Embryophyta

Embryophyta^[1]sunt subdivisioplantarum muscos,hepaticas,anthocerotes, Horneophytopsida et plantas vasculares (seu Tracheophyta) continens.^[2]Cum maxima pars Embryophytorum in terris vivat, reliquarum plantarum vero, e contra, in aquis, in multislinguispro Embryophytis nomen plantarum terrestrium (Anglice:land plants,Francogallice:plantes terrestres) simpliciter, etiamsi minus accurate usurpatur.^[3]Apud nonnullos auctores autem nomen plantarum ad sola Embryophyta restringitur.^[4]

Locus in systemate plantarum

Embryophyta saepius tamquam infraregnum^[5]habentur, pars subregni Viridiplantarum, quarum altera pars, inter algas connumerata,Chlorophytanuncupatur.^[2]Appellatio antiquissima harum plantarum estCormophyta^[6](a Graeco κορμός, truncus), sed nomen Embryophytorum frequentius in usu est. Est et aliudsynonymum,Telomophytanempe, ad theoriam Zimmermannianamevolutionisplantarum se referens.^[7]

In aliis autem systematibus Embryophyta et Charophyceae partes Streptophytorum sunt,^[8]vel Embryophyta (Embryobionta) et Charophyta omnia Streptobiontorum.^[3]

Descriptio

Embryophyta a reliquis plantis differunt praesertim:

sporophytis multicellularibus per meiosin sporas cum parietibus sporopollenino incrustatis producentibus;
gametangiis (structuris ubigametaeoriginem ducuntur)multicellularibus,archegoniisnempe etantheridiis;
zygotoretento nutritoque (tamquamembryo,unde et nomen) in archegonio.^[9]

Evolutio

Fossilia corporum Embryophytorum antiquissimorum desunt, unde et origo eorum de sporis agnoscitur. Apalynologismonstratur spores periodoOrdoviciimedii mutatas esse, maiores nempe factas esse, formasque earum magis regulares, quod pro testimonio originis Embryophytorum illo tempore habetur.^[10]Embryophytum vero antiquissimum bene cognitum (cuius scilicet corpus bene recognoscitur),Cooksonia,Siluriovixit.^[11]

Embryophyta dividi possunt in Bryophyta sensu lato, quorum sporophytum sporangium unicum semper habet, atque Polysporangiophyta, sporophytis ramificatis. Polysporangiophyta Silurio apparuisse putantur.^[12]

Numerus hodiernarumspecierumEmbryophytorum circiter 330 000 est, e quibus 308 000angiospermarum.^[13]

Notae

↑Engler, A. (1892)Syllabus der Vorlesungen über specielle und medicinisch-pharmaceutische Botanik: Eine Uebersicht über das ganze Pflanzensystem mit Berücksichtigung der Medicinal- und Nutzpflanzen.Berolini: Gebr. Borntraeger.
↑^2.0^2.1Cavalier-Smith, Thomas (1998)A revised six-kingdom system of life.Biological Reviews,73 (3): 203–266.
↑^3.0^3.1Kenrick, Paulus & Crane, Petrus R. (1997)The origin and early diversification of land plants. A cladistic study.Vasingtoniae et Londini: Smithsonian Institution Press.ISBN 1-56098-729-4
↑Margulis, Lynn (1971) Whittaker's Five Kingdoms of Organisms: Minor Revisions Suggested by Considerations of the Origin of Mitosis.Evolution,25 (1): 242–245. [Textus apud JSTOR]
↑Aubert, Damianus (2017)Classer le vivant: Les perspectives de la systématique évolutionniste moderne.Ellipses.ISBN 9782340017733
↑Endlicher, Stephanus (1836–1840)Genera plantarum secundum ordines naturales disposita.Vindobonae: Fr. Beck.
↑Zimmermann, Walterus (1965)Die Telomtheorie(=Fortschritte der Evolutionsforschung1). Stuttgartiae: G. Fischer.
↑Adl, S.M., Simpson, A.G.B., Lane, C.E., Lukeš, J., Bass, D., Bowser, S.S., Brown, M.W., Burki, F., Dunthorn, M., Hampl, V., Heiss, A., Hoppenrath, M., Lara, E., le Gall, L., Lynn, D.H., McManus, H., Mitchell, E.A.D., Mozley-Stanridge, S.E., Parfrey, L.W., Pawlowski, J., Rueckert, S., Shadwick, L., Schoch, C.L., Smirnov, A. & Spiegel, F.W. (2012).The revised classification of Eukaryotes.Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology.59(5): 429–514.
↑Niklas, Carolus J. & Kutschera, Ulricus (2009)The evolution of the land plant life cycle.New Phytologist,185: 27–41.
↑Strother, Paulus K. & Taylor, Wilson A. (2018) The evolutionary origin of the plant spore in relation to the antithetic origin of the plant sporophyte. In: Krings, Michael, Harper, Carla J., Cuneo, Nestor Ruban & Rothwell, Gar R. (editores),Transformative Paleobotany. Papers to commemorate the life and legacy of Thomas N. Taylor,pp. 3–20. Academic Press.ISBN 978-0-12-813012-4
↑Edwards, D. & Feehan, J. (1980) Records ofCooksonia-type sporangia from late Wenlock strata in Ireland.Nature,287(5777): 41–42.
↑Harrison C.J. & Morris J.L. (2017) The origin and early evolution of vascular plantshoots and leaves.Philosophical Transanctions of the Royal Society, B,373: 20160496. [Textus apud ResearchGate]
↑Christenhusz, Martinus & Byng, Iacobus W. (2016) The number of known plant species in the world and its annual increase. Phytotaxa, 261 (3): 201–217. [Textus apud ResearchGate]

[1] Engler, A. (1892)Syllabus der Vorlesungen über specielle und medicinisch-pharmaceutische Botanik: Eine Uebersicht über das ganze Pflanzensystem mit Berücksichtigung der Medicinal- und Nutzpflanzen.Berolini: Gebr. Borntraeger.

[:0-2] 2.0^2.1Cavalier-Smith, Thomas (1998)A revised six-kingdom system of life.Biological Reviews,73 (3): 203–266.

[:1-3] 3.0^3.1Kenrick, Paulus & Crane, Petrus R. (1997)The origin and early diversification of land plants. A cladistic study.Vasingtoniae et Londini: Smithsonian Institution Press.ISBN 1-56098-729-4

[4] Margulis, Lynn (1971) Whittaker's Five Kingdoms of Organisms: Minor Revisions Suggested by Considerations of the Origin of Mitosis.Evolution,25 (1): 242–245. [Textus apud JSTOR]

[5] Aubert, Damianus (2017)Classer le vivant: Les perspectives de la systématique évolutionniste moderne.Ellipses.ISBN 9782340017733

[6] Endlicher, Stephanus (1836–1840)Genera plantarum secundum ordines naturales disposita.Vindobonae: Fr. Beck.

[7] Zimmermann, Walterus (1965)Die Telomtheorie(=Fortschritte der Evolutionsforschung1). Stuttgartiae: G. Fischer.

[8] Adl, S.M., Simpson, A.G.B., Lane, C.E., Lukeš, J., Bass, D., Bowser, S.S., Brown, M.W., Burki, F., Dunthorn, M., Hampl, V., Heiss, A., Hoppenrath, M., Lara, E., le Gall, L., Lynn, D.H., McManus, H., Mitchell, E.A.D., Mozley-Stanridge, S.E., Parfrey, L.W., Pawlowski, J., Rueckert, S., Shadwick, L., Schoch, C.L., Smirnov, A. & Spiegel, F.W. (2012).The revised classification of Eukaryotes.Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology.59(5): 429–514.

[9] Niklas, Carolus J. & Kutschera, Ulricus (2009)The evolution of the land plant life cycle.New Phytologist,185: 27–41.

[10] Strother, Paulus K. & Taylor, Wilson A. (2018) The evolutionary origin of the plant spore in relation to the antithetic origin of the plant sporophyte. In: Krings, Michael, Harper, Carla J., Cuneo, Nestor Ruban & Rothwell, Gar R. (editores),Transformative Paleobotany. Papers to commemorate the life and legacy of Thomas N. Taylor,pp. 3–20. Academic Press.ISBN 978-0-12-813012-4

[11] Edwards, D. & Feehan, J. (1980) Records ofCooksonia-type sporangia from late Wenlock strata in Ireland.Nature,287(5777): 41–42.

[12] Harrison C.J. & Morris J.L. (2017) The origin and early evolution of vascular plantshoots and leaves.Philosophical Transanctions of the Royal Society, B,373: 20160496. [Textus apud ResearchGate]

[13] Christenhusz, Martinus & Byng, Iacobus W. (2016) The number of known plant species in the world and its annual increase. Phytotaxa, 261 (3): 201–217. [Textus apud ResearchGate]

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