Lingua Persica
Lingua Persica فارسی(Fārsī) | |
---|---|
IPA | [fɒːɾˈsiː] |
Taxinomia | LinguaIndoeuropaeae divisioneIranica |
Locutores | sensu stricto circa 23 879 300 anno 1997[1] sensu lato 38 000 000[2] |
Sigla | 1fa,2per(B), fas(T),3pes, prs, tgk |
Status publicus | |
Officialis | Persia,Afgania,Tadzikistania |
Privata | permultae civitates |
Litterae | Litterae Persicae |
Scriptura | Arabica |
Procuratio | Academia Linguae Litterarumque Persicae |
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![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Kalila_wa_Dimna_001.jpg/220px-Kalila_wa_Dimna_001.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Agra_castle_India_persian_poem.jpg/220px-Agra_castle_India_persian_poem.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Farsi_vowel_chart.svg/220px-Farsi_vowel_chart.svg.png)
Lingua Persica[3](Persice پارسی; IPA [fɒːɾˈsiː]) estlingua Iranicaintra ramumIndo-Iranicumlinguarum Indo-Europaearum,qua homines praecipue inIrania,Afghania,Tadzikistania,etcivitatibusin dicionemculturaeIraniae Maiorisolim redactis utuntur. ContinuatioPersicae mediaehabetur,linguae publicaereligionislitterarumqueImperii Sassanidarum,quae vicissim fuit continatioPersicae antiquae,linguaeImperii PersiciaevoAchaemenidarummagni momenti.[4][5][6]Lingua Persica estlingua pluricentrica,atque eiusgrammaticagrammaticae multarum linguarumEuropaehodiernae similis est.[7]
Interscriptoreslitterarum Persicarumrecentiorum enumerare oportet poetasNizāmī,Firdausī,Umar Khayyām,Hafizus,Saadi,Romanus,etAssar Tabrizi.
Nomina huius linguae
[recensere|fontem recensere]Nomen publicumPersisestFarsi,ArabicumproParsi,quod vocabulumPersicumsibi vult;AfganisestDari;Tazicisvero, quilitteris Cyrillicisscribunt, estlingua Tazicica.
Historia
[recensere|fontem recensere]Persica linguaIranicaest, exIndoeuropaeaetdivisione Iranicaorta. Haec quoque elingua Persica antiqua,quae usque ad600 a.C.n.,illumImperium Persarum,pertinuit, descendit.[8]
Linguae Persicae historia tres in partes communiter divisa est, scilicet antiquam, mediam et recentem.
Persica antiqua
[recensere|fontem recensere]Lingua Persica Antiquaalingua ProtoiranicainplanitiebusaustralibusoccidentalibusquePersiae orta est. Primum linguae exemplum cui dies aliqui dari potestInscriptio Bagistanensisest circiterImperium AchaemenidarumDario Irege (ab522 a.C.n.usque ad486 a.C.n.). Persica Antiqualitteris cuneatisscripta est, quae scripturae forma, Darii regnum facta esse credita, singularis huic linguae est.
Postlinguam Aramaicam,vel eius formamAchaemenidarumAramaicam imperialemnomine notam, illa lingua Persica antiquaaevi Achaemenidarumnotissima est, eius exempla quocumque loco ubi Achaemenidae incolebant inventa, praesertim Persiae occidentis in regioneParsaappellata, quo ex loco Achaemenidae (et posteaSassanidae) orti sunt.
Conlata cum postrema lingua Persica, antiquagrammaticamagnopere declinabilis est. Eicasusoctosunt, generatria(masculinum, femininum, neutrum;), ac numeri tres (singularis, geminus, pluralis).
Persica media
[recensere|fontem recensere]Antiquae Persicae linguae dissimilis,Persicae mediaeformae scriptae ad locutionem spectaverunt, atque haec valde simplicior quam illa fuit. Genera atque numerus geminus evanuerunt. Horum in loco praepositionibus ad sententias comparandas usa est.
Persica nova
[recensere|fontem recensere]Persica classica
[recensere|fontem recensere]Islamistis Persiam invadentibus,aevum hodiernum litterarum linguaeque Persicae sive aevum Persicum aureum coepit. Multipoetaenotissimi Persica lingua utentes tum floruerunt, atque lingua quasicommunisin regionibus orientalibus terrarumIslamicarumIndiaequefacta est. Ceterum, multorum imperiorumIslamicorumlingua publicafuit, scilicetimperii Samanidarum,Mughal,Timuridarum,Ghaznavidarum,Selgiukidarum,Safavidarum,Ottomanicum,et cetera.
Auctoritas Persica magna super linguas alias, praesertim mundo Islamico, videri potest. Huic etiam linguae,artimusicae(Qawwali)litterarumquenota, iamiam multi praeclari viri valde favent. Post invasionemArabicam,lingua Persica, multis verbis sententiisque elingua Arabicaortis, (postea etiam nonnullis elingua Mongolica) adepta est.
Persica hodierna
[recensere|fontem recensere]Postsaeculum undevicesimumlingua Russica,Francogallica,Anglicaortis, harum multis verbis technologicis Persica usa est.Academia Linguae Litterarumque Persicaepotestatem ad verba nova adhibenda habet. Ipsa lingua, ut videtur, magnopere per tempus crescit atque idioma verbaque novissima in illam, ut alias, adsiduo feruntur.
Exempla
[recensere|fontem recensere]Persian | IPA | Versio |
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همهی افراد بشر آزاد به دنیا میآیند و از دید حیثیت و حقوق با هم برابرند, همه دارای اندیشه و وجدان میباشند و باید دربرابر یکدیگر با روح برادری رفتار کنند | hameje afrɒd baʃar ɒzɒd be donjɒ miɒjand o az dide hejsijat o hoɢuɢ bɒ ham barɒbarand ǁ hame dɒrɒje andiʃe o vedʒdɒn mibɒʃand o bɒjad dar barɒbare jekdigar bɒ ruhe barɒdari raftɒr konand | Omnes homines liberi aequique dignitate atque juribus nascuntur. Ratione conscientiaque praediti sunt et alii erga alios cum fraternitate se gerere debent. |
—Primum CapitulumUniversalis de iurie hominum declarationis
Notae
[recensere|fontem recensere]- ↑VideEthnologue
- ↑Ethnologue
- ↑"Lingua Persica":Conradus Gesnerus,Mithridates: de differentiis linguarum(1555)textusf. 63r
- ↑Gilbert Lazard, "The Rise of the New Persian Language," inThe Cambridge History of Iran,ed. R. N. Frye (Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press, 1975), 4:595–632: "The language known as New Persian, which usually is called at this period (early Islamic times) by the name of Dari or Farsi-Dari, can be classified linguistically as a continuation of Middle Persian, the official religious and literary language of Sassanian Iran, itself a continuation of Old Persian, the language of the Achaemenids. Unlike the other languages and dialects, ancient and modern, of the Iranian group such as Avestan, Parthian, Soghdian, Kurdish, Balochi, Pashto, etc., Old Persian, Middle and New Persian represent one and the same language at three states of its history. It had its origin in Fars (the true Persian country from the historical point of view) and is differentiated by dialectical features, still easily recognizable from the dialect prevailing in north-western and eastern Iran."
- ↑Ammon Ulrich, Norbert Dittmar, Klaus J. Mattheier, et Peter Trudgill, "Sociolinguistics Hsk 3/3 Series Volume 3 of Sociolinguistics: An International Handbook of the Science of Language and Society," ed. 2a. (Walter de Gruyter, 2006): "Middle Persian, also called Pahlavi is a direct continuation of old Persian, and was used as the written official language of the country.... However, after the Moslem conquest and the collapse of the Sassanids, Arabic became the dominant language of the country and Pahlavi lost its importance, and was gradually replaced by Dari, a variety of Middle Persian, with considerable loan elements from Arabic and Parthian."
- ↑Prods Oktor Skjærvø (2006),Encyclopedia Iranica.Locus: "Iran, vi. Iranian languages and scripts," new Persian, is "the descendant of Middle Persian" and has been "official language of Iranian states for centuries", whereas for other non-Persian Iranian languages "close genetic relationships are difficult to establish" between their different (Middle and Modern) stages. Modern Yaḡnōbi belongs to the same dialect group as Sogdian, but is not a direct descendant; Bactrian may be closely related to modern Yidḡa and Munji (Munjāni); and Wakhi (Wāḵi) belongs with Khotanese. "
- ↑Richard Davis, "Persian," inMedieval Islamic Civilization,ed. Josef W. Meri et Jere L. Bacharach (Taylor & Francis, 2006), 602–603: "The grammar of New Persian is similar to many contemporary European languages." Similiter,lexiconPersicum exPahlavideducitur.
- ↑Katzner, Kenneth (2002).The Languages of the World.Routledge. pp. 163.ISBN0415250048
Bibliographia
[recensere|fontem recensere]- Asatrian, Garnik (nondum editus).Etymological Dictionary of Persian.Lugduni Batavorum: Brill.ISBN 978-90-04-15496-4.
- Hayyim, Sulayman.1934–1936.New Persian-English dictionary.Teheran: Librairie-Imprimerie Beroukhim.Versio interretialis.
- Jeremiás, Éva M.2004."Iran, iii. (f). New Persian" inEncyclopaedia of Islamvol. 12 Supplementum (Lugduni Batavorum: Brill.ISBN 90-04-13974-5.
- Michael Knüppel.2010."Turkic loanwords in Persian"inEncyclopaedia Iranica Online.
- Lambton, Ann K. S.1953.Persian grammar.Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press.
- Lazard, Gilbert.1975."The Rise of the New Persian Language." InThe Cambridge History of Iran,ed. R. N. Frye, 4:595–632. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press.
- Lazard, Gilbert.1994."Darī"inEncyclopaedia Iranica Online.
- Mace, John.1993.Modern Persian.Teach Yourself.ISBN 0-8442-3815-5.
- Mace, John.2002.Persian Grammar: For Reference and Revision.RoutledgeCurzon.ISBN 0-7007-1695-5.
- Perry, John R.2005.A Tajik Persian Reference Grammar.Lugduni Batavorum: Brill.ISBN 90-04-14323-8.
- Perry, John R.2009."Tajik, ii. Tajik Persian"inEncyclopaedia Iranica Online.
- Ṣādeqī, ʿAlī Ašraf., et J. R. Perry.2002/ "Arabic language, i. Arabic elements in Persian"etsupplementuminEncyclopaedia Iranica Online.
- Ṣādeqī, ʿAlī Ašraf, J. R. Perry, et Ḥosayn Sāmeʿī.1995."Dictionaries"inEncyclopaedia Iranica Online.
- Schmitt, Rüdiger.1989.Compendium linguarum Iranicarum.L. Reichert.ISBN 3-88226-413-6.
- Christopher Shackle.2004."India, xviii. Persian elements in Indian languages"inEncyclopaedia Iranica Online.
- Skjærvø, Prods Oktor.2006."Iran, vi. Iranian languages and scripts"inEncyclopaedia Iranica Online
- Steingass, Francis Joseph.1982.A Comprehensive Persian-English dictionary.Londinii: Routledge & Kegan Paul.Versio interretialis
- Thackston, W. M.1993.An Introduction to Persian.3a ed. Ibex Publishers.ISBN 0-936347-29-5.
- Windfuhr, Gernot L.2009."Persian" inThe World's Major Languages,2a ed., ed. Bernard Comrie. Londinii: Routledge.ISBN 0-415-35339-4.
Nexus externi
[recensere|fontem recensere]- "Farsi, Western"apud www.ethnologue.com (Ethnologue)
- Fazel, Navid. "De grammatica Persicaapud www.dastur.info /De grammatica Persicaapud www.dastur.info(Anglice,Theodisce)
- Lexicon Persico-Anglo-Theodiscum,apud www.globaldic.com
- Institutum Linguisticum Iranicum,apud ili.ir(Persice)
- De lingua Persica,apud www.lmp.ucla.edu (Universitas Californiensis Angelopolitana)
- Ad scripturam Arabopersicam scribendam,apud www.choone.com