Baalbek
Baalbek
بَعْلَبَكّ | |
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Koordinat:34°0′22.81″N36°12′26.36″E/ 34.0063361°N 36.2073222°EKoordinat:34°0′22.81″N36°12′26.36″E/ 34.0063361°N 36.2073222°E | |
Negara | ![]() |
Kegabenoran | Baalbek-Hermel |
Daerah | Baalbek |
Pentadbiran | |
• Datuk bandar | Bachir Khodr |
Keluasan | |
•Bandar | 7 km2(3 batu persegi) |
• Metro | 16 km2(6 batu persegi) |
Aras | 1,170 m (3,840 ft) |
Penduduk | |
•Bandar | 82,608 |
•Metro | 105,000 |
Zon waktu | UTC+2(EET) |
• Musim panas (DST) | +3 |
Baalbek | |
Inskripsi | 1984 (sesike-8) |
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sunting·sunting di Wikidata![]() |
Baalbek[a](/ˈbɑːlbɛk,ˈbeɪəlbɛk/;[5]Arab:بَعْلَبَكّ,rumi:Baʿlabakk ;Syriac-Aramaic:ܒܥܠܒܟ) merupakan sebuah bandar yang terletak di timur Sungai Litani di Lembah Beqaa diLubnan,kira-kira 67 km (42 bt) timur lautBeirut.Ia adalah ibu kota Kegabenoran Baalbek-Hermel.[6]Pada tahun 1998, Baalbek mempunyai populasi 82,608, kebanyakannyaMuslim Syiah,diikuti olehMuslim SunnidanKristian.[7]Pekan ini terkenal dengan tapak bersejarah dan tarikan pelancong, termasuk beberapa kuil Rom purba, Masjid Besar darizaman Umayyah,dan tapak kuari Rom bernamaHajar al-Hibla.[8]
Baalbek mempunyai sejarah yang bermula sekurang-kurangnya 11,000 tahun, merangkumi zaman penting seperti zaman Prasejarah,Kanaan,Helenistik dan Rom. Selepas Alexander the Great menakluki kota itu pada 334 SM, dia menamakannyaHeliopolis(Ἡλιούπολις ,bahasa Yunaniuntuk "Kota Matahari" ). Kota ini berkembang pesat di bawah pemerintahan Rom. Walau bagaimanapun, ia mengalami transformasi semasa zaman Kristianisasi dankebangkitan Islamseterusnya selepaspenaklukan Arabpada abad ke-7. Dalam tempoh kemudian, bandar itu telah dirampas oleh orangMongoldan menghadapi beberapa siri gempa bumi, mengakibatkan penurunan kepentingan semasa zaman Uthmaniyyah dan moden.[8]Bandar ini terkenal dengan runtuhan kompleks kuil Baalbek dari zaman Rom, menempatkan dua kuil Rom terbesar dan terhebat: Kuil Bacchus dan Kuil Musytari. Ia telah ditulis pada tahun 1984 sebagaitapak Warisan Dunia UNESCO.
Dalam era moden, Baalbek adalah sebuah bandar yang agak kecil yang menikmati kelebihan ekonomi sebagai destinasi pelancongan yang dicari. Walau bagaimanapun, sektor pelancongan telah menghadapi cabaran akibat konflik di Lubnan, terutamanyaperang saudara 1975–1990,danperang saudara Syriayang berterusan sejak 2011.[8]Hari ini, bandar itu adalah kubu kuat pertubuhan militanHizbullah.[9][10][11]
Bandar berkembar
[sunting|sunting sumber]Baalbekberkembardengan:
Nota
[sunting|sunting sumber]Rujukan
[sunting|sunting sumber]- ^Cook's(1876).
- ^Wood (1757).
- ^EB(1878),m/s. 176.
- ^إتحاد بلديات غربي بعلبك[West Baalbeck Municipalities Union] (dalam bahasa Arab). 2013. Diarkibkan daripadayang asalpada 23 Julai 2021.Dicapai pada4 Jun2024.
- ^
- Olausson, Lena (2 Ogos 2006)."How to Say: Baalbek".London:BBC.Dicapai pada4 Jun2024.
- "Baalbek".Merriam–Webster.2020.
- "Baalbek".American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language.Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. 2020.
- ^"Mohafazah de Baalbek-Hermel".Localiban. Diarkibkan daripadayang asalpada 21 Februari 2017.Dicapai pada4 Jun2024.
- ^Wolfgang Gockel; Helga Bruns (1998).Syria – Lebanon(ed. illustrated). Hunter Publishing, Inc. m/s.202.ISBN9783886181056.
- ^abcNajem, Tom; Amore, Roy C.; Abu Khalil, As'ad (2021).Historical Dictionary of Lebanon.Historical Dictionaries of Asia, Oceania, and the Middle East (ed. 2nd). Lanham Boulder New York London: Rowman & Littlefield. m/s. 45–46.ISBN978-1-5381-2043-9.
- ^"Israeli Airstrike Hits Hezbollah Stronghold in Northeast Lebanon".Voice of America(dalam bahasa Inggeris). 2024-03-23.Dicapai pada2024-05-27.
- ^"Israel conducts air raid on Baalbek, Hezbollah stronghold in Lebanon, sources say".Reuters.23 April 2024.
- ^Amun, Fadi; Hashmonai, Adi; Peleg, Bar (12 Mac 2024)."IDF strikes Hezbollah stronghold deep in Lebanon; 100 rockets fired at northern Israel".Haaretz(dalam bahasa Inggeris).Dicapai pada4 Jun2024.
- ^Syaifullah, M. (26 Oktober 2008)."Yogyakarta dan Libanon Bentuk Kota Kembar".Tempo Interaktif.Diarkibkan daripadayang asalpada 18 Ogos 2009.Dicapai pada4 Jun2024.
Pautan luar
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Wikimedia Commonsmempunyai media berkaitanBaalbek |
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Wikikembara memiliki panduan pelancongan bagiBaalbek. |
- Google Maps satellite view
- Panoramas of the temples atLebanon 360andDiscover Lebanon
- Archaeological research in Baalbekfrom the German Archaeological Institute
- GCatholic – Latin titular see
- Baalbeck International Festival
- Baalbek Railway Station(2006) atAl Mashriq
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- K., T. (2010). "Baalbek". Dalam Grafton, Anthony; Most, Glenn W.; Settis, Salvatore (penyunting).The Classical Tradition.Cambridge:Harvard University Press. m/s. 115.ISBN978-0-674-03572-0.
- "Ba'albek".Cook's Tourists' Handbook for Palestine and Syria.London: T. Cook & Son. 1876. m/s. 359–365.
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- Sobernheim, Moritz (1913)."Baalbek".Encyclopaedia of Islam: A Dictionary of the Geography, Ethnography, and Biography of the Muhammadan Peoples.I(ed. 1st). Leiden: E.J. Brill. m/s. 543–544.ISBN9004082654.
- Zettersteen, K.V. (1936)."Zengī".Encyclopaedia of Islam: A Dictionary of the Geography, Ethnography, and Biography of the Muhammadan Peoples.VIII(ed. 1st). Leiden: E.J. Brill. m/s. 1224–1225.ISBN9004097961.
- Adam, Jean-Pierre(1977). "À propos du trilithon de Baalbek: Le transport et la mise en oeuvre des mégalithes" [About the Baalbeck Trilithon: The Transport and Use of the Megaliths].Syria(dalam bahasa Perancis).54(1/2): 31–63.doi:10.3406/syria.1977.6623.
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- Genz, Hermann (2010). "Reflections on the Early Bronze Age IV in Lebanon". Dalam Matthiae, Paolo; Pinnock, Frances; Marchetti, Nicolò; Nigro (penyunting).Proceedings of the 6th International Congress of the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East: 5 May–10 May 2009, "Sapienza", Università di Roma.2:Excavations, Surveys, and Restorations: Reports on Recent Field Archaeology in the Near East.Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. m/s. 205–218.ISBN978-3-447-06216-9.
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- Jessup, Samuel (1881)."Ba'albek".DalamWilson, Charles William(penyunting).Picturesque Palestine, Sinai, and Egypt,Div. II.New York: D. Appleton & Co., illustrated by Henry Fenn & J.D. Woodward. m/s. 453–476.
- Jidejian, Nina (1975).Baalbek: Heliopolis: "City of the Sun".Beirut: Dar el-Machreq Publishers.ISBN978-2-7214-5884-1.
- Kehrer, Nicole (21 November 2014)."Libanesisch-deutsches Forscherteam entdeckt weltweit größten antiken Steinblock in Baalbek"[Lebanese-German Research Team Discovers the World's Largest Ancient Stone Block in Baalbek] (dalam bahasa Jerman). Berlin: German Archaeological Institute. Diarkibkan daripadayang asalpada 12 Disember 2014.Dicapai pada4 Jun2024.
- Köhler, Michael (2013). Hirschler, Konrad (penyunting).Alliances and Treaties between Frankish and Muslim Rulers in the Middle East: Cross-Cultural Diplomacy in the Period of the Crusades.The Muslim World in the Age of the Crusades,Vol. I. Leiden: translated from the German by Peter M. Holt for Koninklijke Brill.ISBN978-90-04-24857-1.ISSN2213-1043.
- Kropp, Andreas; Lohmann, Daniel (April 2011)."'Master, look at the size of those stones! Look at the size of those buildings!' Analogies in Construction Techniques Between the Temples at Heliopolis (Baalbek) and Jerusalem ".m/s. 38–50.Dicapai pada4 Jun2024.[pautan mati]
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- Lendering, Jona(2013).Baalbek (Heliopolis).Livius. Diarkibkan daripadayang asalpada 2 Julai 2015.Dicapai pada4 Jun2024.
- le Strange, Guy (1890).Palestine Under the Moslems: A Description of Syria and the Holy Land from A.D. 650 to 1500.Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.
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Bacaan lanjut
[sunting|sunting sumber]- The Entrance to the Temple of Jupiter.Washington:Library of Congress. 29 Mei 2013.Dicapai pada4 Jun2024– melalui World Digital Library.
- Baalbek.New York:UNESCOWorld Heritage Centre. Diarkibkan daripadayang asalpada 12 September 2007.
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