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Familia Han

Nexus recensere
E Vicipaedia
Domus Han anno2(terra fusca), cum praesidiis militum (punctis flavis), civitatibus clientibus (punctis viridibus), et civitatibus stipendiariis (punctis croceis) usqueCrater Tarim(Anglice:Tarim Basin) in occidentalibusMediae Asiaeregionibus.

Familia Han(202 a.C.n.–220) fuit alterafamilia imperialis Sinarum,quaefamiliae Cin(221 a.C.n.–206 a.C.n.) successit etRegnis Tribus(220 a.C.n.–265) antecessit. Domus condita est aLieupango,duce rustico, post mortem appellato Imperatore Caozuo (regnavit202 a.C.n.–195 a.C.n.). Domus breviter interrupta est aDomu Xin(9–23) regentisWang Mang;hoc interregnum dividit Han in duo tempora: Han Occidentalem (202 a.C.n.–9p.C.n.) et Han Orientalem (25–220). Per circa quattuor saecula, tempus domus Han habeturaetas aureain historia Sinensi (Zhou 2003:34). Adhuc hodie, populimaximi Sinae gregis ethnicise appellant populi Han (Schaefer 2008:279).

Historia

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PrimaSinaedomus imperatoriafuitDomus Qin(221 a.C.n.–206 a.C.n.), cuius victoriaCivitates BellantesSinenses in unam dicionem redegerat; sed imperio post mortemQin Shi Huang,primi imperatoris, instabili, domus auctoritas intra tantum quattuor annos concidit, et imperium inRegna Duodevigintidiffissum est (Ebrey 1999:60–61). Duo duces hominum seditiosorum,Hiangyus(m.202 a.C.n.)Regni ChuetLieupangus(m.195 a.C.n.) populiHan,tunc armis inter se ad hegemon Sinae decernendum pugnaverunt. Quisque Regnorum Duodeviginti foedus cum Hiangyo vel Lieupango fecit (Loewe 1986:116–122). Quamquam hic fuit imperii capax, ille eum apudProelium Gaixianum,in terra hodiernae provinciaeAnhui,vicit. TitulumImperatoris Sinaemox adsumpsit, et regnavit ab202 a.C.n.ad195 a.C.n.;post mortem appellaturImperator Gaozu(Davis 2001:44–46). Caput sui imperii elegitChang'an(Loewe 1986:122).

Han Occidentalis

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Interregnum Wang Mang et bellum civile

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Societas et cultura

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Classis socialis

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Crater "lacquerware"?Domus Han Occidentalis.
Patina "lacquerware"?Domus Han Occidentalis.

In Sinensi graduum societate,imperatorsummum societatis administrationisque locum tenuit; is autem saepe fuit iuvenis, temperatus aprocuratore regni,sicutimperatore viduavel paucis cognatis maribus (Ch'ü 1972:66–72). Sub imperatorem fueruntreges,socii tribus imperatoris, nomineLiu(Bielenstein 1980:105–107; Ch'ü 1972:76). Alii homines,nobilibusinclusis, et plebs,servisexclusis, ad unum ex viginti gradibus ( hai mươi công thừaershi gongcheng) pertinuerunt.

Coniugium, genus, consanguinitas

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Serva sericata temporis Han inpalla serica;fictilia Sinensia
Saltatrix sericata temporis Han inpalla serica;fictilia Sinensia

Familia tempore Han fuitpatrilinealis,et quattuor ad quinque socii familiae usitate unum domum habitaverunt. Homines variarum aetatum cuiusque familiae eandem domum non habitaverunt, dissimiles familiarum inferiorum domuum imperialium (Ch'ü 1972:3–9; Hinsch 2002:46–47). Secundumnormis Confucianis,quisque socius familia habuit suum proprium observantiae consuetudinisque gradum. Exempli gratia, tempus luctus patris discrepavit a tempore luctus patrui (Ch'ü 1972:9–10).Coniugia designata(Anglice:arranged marriages) fuerunt usitata, patris opinione de progeniei coniuge graviore quam matris (Ch'ü 1972:34; Hinsch 2002:35).Coniugia monogamosa?quoque sunt usitata, quamquam nobiles administratoresque alti fuerunt tam divites quam potueruntconcubinassufficere et sustinere (Ch'ü 1972:44–47; Hinsch 2002:38–39). Mos (non lex) fuit quod viri feminaeque aliquando potuerunt divortium facere cum coniuge et iterum matrimonio se coniungere (Ch'ü 1972:37–43; Hinsch 2002:40–45).

Alimentum

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Comunissimae fruges quotidianae fuerunttriticum,hordeum,oryza,milium,etfabae(Wang 1982:52). Fructus et holera quae homines communiter ederunt fueruntcastaneas,pira,pruna,persica,melones,pruna armeniaca,fraga,Myricas rubras(Sinice:Dương maiyángméi),zizypha,Crescentias cujete(Sinice:Hồ lôhúluet hồ tửhúzi),foliaharundinis IndicaeetBrassicae junceae,ettaro(Wang 1982:53, 206).Animaliadomestica ab hominibus esa fueruntpulli,anates,anseres,boves,oves,sues,cameli,etcanes.Testudinesetpiscesexfluminibusetlacubuscapti sunt. Venationes saepe consumptae fueruntbubones,phasiani,picae,cervi sika,etBambusicolae thoracici(Wang 1982:57–58). Condimenta usitata fueruntsaccharum,mel,sal,et "soy sauce"?(Hansen 2000:119–121). Hominescervisiametvinumquotidie consumpserunt (Hansen 2000:119; Wang 1982:206).

Religio, cosmologia, metaphysica

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Sepulcrum latericium (Anglice:vault)culturaeHan Orientalis apudLuoyang.

Familiae Sinae Hananimaliaalimentaqueapudtempla et aediculadeis,spiritibus,et maioribus rite sacrificaverunt (Ch'ü 1972:30–31). Crediderunt quemque hominem animam duarum partium habuisse: animam spiritus ( hồnhun), quae post mortem ad paradisum immortalium (xian) peregrinaret, et animam corporis ( pháchpo), quae in sepulcro tumulove terrestri maneret, et iterum cum anima spiritus coniungi posset solum per quasdam caerimonias rituales (Csikszentmihalyi 2006:140–141; Hansen 2000:119). Imperator fuit summus civitatis sacerdos, qui adcaelum,gravissimas deitates (appellatasTres Domini et Quinque Vires), et spiritus ( thầnshen)montiumetfluminum,sacrificia fecit (Ch'ü 1972:71). Homines crediderunt tres regna—caelum, terra, homines—conligatos esse a naturalibus vicissitudinibus viriumyin et yanget iterationibusquinque phasium(Csikszentmihalyi 2006:167; Ebrey 1999:78–79; Loewe 1994:55; Sun & Kistemaker 1997:2–3). Cum imperator propriosritus,ethicas,etmoresnon secutus sit, libratio harum mutationum cosmologicarum lapsa esset et ergo acciderentterraemotus,inundationes,siccitates,pestilentiae,locustarumexamina, et aliae calamitates (de Crespigny 2007:496, 592; Ebrey 1999:78–79; Loewe 1986:201).

Impressio lapidis Han quiaulam maiorum cultorum( từ đường,citang) monstrat.

Habitum est hominesimmortalitatemadsequi?si ei territoriumMatris-Reginae OccidentisvelMontem Penglaiattingerent?(Loewe 2005;Csikszentmihalyi 2006:116–117; "Funerary Practice in Han Times," 101–102).Taoistaeaetatis Haneremitaeconati sunt immortalitatem adsequi ab exercitationibus spirationis, rationibus sexualibus, et usibuselixirium medicarum?(Hansen 2000:144). Antesaeculum secundum a.C.n.,Taoistae magnas hierarchicalesque societates religiosas, sicutViam Quinque Oryzae Modiiinstituerunt, cuius adsectatores credideruntLaozi,philosophumsapientem (floruit saeculo sexto a.C.n.), fuissevatemsacrum, quisalutemet sanitatem offerret si adsecutorespeccata confiterentur,?venerationemdeorumimpurorum (qui carnis sacrificia acceperunt) vetarent, et partesTao Te Chingcanerent (Hansen 2000:144–146).

BuddhismusSinam aevo Han Orientalis intravit, et primum in litteris commemoratus est anno65(Demieville 1986:821–822; Needham 1972:112).Liu Ying(m.71), semifrater?Imperatoris Ming ex Han(regnavit57–75), fuit inter primos Buddhismi fautores Sinenses, sedBuddhismus Sinensiseo tempore cumTaoismo Huang-Laoarte consociatus est (Demiéville 1986:821–822). Primum notum Sinae templum Buddhisticum,Templum Equi Albi,per imperium Ming aedificatum est (Demiéville 1986:823). Gravissimae Buddhismiorsaeinlinguam Sinicamsaeculo secundoconversae sunt; haeOrsam Capitulorum Quadraginta Duo,Perfectionem Sapientis,Orsam Shurangama,etOrsam Pratyutpannacomprehenderunt (Akira 1998:247–251; vide etiam Needham 1972:112).

Oeconomica

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Variationes in nummis

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Nummuswushu( năm thù ), per regnumImperatoris Wu(regnavit141 a.C.n.–87 a.C.n.), 25.5 mm per diametrum

Vectigal et bona

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Scientia, technologia, et ingenarium

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Domus Han fuit aevum unicum in evolutione scientiae et technologiae Sinensium,auctus scientifici et technologiciperDomum Song(960–1279) paene similis (Jin, Fan, & Liu 1996:178–179; Needham 1972:111).

Medicina

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Medici aevi Han habuerunt corpus humanum sequi regulas naturae quae omnem universum regulabant, videlicet circulos cosmologicosyin et yangetphases quinque(wu xing). Quidque corporisorganumcum propria phasi consociatum est. Morbus habitus est signum disruptionis vigoris vitae (qi) per canales qui ad quoddam organum ducunt.

Nexus interni

Antecessor:
Familia Cin 		Familiae imperiales Sinarum
Familia Han
202 a.C.n.––220 		Successor:
Heu Han
(Tria regna)

Bibliographia

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Vexillum sericum exMawangduiChangshaein ProvinciaHunan.
ReplicaseismometriaZhang Hengfacti.
Aureatae animalium figurinae ex Domu Han:equus,elephas,bos,etunicornu
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  • Xue, Shiqi.2003."Chinese lexicography past and present" inLexicography: Critical Concepts.Edidit R. R. K. Hartmann, 158–173.LondiniietNovi Eboraci:Routledge.ISBN 0-415-25365-9.
  • Yü, Ying-shih.1967.Trade and Expansion in Han China: A Study in the Structure of Sino-Barbarian Economic Relations.Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • Yü, Ying-shih.1986."Han Foreign Relations," inThe Cambridge History of China: Volume I: the Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 B.C.–A.D. 220.Ediderunt Denis Twitchett et Michael Loewe, 377–462.Cantabrigiae:Cambridge University Press.ISBN 0-521-24327-0.
  • Watson, William.2000.The Arts of China to AD 900.New Haven: Yale University Press.ISBN 0-300-08284-3.
  • Zhang, Guanuda.2002."The Role of the Sogdians as Translators of Buddhist Texts." InSilk Road Studies VII: Nomads, Traders, and Holy Men Along China's Silk Road.Ediderunt Annette L. Juliano et Judith A. Lerner, 75-78. Turnhout: Brepols Publishers.ISBN 2-503-52178-9.
  • Zhou, Jinghao2003.Remaking China's Public Philosophy for the Twenty-First Century.Westport: Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc.ISBN 0-275-97882-6.

Nexus externi

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Vicimedia Communiaplura habent quae adFamilia Hanspectant.


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