Oliverius Cromwellus
![Oliverius Cromwellus: imago](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Oliver_Cromwell_by_Samuel_Cooper.jpg/150px-Oliver_Cromwell_by_Samuel_Cooper.jpg)
![Oliverius Cromwellus: subscriptio](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Oliver_Cromwell_Signature.svg/150px-Oliver_Cromwell_Signature.svg.png)
Obitus:3 Septembris 1658;Palace of Whitehall
Patria:Anglia,Commonwealth of England,The Protectorate
Familia
Coniunx:Elizabeth Cromwell
Proles:Richardus Cromwell,Bridget Cromwell,Mary Cromwell, Countess Fauconberg,Elizabeth Claypole,Henry Cromwell,Frances Cromwell,Robert Cromwell,Oliver Cromwell
Memoria
Olivarius[1]siveOliverius Cromwellus[2][3][4](25 Aprilis1599–3 Septembris1658), fuitrerum novarum cupidusetDominus Protectorrei publicaeAngliae,Scotiae,Hiberniaequeab anno1653usque ad mortem suum.
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Oliver_Cromwell1599-1658_by_Peter_Lely1.jpg/220px-Oliver_Cromwell1599-1658_by_Peter_Lely1.jpg)
Ex origine fuitlegatusinCamera Communium,in bello civili acto aParlamentocontraCarolum Iregem primo fecit consilia, tum dux factus est aciei Parlamenti. Iussu eius carnificato Carolo I rege temptationes omnes Stuartorum Angliam in rem publicam a rege absoluto rectam mutare sunt finitae, sed etiam Cromwelli temptationes Angliam in liberam mutare civitatem tandem fuerunt sine effectu.
Vita
[recensere|fontem recensere]Olivarius Cromwell, filius nobilis minoris Roberti Cromwelli (ca.1560–1617) etuxoris,Elisabethae Stuartae (1564–1654), natus estHuntingtoniae.Pater prognatus fuit a Catharina Cromwelle, sorore natu maioreThomae Cromwelli,qui regeHenrico VIIIDominusCancellariusEcclesiam AnglicamaRomasolverat. Verisimile, ut significarent annexum clarum, Catharinae infantes sumpserunt nomen eius, quamquam Catharina maritus habebat.
Primitiae Cromwelli in Senatu Anglicano
[recensere|fontem recensere]Cum Cantabrigiae studeret, Oliverius Cromwell primo occurrit cogitationibusPuritanorumfactionis, sed Puritanus confitens tantum factus est1628et1629,cum primo legatus Huntingtoniae in Camera Communium sederet. Undecim annis1629–1640,in quibusCarolus Isine Parlamento conabatur regere, Cromwell Huntingtoniae possessor praedii dives vivebat.
Anno1640,rex Senatum iterum convenire iussit, quod instanter opus ei fuit pecunia pro bello contra Scotiam. Cromwellus statim secutus est regis inimicos pro approbatione pecuniae postulantes libertates politicas.
Bellum civile
[recensere|fontem recensere]Cum rex conatus esset duces inimicorum politicorum suorum in Camera Communium prehendere,bellumcoeptum est civile primum. Cromwellus sua pecunia utens pluresequitesloricatos, e quibus postea facti sunt copiae nomine "Ironsides," copiae equitibus constantes Parlamenti, contra regis copias duxit. Ita magnam Cromwellus conlationem fecit victoriae contra regis copias proelio Marstonis Mooris?(1644) confectae. Cum affectus esset a Parlamento penso collocandi copiarum senatus, Cromwell copias nominatasNew Model Army?fecit, quarum dux Carolum regem proelio apud Naesbeiam acto vicit.
Cromwellus et Senatus quaesiverunt quidiureutente factu sit rege capto, sed Caroli I fuga et foedere eius cum Scoticos bellum civile coeptum est secundum1648rege iterum capto confectum, sed, quod rex etiam tunc in iure suo divino perseveravit et se Parlamento affici potentia minore non voluit, Cromwellus nullam potestatem consentiendi vidit. Decrevit "eius caput et corona in eo desecare." Post iudicium, quo Senatum condemnavit "Carolum Stuartum" causa proditionis magnae regnique tyranni, rexIanuario1649carnificatus est. Die15 Maiieiusdem anni, Anglia rite facta est civitas libera.
Dux imperii Anglici
[recensere|fontem recensere]Cromwellis iram incolarum auxit, etScotiaeetHiberniae,quae—tandem civitates non subiectae—expugnatae copiisAngliae.Caedes Droghedae circa quattuor milia hominum—circa tria milia militum regis et omnes viri armati, cives, captivi, sacerdotesEcclesiae Catholicae—trucidata sunt post oppidi expugnatione. Cromwell censuit iussum suum esse rectum, nam oppidi defensores pugnare non desideraverant, ut mos belli erat, muris oppidi expugnatis. Die3 Septembris1650Oliver Cromwell apudDunbaroppidum exercitumScotorumduceCarolo IIrege Angliae et Scotiae vicit. Carolus II iam die5 Februarii1649rex Scotorum electus erat et - quamquam Cromwell interea Edimburgum expugnaverat, die1 Ianuarii1651rex coronatus est. Die 3 Septembris1651-Oliver Cromwellregem Carolum II apudVigorniamiterum vicit; qui inFranciamfugit.
Tempore pacis post bella civilia Cromwellus Dominus Protector regebat imperium Anglicum. Die 3 Septembris 1654 Parlamentum eum Dominum Protectorem perpetuum eligit. Officium autem regis ei a Parlamento anno1657oblatum non assumpsit. Seditiones in fine belli factas (quod aes militare non datum est) crudelissime oppressit. Anno1653ministros suos dimisit; ratio rei publicae gerendae eius causa fuit belli primi inter Angliam et Bataviam (1652–1654). Per gradus paucos, regnum Cromwelli simile factum est dictaturae militiae.
Tribus annis post mortem Cromwelli (cuius filiusRichardus Cromwellussuccessor mansit sine ulla gloria) die3 Septembris1658SenatumCarolum IIaffecit officio regis.
Anno1661,cadaver Cromwellis effosum et tum "carnificatum" est. Reliquia eius defossa prope oppidum Tyburnum.
Nomen
[recensere|fontem recensere]Cromwell in nummis et sigillis nomen titulosque eius sic scripsit: in Magno Sigillo Angliae, OLIVARIVS DEI GRA[TIA] REIP[VBLICAE] ANGLIÆ SCOTIÆ ET HIBERNIÆ &C PROTECTOR; in nummis, OLIVAR[IVS] D[EI] G[RATIA] R[EI]P[VBLICAE] ANG[LIAE] SCO[TIAE] ET HIB[ERNIAE] &C PRO[TECTOR].
Notae
[recensere|fontem recensere]- ↑Cf. legenda nummorum: "OLIVAR[IVS] D[EI] G[RATIA] R[EI]P[VBLICAE] ANG[LIAE] SCO[TIAE] ET HIB[ERNIAE] &C PRO[TECTOR]"
- ↑Cromwellus se in multis epistolis Oliverium sic nominat; videLiterae Oliverii Protectorisin Robert Fletcher,The Prose Works of John Milton; with an Introducory Review(Londinii: William Ball, 1838), pp. 792–819.
- ↑Payne Fisher,Irenodia Gratulatoria, sive illustrissimi amplissimiq; viri Oliveri Cromwelli(Cantabrigiae: T. Newcomb, 1652).
- ↑"Oliverius Cromvellus":[1]
Bibliographia
[recensere|fontem recensere]- Adamson, John (1990), "Oliver Cromwell and the Long Parliament", in Morrill, John,Oliver Cromwell and the English Revolution,Longman,ISBN0582016754
- Adamson, John (1987), "The English Nobility and the Projected Settlement of 1647",Historical Journal30(3)
- BBC staff (3 Octobris 2014),"The Execution of Charles I",BBC Radio 4—This Sceptred Isle—The Execution of Charles I.,BBC Radio 4
- Carlyle, Thomas, ed. (1845),Oliver Cromwell's letters and speeches, with elucidations(1904 ed.)
- Churchill, Winston (1956),A History of English Speaking Peoples:,Dodd, Mead & Company, p. 314
- Coward, Barry (2003),The Stuart Age: England, 1603–1714,Longman,ISBN0582772516
- Durston, Christopher (1998),"The Fall of Cromwell's Major-Generals (CXIII (450))",English Historical Review,pp. 18–37
- Fraser, Antonia.1985.Cromwell: Our Chief of Men.Londinii: Methuen.ISBN 0413573907.
- Gardiner, Samuel Rawson (1886),History of the Great Civil War, 1642–1649,Longmans, Green, and Company
- Gardiner, Samuel Rawson (1901),Oliver Cromwell,ISBN1417949619
- Gaunt, Peter (1996),Oliver Cromwell,Blackwell,ISBN0631183566
- Hirst, Derek (1990), "The Lord Protector, 1653-8",in Morrill, John,Oliver Cromwell and the English Revolution,Longman,ISBN0582016754
- Kenyon, John; Ohlmeyer, Jane, eds. (2000),The Civil Wars: A Military History of England, Scotland, and Ireland 1638–1660,Oxford University Press,ISBN019280278X
- Kishlansky, Mark (1990), "Saye What?",Historical Journal33(4)
- Lenihan, Padraig (2000),Confederate Catholics at War,Cork University Press,ISBN1859182445
- McMains, H. F. (2015),The Death of Oliver Cromwell,University Press of Kentucky, p.75,ISBN978-0-8131-5910-2
- Metz, Karl Heinz.1993.Oliver Cromwell.Gottingae: Muster-Schmidt.ISBN 3788101423.
- Morrill, John (1990), "Cromwell and his contemporaries", in Morrill, John,Oliver Cromwell and the English Revolution,Longman,ISBN0-582-01675-4
- Morrill, John (1990), "The Making of Oliver Cromwell", in Morrill, John,Oliver Cromwell and the English Revolution,Longman,ISBN0-582-01675-4
- Morrill, John; Baker, Phillip (2008), "Oliver Cromwell, the Regicide and the Sons of Zeruiah", in Smith, David Lee,Cromwell and the Interregnum: The Essential Readings,John Wiley & Sons,ISBN1405143142
- Noble, Mark (1784),Memoirs of the Protectorate-house of Cromwell: Deduced from an Early Period, and Continued Down to the Present Time,...,2,Printed by Pearson and Rollason
- O'Siochru, Micheal (2008),God's Executioner, Oliver Cromwell and the Conquest of Ireland,Faber and Faber,ISBN978-0-571-24121-7
- Roots, Ivan (1989),Speeches of Oliver Cromwell,Everyman classics,ISBN0-460-01254-1
- Rutt, John Towill, ed. (1828),"Cromwell's death and funeral order",Diary of Thomas Burton esq, April 1657 – February 1658(Institute of Historical Research)2:pp. 516–530
- Sharp, David (2003),Oliver Cromwell,Heinemann, p. 60,ISBN978-0-435-32756-9
- Woolrych, Austin,Commonwealth to Protectorate,Clarendon Press,ISBN0-19-822659-4
- Woolrych, Austin, "Cromwell as a soldier", in Morrill, John,Oliver Cromwell and the English Revolution,Longman,ISBN0-582-01675-4
- Woolrych, Austin,Soldiers and Statesmen: the General Council of the Army and its Debates,Clarendon Press,ISBN0-19-822752-3
- Worden, Blair (1985), "Oliver Cromwell and the sin of Achan", in Beales, D.; Best, G.,History, Society and the Churches,ISBN0-521-02189-8
- Worden, Blair (1977),The Rump Parliament,Cambridge University Press,ISBN0-521-29213-1
- Worden, Blair (2000), "Thomas Carlyle and Oliver Cromwell",Proceedings Of The British Academy105:131–170
- Young, Peter; Holmes, Richard (2000),The English Civil War,Wordsworth,ISBN1840222220
- Numismatica
- Marvin Lessen, "The Cromwell Dunbar medals by Simon"inBritish Numismatic Journalvol. 51 (1981) pp. 112-127 (de nummisThomae Simon)
Nexus externi
[recensere|fontem recensere]![]() |
Lexica biographica:Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana•Den store danske•Deutsche Biographie•Store norske leksikon•Большая российская энциклопедия• •Grove Art |
![]() |
Vicimedia Communiaplura habent quae adOlivarium Cromwellspectant. |
- Familia Cromwellis (Anglice)
- Pars Telae Totius Terrae Cromwellis (Anglice)
- Magnum Sigillum Olivarii Protectoris
- Solidus Olivarii Protectoris
![]() |
Lexica biographica:Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana•Den store danske•Deutsche Biographie•Store norske leksikon•Большая российская энциклопедия• •Grove Art |
Gulielmus I1066 •Gulielmus II1087 •Henricus I1100 •Stephanus1135 •Henricus II1154 •Ricardus I1189 •Iohannes1199 •Henricus III1216 •Eduardus I1272 •Eduardus II1307 •Eduardus III1327 •Ricardus II1377 •Henricus IV1399 •Henricus V1413 •Henricus VI1422 •Edwardus IV1461 •Edwardus V1483 •Ricardus III1483 •Henricus VII1485 •Henricus VIII1509 •Edwardus VI1547 •Ioanna1553 •Maria I1553 •Elisabetha I1558 •Iacobus I1603 •Carolus I1625–1649 •Oliverius Cromwellusprotector 1653-1658 •Ricardus Cromwellusprotector 1658–1659 •Carolus II1660 •Iacobus II1685 •Gulielmus III1689–1702 •Maria II1689–1694 •Anna1702 | |