Bellum Patrium

Bellum Patrium anni 1812^[1](RussiceОтечественная война 1812 года;FrancogalliceCampagne de Russie,i.e. 'Expeditio Russica') fuitbellumaNapoleone Bonapartemotum adImperium Russicumiterum inSystema Continentalecogendum. Haec incursio inRussiamest una ex expeditionibusmilitaribusplenissime inhistoria Europaeinvestigatis, atque inter maxime mortifera opera militaria inhistoria orbis terrarumnumeratur.^[2]Post minus quam sex menses, paenemillio militummortui sunt.^[3]^[4]

Historia

Mense Iunio anno1812copiae NapoleonisImperium Russicumsine declaratione belli invaserunt et initio prospere bellabant.ExercitusRussicus,Michaele Barclay de TollyetPetro Bagrationducibus, cedebat. Pugnae prope vicum Kljasticy (quae ab30 Iuliiad1 Augustidurabat) gratia, finitus est incessus copiarum hostiarum adPetropolim.A die16ad diem18 Augustiaccidit pugnaSmolenscensis.Die20 Augustiimpositus est novus imperator copiarum Russicarum:Michael Kutuzov.7 Septembris(26 Augusti Calendarii Iuliani) acciditProelium Vorotunense,belli illius gravissimum. Initio Septembris Russi concesserunt deMoscua,quae urbs paulo post occupata est a copiis Napoleonis. Sed mense Octobri anno 1812 Napoleo cum suo exercitu, cuius conditio facta fuerat mala, de Moscua concessit. Dein copiae Francicae cedebant et mense Decembri anno 1812 e Russia eiectae sunt.

Nexus interni

Apertura 1812

Notae

↑EtiamFrancica incursio in Russiam,Expeditio Russica,Secundum Bellum Polonicum,etExercitus Nationum Vigintia variisauctoribusappellatum.
↑Grant 2009: 212–13.
↑North, Jonathan (31 Decembris1990).Napoleon's Army in Russia: The Illustrated Memoirs of Albrecht Adam, 1812.Pen and Sword.ISBN 9781473816589.
↑Zamoyski 2004: 536.

Bibliographia

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Bodart, Gaston (1916).Losses of Life in Modern Wars, Austria-Hungary; France.ISBN 978-1371465520.
Bourgogne, Adrien Jean Baptiste François (1899). Cottin, Paul; Hénault, Maurice. eds.Memoirs of Sergeant Bourgogne (1812-1813).Londinii: William Heinemann, reimpressus apud Moscow: Ripol Classic.ISBN 5875000767.
Caulaincourt, Armand-Augustin-Louis de (1935).With Napoleon in Russia: the memoirs of General de Caulaincourt(translated by Jean Hanoteau ed.).
Clausewitz, Carl von (1906).Der Feldzug 1812 in Russland.
Clausewitz, Carl von (1843).The campaign of 1812 in Russia.Londinii: John Murray PublishersAnd at Google Books here[1](accessed 7 Ianuarii 2022)..
Clodfelter, Micheal (2008).Warfare and armed conflicts: a statistical encyclopedia of casualty and other figures, 1494–2007.Ieffersoniae in Carolina Septentrionali: McFarland.ISBN 9786612280498.
Davydov, Denis Vasilievich (2010)."Diary of partisan actions".
DTIC, Defense Technical Information Center (1998).DTIC ADA398046: The Effects of Infectious Disease on Napoleon's Russian Campaign.
Elting, J. (1997).Swords Around a Throne: Napoleon's Grande Armée.Novi Eboraci: Da Capo Press.ISBN 978-0-306-80757-2.
Fierro, Alfred; Palluel-Guillard, André; Tulard, Jean (1995).Histoire et Dictionnaire du Consulat et de l'Empire.Lutetiae: Éditions Robert Laffont.ISBN 978-2-221-05858-9.
Grant, R. G. (2009).Battle: A Visual Journey Through 5,000 Years of Combat.Novi Eboraci: DK Publshing.ISBN 9780756655785.
Hay, Mark Edward (2013)."The Dutch Experience and Memory of the Campaign of 1812: a Final Feat of Arms of the Dutch Imperial Contingent".Academia.edu.
Haythornthwaite, Philip (2012).Borodino 1812: Napoleon's Great Gamble.Bloomsbury Publishing.ISBN 9781849086974.
Helmert, Heinz (1986).Europäische Befreiungskriege 1808 bis 1814/15.Berlin.
Kagan, Frederick (2007).The End of the Old Order: Napoleon and Europe, 1801–1805.Hachette Books.ISBN 978-0-306-81645-1.
Labaume, Eugène (1817).A Circumstantial Narrative of the Campaign in Russia.Hartfordiae Connecticutae: Silas Andrus, et Roffae Novi Eboraci: E. Peck & Co..
Leavenworth (2006)."Fighting the Russians in Winter: Three Case Studies".
Lefebvre, Georges (1969).Napoleon: from Tilsit to Waterloo, 1807–1815.2.Novi Eboraci: Columbia University Press.ISBN 9780231033138.
Lentz (2004).Nouvelle histoire du Premier Empire.2.
Lieven, D. C. B (2010).Russia against Napoleon.Viking.ISBN 9780670021574.
Markham, Felix (1963).Napoleon.Novi Eboraci: Mentor.ISBN 9780451627988.
Marshall-Cornwall, James (1998).Napoleon as Military Commander.Novi Eboraci: Barnes & Noble.ISBN 9780451627988.
McLynn, Frank (2011).Napoleon: A Biography.
Mikaberidze, Alexander (2016). Leggiere, M.. ed.Napoleon and the Operational Art of War.Lugduni Batavorum: Brill.ISBN 978-90-04-27034-3.
Mikaberidze, Alexander (2007).The Battle of Borodino: Napoleon versus Kutuzov.Londinii: Pen&Sword.ISBN 9781844156030.
Mikaberidze, Alexander (2014)."Napoleon's Lost Legions. The Grande Armée Prisoners of War in Russia".
Nafziger, George (1984).Napoleon's Invasion of Russia.ISBN 0-88254-681-3.
Nafziger, George (2021)."Rear services and foraging in the 1812 campaign: Reasons of Napoleon's defeat".
Napoleon-1812 (2021)."Napoleon-1812".
Riehn, Richard K. (1990).1812: Napoleon's Russian campaign.New York: McGraw-Hill.ISBN 9780070527317.
Ségur, Philippe Paul, comte de (1980).Napoleon's Russian campaign.
Stahel, David (2010).Operation Barbarossa and Germany's Defeat in the East(Third Printing ed.). Cambridge University Press.ISBN 978-0-521-76847-4.
Tarle, Yevgeny Eugene (1942).Napoleon's Invasion of Russia 1812.Novi Eboraci: Oxford University Press.
Tufte, Edward R. (2001).The Visual Display of Quantitative Information.Cheshire Connecticutae: Graphics Press.ISBN 9780961392147.
Volin, Lazar (1970).A century of Russian agriculture. From Alexander II to Khrushchev.Cantabrigiae in Massachusetta: Harvard University Press.
Wilson, Robert Thomas (1860).Narrative of events during the Invasion of Russia by Napoleon Bonaparte, and the Retreat of the French Army, 1812.Londinii: John Murray.
Zamoyski, Adam (2004).Moscow 1812: Napoleon's Fatal March.Londinii: HarperCollins.ISBN 978-0-00-712375-9.

Nexus externi

Vicimedia Communiaplura habent quae adBellum Patriumspectant (Patriotic War 1812,French invasion of Russia).

[1] EtiamFrancica incursio in Russiam,Expeditio Russica,Secundum Bellum Polonicum,etExercitus Nationum Vigintia variisauctoribusappellatum.

[2] Grant 2009: 212–13.

[3] North, Jonathan (31 Decembris1990).Napoleon's Army in Russia: The Illustrated Memoirs of Albrecht Adam, 1812.Pen and Sword.ISBN 9781473816589.

[4] Zamoyski 2004: 536.

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