Lingua Persica

Lingua Persica فارسی(Fārsī)
IPA	[fɒːɾˈsiː]
Taxinomia	LinguaIndoeuropaeae divisioneIranica
Locutores	sensu stricto circa 23 879 300 anno 1997^[1] sensu lato 38 000 000^[2]
Sigla	1fa,2per(B), fas(T),3pes, prs, tgk
Status publicus
Officialis	Persia,Afgania,Tadzikistania
Privata	permultae civitates
Litterae	Litterae Persicae
Scriptura	Arabica
Procuratio	Academia Linguae Litterarumque Persicae
Familiae linguisticae coloribus Vicipaedicis pictae Familiae linguisticae coloribus Vicipaedicis pictae Collocatio linguae Persicae locutorum Collocatio linguae Persicae locutorum

Wikipedia

Vicipaedia in Lingua Persica

Lingua Persica^[3](Persice پارسی; IPA [fɒːɾˈsiː]) estlingua Iranicaintra ramumIndo-Iranicum linguarum Indo-Europaearum,qua homines praecipue inIrania,Afghania,Tadzikistania,etcivitatibusin dicionemculturae Iraniae Maiorisolim redactis utuntur. ContinuatioPersicae mediaehabetur,linguae publicae religionis litterarumque Imperii Sassanidarum,quae vicissim fuit continatioPersicae antiquae,linguae Imperii PersiciaevoAchaemenidarummagni momenti.^[4]^[5]^[6]Lingua Persica estlingua pluricentrica,atque eiusgrammaticagrammaticae multarum linguarumEuropaehodiernae similis est.^[7]

Interscriptores litterarum Persicarumrecentiorum enumerare oportet poetasNizāmī,Firdausī,Umar Khayyām,Hafizus,Saadi,Romanus,etAssar Tabrizi.

Nomina huius linguae

Nomen publicumPersisestFarsi,ArabicumproParsi,quod vocabulumPersicumsibi vult;AfganisestDari;Tazicisvero, quilitteris Cyrillicisscribunt, estlingua Tazicica.

Historia

Persica linguaIranicaest, exIndoeuropaeaetdivisione Iranicaorta. Haec quoque elingua Persica antiqua,quae usque ad600 a.C.n.,illumImperium Persarum,pertinuit, descendit.^[8]

Linguae Persicae historia tres in partes communiter divisa est, scilicet antiquam, mediam et recentem.

Persica antiqua

Lingua Persica Antiquaalingua Protoiranicainplanitiebus australibus occidentalibusquePersiae orta est. Primum linguae exemplum cui dies aliqui dari potestInscriptio Bagistanensisest circiterImperium Achaemenidarum Dario Irege (ab522 a.C.n.usque ad486 a.C.n.). Persica Antiqualitteris cuneatisscripta est, quae scripturae forma, Darii regnum facta esse credita, singularis huic linguae est.

Postlinguam Aramaicam,vel eius formamAchaemenidarumAramaicam imperialemnomine notam, illa lingua Persica antiquaaevi Achaemenidarumnotissima est, eius exempla quocumque loco ubi Achaemenidae incolebant inventa, praesertim Persiae occidentis in regioneParsaappellata, quo ex loco Achaemenidae (et posteaSassanidae) orti sunt.

Conlata cum postrema lingua Persica, antiquagrammaticamagnopere declinabilis est. Eicasus octosunt, generatria(masculinum, femininum, neutrum;), ac numeri tres (singularis, geminus, pluralis).

Persica media

Antiquae Persicae linguae dissimilis,Persicae mediaeformae scriptae ad locutionem spectaverunt, atque haec valde simplicior quam illa fuit. Genera atque numerus geminus evanuerunt. Horum in loco praepositionibus ad sententias comparandas usa est.

Persica nova

Persica classica

Islamistis Persiam invadentibus,aevum hodiernum litterarum linguaeque Persicae sive aevum Persicum aureum coepit. Multipoetaenotissimi Persica lingua utentes tum floruerunt, atque lingua quasicommunisin regionibus orientalibus terrarumIslamicarum Indiaequefacta est. Ceterum, multorum imperiorumIslamicorum lingua publicafuit, scilicetimperii Samanidarum,Mughal,Timuridarum,Ghaznavidarum,Selgiukidarum,Safavidarum,Ottomanicum,et cetera.

Auctoritas Persica magna super linguas alias, praesertim mundo Islamico, videri potest. Huic etiam linguae,arti musicae(Qawwali)litterarumquenota, iamiam multi praeclari viri valde favent. Post invasionemArabicam,lingua Persica, multis verbis sententiisque elingua Arabicaortis, (postea etiam nonnullis elingua Mongolica) adepta est.

Persica hodierna

Postsaeculum undevicesimum lingua Russica,Francogallica,Anglicaortis, harum multis verbis technologicis Persica usa est.Academia Linguae Litterarumque Persicaepotestatem ad verba nova adhibenda habet. Ipsa lingua, ut videtur, magnopere per tempus crescit atque idioma verbaque novissima in illam, ut alias, adsiduo feruntur.

Exempla

Persian	IPA	Versio
همهی افراد بشر آزاد به دنیا میآیند و از دید حیثیت و حقوق با هم برابرند, همه دارای اندیشه و وجدان میباشند و باید دربرابر یکدیگر با روح برادری رفتار کنند	hameje afrɒd baʃar ɒzɒd be donjɒ miɒjand o az dide hejsijat o hoɢuɢ bɒ ham barɒbarand ǁ hame dɒrɒje andiʃe o vedʒdɒn mibɒʃand o bɒjad dar barɒbare jekdigar bɒ ruhe barɒdari raftɒr konand	Omnes homines liberi aequique dignitate atque juribus nascuntur. Ratione conscientiaque praediti sunt et alii erga alios cum fraternitate se gerere debent.

—Primum CapitulumUniversalis de iurie hominum declarationis

Notae

↑VideEthnologue
↑Ethnologue
↑"Lingua Persica":Conradus Gesnerus,Mithridates: de differentiis linguarum(1555)textusf. 63r
↑Gilbert Lazard, "The Rise of the New Persian Language," inThe Cambridge History of Iran,ed. R. N. Frye (Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press, 1975), 4:595–632: "The language known as New Persian, which usually is called at this period (early Islamic times) by the name of Dari or Farsi-Dari, can be classified linguistically as a continuation of Middle Persian, the official religious and literary language of Sassanian Iran, itself a continuation of Old Persian, the language of the Achaemenids. Unlike the other languages and dialects, ancient and modern, of the Iranian group such as Avestan, Parthian, Soghdian, Kurdish, Balochi, Pashto, etc., Old Persian, Middle and New Persian represent one and the same language at three states of its history. It had its origin in Fars (the true Persian country from the historical point of view) and is differentiated by dialectical features, still easily recognizable from the dialect prevailing in north-western and eastern Iran."
↑Ammon Ulrich, Norbert Dittmar, Klaus J. Mattheier, et Peter Trudgill, "Sociolinguistics Hsk 3/3 Series Volume 3 of Sociolinguistics: An International Handbook of the Science of Language and Society," ed. 2a. (Walter de Gruyter, 2006): "Middle Persian, also called Pahlavi is a direct continuation of old Persian, and was used as the written official language of the country.... However, after the Moslem conquest and the collapse of the Sassanids, Arabic became the dominant language of the country and Pahlavi lost its importance, and was gradually replaced by Dari, a variety of Middle Persian, with considerable loan elements from Arabic and Parthian."
↑Prods Oktor Skjærvø (2006),Encyclopedia Iranica.Locus: "Iran, vi. Iranian languages and scripts," new Persian, is "the descendant of Middle Persian" and has been "official language of Iranian states for centuries", whereas for other non-Persian Iranian languages "close genetic relationships are difficult to establish" between their different (Middle and Modern) stages. Modern Yaḡnōbi belongs to the same dialect group as Sogdian, but is not a direct descendant; Bactrian may be closely related to modern Yidḡa and Munji (Munjāni); and Wakhi (Wāḵi) belongs with Khotanese. "
↑Richard Davis, "Persian," inMedieval Islamic Civilization,ed. Josef W. Meri et Jere L. Bacharach (Taylor & Francis, 2006), 602–603: "The grammar of New Persian is similar to many contemporary European languages." Similiter,lexiconPersicum exPahlavideducitur.
↑Katzner, Kenneth (2002).The Languages of the World.Routledge. pp. 163.ISBN 0415250048

Bibliographia

Asatrian, Garnik (nondum editus).Etymological Dictionary of Persian.Lugduni Batavorum: Brill.ISBN 978-90-04-15496-4.
Hayyim, Sulayman.1934–1936.New Persian-English dictionary.Teheran: Librairie-Imprimerie Beroukhim.Versio interretialis.
Jeremiás, Éva M.2004."Iran, iii. (f). New Persian" inEncyclopaedia of Islamvol. 12 Supplementum (Lugduni Batavorum: Brill.ISBN 90-04-13974-5.
Michael Knüppel.2010."Turkic loanwords in Persian"inEncyclopaedia Iranica Online.
Lambton, Ann K. S.1953.Persian grammar.Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press.
Lazard, Gilbert.1975."The Rise of the New Persian Language." InThe Cambridge History of Iran,ed. R. N. Frye, 4:595–632. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press.
Lazard, Gilbert.1994."Darī"inEncyclopaedia Iranica Online.
Mace, John.1993.Modern Persian.Teach Yourself.ISBN 0-8442-3815-5.
Mace, John.2002.Persian Grammar: For Reference and Revision.RoutledgeCurzon.ISBN 0-7007-1695-5.
Perry, John R.2005.A Tajik Persian Reference Grammar.Lugduni Batavorum: Brill.ISBN 90-04-14323-8.
Perry, John R.2009."Tajik, ii. Tajik Persian"inEncyclopaedia Iranica Online.
Ṣādeqī, ʿAlī Ašraf., et J. R. Perry.2002/ "Arabic language, i. Arabic elements in Persian"etsupplementuminEncyclopaedia Iranica Online.
Ṣādeqī, ʿAlī Ašraf, J. R. Perry, et Ḥosayn Sāmeʿī.1995."Dictionaries"inEncyclopaedia Iranica Online.
Schmitt, Rüdiger.1989.Compendium linguarum Iranicarum.L. Reichert.ISBN 3-88226-413-6.
Christopher Shackle.2004."India, xviii. Persian elements in Indian languages"inEncyclopaedia Iranica Online.
Skjærvø, Prods Oktor.2006."Iran, vi. Iranian languages and scripts"inEncyclopaedia Iranica Online
Steingass, Francis Joseph.1982.A Comprehensive Persian-English dictionary.Londinii: Routledge & Kegan Paul.Versio interretialis
Thackston, W. M.1993.An Introduction to Persian.3a ed. Ibex Publishers.ISBN 0-936347-29-5.
Windfuhr, Gernot L.2009."Persian" inThe World's Major Languages,2a ed., ed. Bernard Comrie. Londinii: Routledge.ISBN 0-415-35339-4.

Nexus externi

"Farsi, Western"apud www.ethnologue.com (Ethnologue)
Fazel, Navid. "De grammatica Persicaapud www.dastur.info /De grammatica Persicaapud www.dastur.info(Anglice,Theodisce)
Lexicon Persico-Anglo-Theodiscum,apud www.globaldic.com
Institutum Linguisticum Iranicum,apud ili.ir(Persice)
De lingua Persica,apud www.lmp.ucla.edu (Universitas Californiensis Angelopolitana)
Ad scripturam Arabopersicam scribendam,apud www.choone.com

[1] VideEthnologue

[2] Ethnologue

[3] "Lingua Persica":Conradus Gesnerus,Mithridates: de differentiis linguarum(1555)textusf. 63r

[Lazard-4] Gilbert Lazard, "The Rise of the New Persian Language," inThe Cambridge History of Iran,ed. R. N. Frye (Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press, 1975), 4:595–632: "The language known as New Persian, which usually is called at this period (early Islamic times) by the name of Dari or Farsi-Dari, can be classified linguistically as a continuation of Middle Persian, the official religious and literary language of Sassanian Iran, itself a continuation of Old Persian, the language of the Achaemenids. Unlike the other languages and dialects, ancient and modern, of the Iranian group such as Avestan, Parthian, Soghdian, Kurdish, Balochi, Pashto, etc., Old Persian, Middle and New Persian represent one and the same language at three states of its history. It had its origin in Fars (the true Persian country from the historical point of view) and is differentiated by dialectical features, still easily recognizable from the dialect prevailing in north-western and eastern Iran."

[5] Ammon Ulrich, Norbert Dittmar, Klaus J. Mattheier, et Peter Trudgill, "Sociolinguistics Hsk 3/3 Series Volume 3 of Sociolinguistics: An International Handbook of the Science of Language and Society," ed. 2a. (Walter de Gruyter, 2006): "Middle Persian, also called Pahlavi is a direct continuation of old Persian, and was used as the written official language of the country.... However, after the Moslem conquest and the collapse of the Sassanids, Arabic became the dominant language of the country and Pahlavi lost its importance, and was gradually replaced by Dari, a variety of Middle Persian, with considerable loan elements from Arabic and Parthian."

[6] Prods Oktor Skjærvø (2006),Encyclopedia Iranica.Locus: "Iran, vi. Iranian languages and scripts," new Persian, is "the descendant of Middle Persian" and has been "official language of Iranian states for centuries", whereas for other non-Persian Iranian languages "close genetic relationships are difficult to establish" between their different (Middle and Modern) stages. Modern Yaḡnōbi belongs to the same dialect group as Sogdian, but is not a direct descendant; Bactrian may be closely related to modern Yidḡa and Munji (Munjāni); and Wakhi (Wāḵi) belongs with Khotanese. "

[Richard_Davis_2006._pp._602-603-7] Richard Davis, "Persian," inMedieval Islamic Civilization,ed. Josef W. Meri et Jere L. Bacharach (Taylor & Francis, 2006), 602–603: "The grammar of New Persian is similar to many contemporary European languages." Similiter,lexiconPersicum exPahlavideducitur.

[8] Katzner, Kenneth (2002).The Languages of the World.Routledge. pp. 163.ISBN 0415250048

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]