download map data into a GPS unit for use by cyclists.[១១]In February 2008, a series of workshops were held in India.[១២]In March, two founders announced that they have received venture capital funding of 2.4M euros forCloudMade,a commercial company that will use OpenStreetMap data.[១៣]

អ្នកប្រើប្រាស់

[កែប្រែ]

ក្នុងរយៈពេលមួយដ៏ខ្លី មានអ្នកប្រើប្រាស់ដែលបានចុះឈ្មោះចូលរួមប្រមាណ ៥០ ០០០នាក់ បន្ទាប់ពីសន្និសិទThe State of the Mapត្រូវបានប្រារព្ធធ្វើឡើងនៅខែសីហា ឆ្នាំ២០០៨ ហើយក្រោយមកមានចំនួនអ្នកចុះឈ្មោះ ១០០ ០០០នាក់ នៅដើមឆ្នាំ២០០៩ និង ចំនួនប្រមាណជិត ២០០ ០០០នាក់នៅចុងឆ្នាំ ២០០៩។ លុះនៅខែមេសា ឆ្នាំ២០១២ OpenStreetMap បានធ្វើការលុបអ្នកដែលបានចុះឈ្មោះចំនួន ៦០០ ០០០នាក់វិញ។[១៤]

ជាការពិត ក្នុងចំនោមអ្នកដែលបានចុះឈ្មោះដើម្បីចែករំលែកទិន្នន័យផែនទីទាំងអស់ មានចំនួនតិចតូចតែប៉ុណ្ណោះដែលបានធ្វើការផ្តល់នូវទិន្នន័យបានច្រើន។ នៅខែមិនាឆ្នាំ២០០៨ ចំនួនអ្នកប្រើប្រាស់ដែលបានចុះឈ្មោះ មានប្រមាណ ១០​​ភាគរយ បានចែករំលែកនូវទិន្នន័យផែនទី ជារៀងរាល់ខែ[១៥]និង នៅឆ្នាំ២០១១ ភាគរយបានថយចុះនៅសល់តែប្រមាណ ៣ភាគរយតែប៉ុណ្ណោះ[១៤]។

ការផលិត-បង្កើតផែនទី

[កែប្រែ]
Recording a GPS trace.

Technique

[កែប្រែ]

The initial map data were collected from scratch by volunteers performing systematic ground surveys using a handheldGPSunit and a notebook, digital camera, or a voice recorder. These data were then entered into the OpenStreetMap database.

More recently, the availability ofaerial photographyand other data sources from commercial and government sources has greatly increased the speed of this work and has allowed land-use data to be collected more accurately.

When large datasets are available, a technical team manages the conversion and import of the data.

Structured ground surveys

[កែប្រែ]
Raw GPS data (tracklogs) forHedge End.
Varying accuracy of GPS tracks from differentGPS receivers
Surveying during a family excursion can inspire and lead to changed routes

Ground surveys are performed by a mapper,on foot,bicycleor in acarorboat.Map data are usually collected using a GPS unit, although this is not strictly necessary if an area has already been traced from satellite imagery.

Once the data has been collected, it is entered into the database by uploading it on the project's website. At that point in time, no information about the kind of uploaded track is available — it could be e.g. a motorway, a footpath or a river. Thus, in a second step, editing takes place using one of several purpose-built map editors. This is usually done by the same mapper, sometimes by other users registered at OpenStreetMap.

As collecting and uploading data is separated from editing objects, contribution to the project is possible also without using a GPS unit. In particular, placing and editing objects such as schools, hospitals, taxi ranks, bus stops, pubs etc. is done based on editors' local knowledge.

Some committed contributors are systematically mapping whole towns and cities over a period of time, or organising mapping parties to intensively map a particular area over an evening or a weekend.

In addition to structured surveys, a large number of smaller edits are made by contributors to correct errors or add features.

ប្រភពទិន្នន័យពីរដ្ឋាភិបាល

[កែប្រែ]

Some government agencies have released official data on appropriate licenses. Much of this data has come from theUnited States,where the federal government does not copyright such data. SeeCopyright status of work by the U.S. governmentfor more details.

Various authorities have also made more local detailed aerial photography available on suitable licenses throughOpenAerialMap.

Out-of-copyrightmaps can be good source of information about features that do not change frequently. Copyright periods vary, but in the UK,Crown copyrightexpires after 50 years and hence Ordnance Survey maps until the 1960s can legally be used. A complete set of UK 1 inch/mile maps from the late 1940s and early 1950s has been collected, scanned, and is available online as a resource for contributors.

ប្រភពទិន្នន័យពីឯកជន

[កែប្រែ]

Some commercial companies have donated data to the project on suitable licenses. Notably,Automotive Navigation Dataprovided a complete road data set for Netherlands and details of trunk roads in China and India.

In December 2006,Yahoo!confirmed that OpenStreetMap was able to make use of their vertical aerial imagery and this photography was available within the editing software as an overlay. Contributors could create their vector based maps as a derived work, released with afreeandopenlicense,[៧]until the shutdown of the Yahoo! Maps API on September 13, 2011.[១៦]

In November 2010,Microsoftannounced that the OpenStreetMap community could use Bing vertical aerial imagery as a backdrop in its editors.[១៧]

NearMap Pty Ltdhave, since launch in November 2009, made their high-resolution PhotoMaps (currently of major Australian cities, plus some rural Australian areas) available for deriving OpenStreetMap data under a CC-BY-SA licence.[១៨]

ការចេញអជ្ញាបណ្ណ

[កែប្រែ]
Homepage of OpenStreetMap.org

The OpenStreetMap database

[កែប្រែ]

OpenStreetMap data is published under an open content license, with the intention of promoting free use and re-distribution of the data (both commercial and non-commercial). The license currently used is theOpen Database License.[៤]

As part of this relicensing process, some of the map data will have to be deleted. This includes all data contributed by members who have not agreed to the new licensing terms, as well as all subsequent edits to those affected objects. It also includes any data contributed based on input data that are not compatible with the new terms. Current estimates suggest that over 97% of data will be retained globally, however certain regions will be affected more than others, such as in Australia where 24 to 84% of objects will be retained (depending on the type of object).[១៩]

ទិន្នន័យបញ្ចូល

[កែប្រែ]

All data added to the project need to have a license compatible with the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike license. This can include out-of-copyright information, public domain or other licenses. All contributors must register with the project and agree to provide data on a Creative Commons BY-SA 2.0 licence, or determine that the licensing of the source data is suitable. This may involve examining licences for government data to establish whether they are compatible.

This change in the licensing means that data added in future must be compatible with both the Open Database License and the new Contributor Terms in order to be accepted.

កម្មវិធី Software

[កែប្រែ]

Softwareused in the production and presentation of OpenStreetMap data is available from many different projects and each may have their own licencing. The application — what users access to edit maps and view changelogs, is powered byRuby on Rails.The application also usesPostgreSQLfor storage of user data and edit metadata.

The default map is rendered byMapnik,stored inPostGIS,and powered by anApachemodule calledmod_tile.

Certain parts of the software, such as the Flash-based map editorPotlatch2,have been made available aspublic domain.[២០]

Derivations of OpenStreetMap Data

[កែប្រែ]
OpenSeaMap.org

OpenStreetMap is used as a data source for numerous other sites, that choose specific features of the data to highlight or remove, and provide features like higher performance and different aesthetics.

Map Theme Area
OpenStreetMap general, cyclists, public transport, mapquest Worldwide
OpenStreetBrowser overlays, search, navigation, Wikipedia, public transport Worldwide
Information Freeway general, almost realtime Worldwide
OSM WMS Servers general, Web Map Services Worldwide
4UmapsArchived16 October 2012[Date mismatch]at theវេយប៊ែខ ម៉ាស៊ីន. European topographic map for outdoor activities. Download offline maps Europe
OpenSeaMap nautical chart Worldwide, multilingual:
seas, oceans, waterways, weather charts, harbours, Wikipedia
flosm POI mapArchived8 July 2012[Date mismatch]at theវេយប៊ែខ ម៉ាស៊ីន. over 240 selectable categories, analysing points and areas for the display of POI, updated weekly worldwide, multilingual (English, German)
flosm Power GridArchived4 March 2016[Date mismatch]at theវេយប៊ែខ ម៉ាស៊ីន. selectable power lines, generators and infrastructure, updated weekly worldwide, multilingual (English, German)
flosm Public TransportArchived8 June 2012[Date mismatch]at theវេយប៊ែខ ម៉ាស៊ីន. public transport, updated weekly worldwide, multilingual (English, German)
FreeMap walkers parts of the UK
Reit- und Wanderkarte walkers and riders Austria, Germany, Switzerland
TopOSM walkers and riders United States
OpenCycleMap cyclists Worldwide
OpenMTBMap cyclists (esp. mountainbikes) Worldwide
openWandelKaart.nl walkers BeNeLux
YourNavigationArchived14 July 2011[Date mismatch]at theវេយប៊ែខ ម៉ាស៊ីន. routing Worldwide
OpenRouteService routing Europe
OpenOrienteeringMap orienteering style Worldwide
OpenPisteMapArchived25 May 2017[Date mismatch]at theវេយប៊ែខ ម៉ាស៊ីន. skiing some European and USA resorts[២១]
Bing OSM "Map App" general Worldwide
CloudMade general, mobile and various other custom styles Worldwide
OpenAviationMapArchived28 September 2012[Date mismatch]at theវេយប៊ែខ ម៉ាស៊ីន. Airspace indexing and classification Wordwide
MapQuest Open (beta) general, routing Worldwide
NearMap up-to-date photomaps populated areas of Australia
OSMTransportArchived31 May 2011[Date mismatch]at theវេយប៊ែខ ម៉ាស៊ីន. public transport Worldwide
ÖPNV-Karte, or OpenBusMap public transport Worldwide
OSM MapperArchived13 July 2011[Date mismatch]at theវេយប៊ែខ ម៉ាស៊ីន. Debugging maps by Ito World Ltd
OpenLinkMap Map showing additional information, e.g. websites, Wikipedia, contact,...
Busroutes.inArchived28 January 2012[Date mismatch]at theវេយប៊ែខ ម៉ាស៊ីន. public transport bus routes India (Chennai) [Bangalore and Delhi under development stage]
openMarkers Rating OSM places by price Worldwide
Punebusguide.orgArchived18 August 2012[Date mismatch]at theវេយប៊ែខ ម៉ាស៊ីន. public transport bus routes India(Pune).Features trip planner.

Off-line raster maps

[កែប្រែ]

Handheld GPS receivers

[កែប្រែ]
  • Garmin:There are several programs available that can convert OpenStreetMap data into Garmin compatible maps[២២]
  • Bryton Ryder 50will be the first cycling computer and SatNav device to come with OpenStreetMap data factory-loaded[២៣]

ទូរស័ព្ទដៃ

[កែប្រែ]

A wide variety of programs exist by now that use OpenStreetMap data to display maps on mobile phones,[២៤]supporting a large number of different devices. Amongst supported devices are nearly all phones that can runJava ME,making OpenStreetMap available to the majority of current phones, as well as platforms likeMaemo,Android,[២៥]theiPhone,[២៦]Windows Mobile,[២៧]Blackberry,orOpenmoko.[២៨]The various programs distinguish themselves according to key features like if they use raster maps or vector maps, need an Internet connection or can be used offline, support alternate render layers such as cycle paths,[២៩]support address search or advanced features like routing, thus catering for a large number of different needs for viewing maps. With the inclusion of OpenStreetMap support in several programming libraries for mobile phones,[៣០][៣១]it is also possible to include OSM maps in otherlocation-based service.

Flickr

[កែប្រែ]

Yahoo has started using OpenStreetMap data within itsFlickrservice for various cities around the world, includingBaghdad,Beijing,Kabul,Santiago,SydneyandTokyo.[៣២][៣៣][៣៤]

Foursquare

[កែប្រែ]

On 29 February 2012,Foursquarestarted using OpenStreetMap maps.[៣៥]

Apple

[កែប្រែ]

With the launch ofiPhoto for iOSon 7 មីនា 2012(2012-03-07)Apple Inc.started using OpenStreetMap data for photos with geolocation tags embedded. iPhoto for iOS 1.0.0 initially lacked OSM attribution. Later an updated version, 1.0.1, was released which contains the required OSM attribution.[៣៦]

Blog/CMS Integration

[កែប្រែ]

TheWordPressOpenStreetMap plug-in[៣៧]inserts maps and adds geo meta tags to posts / pages of WordPressblogs.

Drupalhas multiple OpenStreetMap plug-in modules[៣៨]to integrate database content with OpenStreetMaps.

Joomlaalso has a variety of OpenStreetMap related modules[៣៩]and plug-ins.[៤០]

ទិន្នន័យផែនទី

[កែប្រែ]

Map data is available for download in a variety of formats and for different geographical areas:

OSM provides information that other map sites don't provide:

Monopoly City Streets

[កែប្រែ]

In 2009,Hasbro,the games company behind the property trading board gameMonopoly,launchedMonopoly City Streets,amassively multiplayer online gamewhich allowed players to "buy" streets all over the world. Although the game used map tiles fromGoogle Mapsand the Google Maps API to display the game board, the underlying vector street data was obtained from OpenStreetMap.[៤៤]The online game was meant to be a limited time offering, closing at the end of January 2010.[៤៥]

Haiti earthquake

[កែប្រែ]

During the2010 Haiti earthquake,OpenStreetMap and Crisis Commons volunteers used available satellite imagery[៤៦]to map the roads, buildings and refugee camps of Port-au-Prince in just two days, building "the most complete digital map of Haiti's roads".[៤៧]

The resulting data and maps have been used by several organisations providing relief aid, such as theWorld Bank,[៤៨]the European Commission Joint Research Centre,[៤៩]theOffice for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs,[៥០]UNOSAT[៥០]and others.[៥១]

Software

[កែប្រែ]
អត្ថបទដើម:openstreetmap:Using OpenStreetMap
This article's use ofexternal linksmay not follow Wikipedia'spoliciesorguidelines.Pleaseimprove this articleby removing excessive and inappropriate external links.(January 2010)

Map rendering and presentation

[កែប្រែ]
OpenStreetMap ofSoho,centralLondon(Mapnik layer)
JOSM- Java-based map editor
  • Desktop
    • Maperitive— Windows and Linux application for rendering maps, it is a successor toKosmos.
    • Prune— Open source Java application for viewing and editing data recorded by GPS. Uses OSM for the map layers.
    • Marble— Free and open source desktop-globe, which supports OpenStreetMap data.
    • NavitFree, modular, touch screen friendly, navigation system with GPS tracking, which can use and render OpenStreetMap data.
    • Quantum GIS— Open source desktop GIS which includes OSM plugin
    • GPSBabel— converts tracklogs from one format to another.
Merkaartor- Multi-platform Qt-based map editor

Routing (directions, navigation)

[កែប្រែ]

There are lists ofonlineandofflinerouters available on the OSM wiki. Following routing software supports OpenStreetMaps:

ទម្រង់នៃទិន្នន័យ

[កែប្រែ]

Core elements

[កែប្រែ]

OpenStreetMap uses atopologicaldata structure,with four core elements (also known asdata primitives):

  • Nodesare points with a geographic position. Positions are stored as coordinates (pairs of alatitudeand alongitude) according toWGS 84.[៥២]
  • Waysare ordered lists ofnodes,representing apolyline,or possibly apolygonif the last node is equal to the first.
  • Relationsare groups ofnodes,waysand otherrelationswhich can be assigned certain properties.
  • Tagscan be applied tonodes,waysorrelationsand consist ofname=valuepairs.

Up to version 0.4 of the protocol, an intermediate element between nodes and ways (segments,line segments which two node produced) was also used.

Usage of elements

[កែប្រែ]
  • Nodesrepresent map features without a size, such aspoints of interest,mountain peaks, or centers of a settlement.
  • Ways(despite their name) are used both for representing linear features (such as streets and rivers), and for areas (such as forests, parks, parking areas or lakes). Sometimes an ambiguity between a line and an area is resolved by adding anareatag to an object (such as to indicate that a circular walking path object represents a walking area rather than a walking loop). Since a way can only define an area as a polygon, it cannot describe an area with a hole (such as a forest with a clearing). This is accomplished with relations.
  • Relationsare used for representing the relationship of existing nodes and ways. Examples include turn restrictions on roads, routes that span several existing ways, and areas with holes.
  • Tagsare used to storemetadataabout the map objects (such as their type, their name and their physical properties). A recommendedontologyof map features (the meaning oftags) ismaintained on a wiki.

មើលផដដែរ

[កែប្រែ]
Portal iconតោរណៈAtlas

ឯកសារយោង

[កែប្រែ]
  1. ↑"FAQ".OpenStreetMap Wiki.Retrieved 15 ខែមេសា 2011.
  2. ↑"Openstreetmap.org Site Info".Alexa Internet.Archived fromthe originalon 4 ខែកញ្ញា 2011.Retrieved 2 ខែកក្កដា 2012.{{cite web}}:More than one of|archivedate=and|archive-date=specified (help);More than one of|archiveurl=and|archive-url=specified (help)
  3. ↑Anderson, Mark (18 October 2006)."Global Positioning Tech Inspires Do-It-Yourself Mapping Project".National Geographic News.http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/10/061018-street-maps.html។ បានយកមក 25 February 2012.
  4. ↑៤,០៤,១RWeait (12 ខែកញ្ញា 2012)."OpenStreetMap data license is ODbL v1.0".OSM Foundation.Retrieved 5 ខែវិច្ឆិកា 2012.
  5. ↑Frederick Ramm,Jochen Topf, Steve Chilton (2011).OpenStreetMap: Using and Enhancing the Free Map of the World.UIT Cambridge.
  6. ↑"Ja, ich würde OpenStreetMap mit Wikipedia vergleichen"(ជាGerman).Der Standard.13 July 2009.http://derstandard.at/1246542045463/Ja-ich-wuerde-OpenStreetMap-mit-Wikipedia-vergleichen។ បានយកមក 25 October 2010.
  7. ↑៧,០៧,១Coast, Steve (4 ខែធ្នូ 2006)."Yahoo! aerial imagery in OSM".OpenGeoData.Archived fromthe originalon 20 ខែកុម្ភៈ 2011.Retrieved 15 ខែមេសា 2011.
  8. ↑Coast, Steve (4 ខែកក្កដា 2007)."AND donate entire Netherlands to OpenStreetMap".OpenGeoData.Archived fromthe originalon 23 ខែសីហា 2011.Retrieved 15 ខែមេសា 2011.
  9. ↑Willis, Nathan (11 ខែតុលា 2007)."OpenStreetMap project imports US government maps".Linux.com.Archived fromthe originalon 11 ខែធ្នូ 2010.Retrieved 16 ខែមេសា 2011.{{cite web}}:More than one of|archivedate=and|archive-date=specified (help);More than one of|archiveurl=and|archive-url=specified (help)
  10. ↑Batty, Peter (3 ខែធ្នូ 2007)."Oxford University using OpenStreetMap data".Geothought.Retrieved 16 ខែមេសា 2011.
  11. ↑Fairhurst, Richard (13 ខែមករា 2008)."Cycle map on your GPS".Système D.Retrieved 16 ខែមេសា 2011.
  12. ↑"WikiProject India".OpenStreetMap Wiki.Retrieved 15 ខែមេសា 2011.
  13. ↑"We're funded!".CloudMade.17 ខែមីនា 2008. Archived fromthe originalon 1 ខែមីនា 2012.Retrieved 16 ខែមេសា 2011.{{cite web}}:More than one of|archivedate=and|archive-date=specified (help);More than one of|archiveurl=and|archive-url=specified (help)
  14. ↑១៤,០១៤,១"Stats".OpenStreetMap Wiki.Retrieved 6 ខែធ្នូ 2011.
  15. ↑"We're on a road to everywhere".OpenGeoData.31 ខែកក្កដា 2008. Archived fromthe originalon 27 ខែកក្កដា 2011.Retrieved 15 ខែមេសា 2011.
  16. ↑Mata, Raj (13 June 2011)."Yahoo! Maps APIs Service Closure Announcement – New Maps Offerings Coming Soon!".Yahoo! Developer Network.https://web.archive.org/web/20110623122827/http://developer.yahoo.com/blogs/ydn/posts/2011/06/yahoo-maps-apis-service-closure-announcement-new-maps-offerings-coming-soon/។ បានយកមក 25 February 2012.
  17. ↑Coast, Steve (30 ខែវិច្ឆិកា 2010)."Microsoft Imagery details".OpenGeoData.Retrieved 10 ខែមករា 2011.
  18. ↑"Community licence".NearMap.Archived fromthe originalon 3 ខែមេសា 2011.Retrieved 16 ខែមេសា 2011.
  19. ↑Simon Poole."OSM V1 Objects ODbL acceptance statistics".Archived fromthe originalon 25 ខែឧសភា 2012.Retrieved 21 ខែឧសភា 2012.
  20. ↑"Legal FAQ".OpenStreetMap Wiki.Retrieved 15 ខែមេសា 2011.Several contributors additionally make their code available under different licences
  21. ↑"WikiProject Piste Maps".OpenStreetMap Wiki.Retrieved 15 ខែមេសា 2011.
  22. ↑"OSM Map On Garmin".OpenStreetMap Wiki.Retrieved 15 ខែមេសា 2011.
  23. ↑Jones, Jeff (4 ខែវិច្ឆិកា 2010)."Bryton Rider 50 and Rider 30 GPS units – First look".BikeRadar. Archived fromthe originalon 27 ខែមេសា 2011.Retrieved 16 ខែមេសា 2011.
  24. ↑"Software/Mobile".OpenStreetMap Wiki.Retrieved 15 ខែមេសា 2011.
  25. ↑"Android".OpenStreetMap Wiki.Retrieved 15 ខែមេសា 2011.
  26. ↑"Apple iOS".OpenStreetMap Wiki.Retrieved 15 ខែមេសា 2011.
  27. ↑"Windows Mobile".OpenStreetMap Wiki.Retrieved 15 ខែមេសា 2011.
  28. ↑"Openmoko".OpenStreetMap Wiki.Retrieved 15 ខែមេសា 2011.
  29. ↑"Feature-Comparison".AndNavWiki.Archived fromthe originalon 28 ខែឧសភា 2010.Retrieved 16 ខែមេសា 2011.
  30. ↑"Mobile Map API SDK download".Nutiteq. Archived fromthe originalon 14 ខែកក្កដា 2011.Retrieved 16 ខែមេសា 2011.
  31. ↑"iPhone & iPad SDK".CloudMade.Archived fromthe originalon 25 ខែមេសា 2011.Retrieved 16 ខែមេសា 2011.
  32. ↑"Around the world and back again".blog-flickr.net.Retrieved 7 ខែវិច្ឆិកា 2008.
  33. ↑"More cities".blog-flickr.net.Retrieved 7 ខែវិច្ឆិកា 2008.
  34. ↑Waters, Tim (16 ខែកញ្ញា 2008)."Japanese progress in osm. Amazing stuff!".thinkwhere.Archivedfrom the original on 22 ខែកក្កដា 2011.Retrieved 25 ខែកុម្ភៈ 2012.{{cite web}}:Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help)
  35. ↑(អង់គ្លេស)Blog de Foursquare
  36. ↑http://blog.osmfoundation.org/2012/03/08/welcome-apple/
  37. ↑"WordPress OpenStreetMap plug-in".Retrieved 4 ខែមេសា 2010.
  38. ↑"Drupal OpenStreetMap plug-in modules".Retrieved 11 ខែសីហា 2010.[តំណភ្ជាប់ខូច]
  39. ↑"Joomla OpenStreetMap osmMap Module".Retrieved 11 ខែសីហា 2010.
  40. ↑"Joomla OpenStreetMap WISroGIS plug-in".Retrieved 11 ខែសីហា 2010.
  41. ↑"planet.openstreetmap.org".OpenStreetMap.Retrieved 15 ខែមេសា 2011.
  42. ↑"CloudMade Downloads".CloudMade.Archived fromthe originalon 24 ខែកញ្ញា 2010.Retrieved 15 ខែមេសា 2011.{{cite web}}:More than one of|archivedate=and|archive-date=specified (help);More than one of|archiveurl=and|archive-url=specified (help)
  43. ↑"Download-Bereich".Geofabrik.Retrieved 15 ខែមេសា 2011.
  44. ↑Raphael, JR (8 September 2009)."'Monopoly City Streets' Online Game: Will Buying Park Place Be Any Easier?".PC World.http://www.pcworld.com/article/171610/monopoly_city_streets_online_game_will_buying_park_place_be_any_easier.html។ បានយកមក 15 April 2011.
  45. ↑"Monopoly game launches on Google".BBC Online.9 September 2009.http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/8245700.stm។ បានយកមក 25 February 2012.
  46. ↑Forrest, Brady (1 February 2010)."Technology Saves Lives In Haiti".Forbes.com.http://www.forbes.com/2010/02/01/text-messages-maps-technology-breakthroughs-haiti.html។ បានយកមក 15 April 2011.
  47. ↑"Digital Help for Haiti".The New York Times.27 January 2010.http://gadgetwise.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/01/27/digital-help-for-haiti/។ បានយកមក 15 April 2011.
  48. ↑Turner, Andrew (3 ខែកុម្ភៈ 2010)."World Bank Haiti Situation Room - featuring OSM".
  49. ↑"Haiti Earthquakes: Infrastructure Port-au-Prince 15/01/2010"(PDF).15 ខែមករា 2010.{{cite web}}:|first=missing|last=(help)
  50. ↑៥០,០៥០,១Batty, Peter (14 ខែកុម្ភៈ 2010)."OpenStreetMap in Haiti - video".
  51. ↑"WikiProject Haiti".OpenStreetMap Wiki.Retrieved 5 ខែកុម្ភៈ 2010.
  52. ↑WGS 84OpenStreetMap Wiki
Cite error:<ref>tag with name "ogd-Fairhurst" defined in<references>is not used in prior text.

{{[[

  1. {{}}]]}}

អានបន្ថែម

[កែប្រែ]

តំណភ្ជាប់ខាងក្រៅ

[កែប្រែ]
វិគីមេឌាទូទៅមានមេឌាដែលទាក់ទងទៅនឹង:OpenStreetMap

ទំព័រគំរូ:Earth


បានពី "https://km.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=OpenStreetMap&oldid=308816"