Pertempuran Tsushima

Pertempuran Tsushima
	Sebahagian daripadaPerang Rusia-Jepun
	; Laksamana Tōgōdi anjunganMikasa,pada awal Pertempuran Tsushima tahun 1905.Bendera isyaratyang sedang dikibarkan ialah berhurufZ,yang merupakan arahan khas kepada Armada.
Tarikh	27–28 Mei 1905
Lokasi	Selat Tsushima34°33.98′N130°9.06′E/ 34.56633°N 130.15100°EKoordinat:34°33.98′N130°9.06′E/ 34.56633°N 130.15100°E
Keputusan	Kemenangan muktamad Jepun
Pihak yang terlibat
Empayar Jepun	Empayar Rusia
Komandan dan pemimpin
Tōgō Heihachirō; Kamimura Hikonojō; Dewa Shigetō	Zinovy Rozhestvensky; Nikolai Nebogatov; Oskar Enkvist
Kekuatan
5 kapal tempur; 27 kruiser; 21 kapal pembinasa; 37 bot torpedo tambah bot meriam, dan kapal bantuan; Jumlah: 89 kapal	8 kapal tempur; 3 kapal tempur pesisir; 6 kruiser; 9 kapal pembinasa; 12 kapal lain; Jumlah: 38 kapal
Kerugian dan korban
117 maut; 583 cedera; 3 bot torpedo karam; (450tantenggelam)	4,380 maut; 5,917 ditawan; 6 kapal tempur karam; 1 kapal tempur pesisir karam; 14 kapal lain karam; 7 kapal ditawan; 6 kapal dilucut senjata; (126,792tantenggelam)

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Pertempuran Tsushima(Rusia:Цусимское сражениеcode: ru is deprecated,Tsusimskoye srazheniye), juga dikenali sebagaiPertempuran Selat TsushimadanPertempuran Laut Jepun(Bahasa Jepun: Nhật Bản hải hải chiến,Nihonkai-Kaisen) diJepun,adalah satu pertempuran laut terbesar antara Rusia dan Jepun semasaPerang Rusia-Jepun.Ia merupakan satu-satunya pertempuran laut muktamad dalam sejarah tentera yang dilakukan oleh armadakapal tempurbesi moden,^[2]^[3]dan pertempuran laut pertama yang manatelegrafi wayarles(radio) memainkan satu peranan penting. Ia telah disifatkan sebagai "lambang kematian era lama – buat kali terakhir dalam sejarah peperangan laut,kapal perang layardalam armada yang tewas menyerahkalah di laut lepas ".^{[atribusi diperlukan]}^[4]

Ia telah berlangsung pada 27–28 Mei 1905 (14–15 Mei dalamkalendar Julianyang digunakan di Rusia) diSelat TsushimaantaraKoreadan selatanJapan.Dalam pertempuran ini armadaJepundibawah LaksamanaTōgō Heihachirōmemusnahkan dua pertiga armadaRusia,dibawah LaksamanaZinovy Rozhestvensky,yang telah mengelilingi lebih 18,000batu nautika(33,000 km) untuk tiba ke Timur Jauh. Di London pada tahun 1906,Sir George Sydenham Clarkemenulis, "Pertempuran Tsu-shima adalah peristiwa laut terbesar dan paling penting sejakTrafalgar";^[5]sedekad kemudian, ahli sejarahEdmund Morrisbersetuju dengan pendapat ini.^[6]Kemusnahan tentera laut Rusia menyebabkan reaksi pahit dari rakyat Rusia, yang membuatperjan gian damaipada September 1905 tanpa sebarang pertempuran lagi.

SebelumPerang Rusia-Jepun,banyak negara membina kapal tempur mereka dengan pelbagai meriam yang berukuran 152 mm (6-inci), 203 mm (8-inci), 254 mm (10-inci) dan 305 mm (12-inci), dengan niat menggunakan kapal tempur ini dalam pertarungan jarak dekat, iaitu aksi muktamad armada. Pertempuran Tsushima secara konklusif menunjukkan bahawa kelajuan dan meriam besar kapal tempur^[7]berserta jarak yang lebih jauh adalah lebih berguna dalam pertempuran laut berbanding pelbagai meriam yang berbeza saiz.^[8]

Pertempuran ini juga merupakan kali pertamatelegrafi wayarlesdigunakan dalam peperangan laut.^[9]Telegraf wayarlestelah dicipta pada akhir tahun 1890an, dan menjelang abad seterusnya hampir kesemua tentera laut utama mengguna pakai teknologi komunikasi yang lebih baik ini. Bagaimanapun Tsushima akan menjadi "pertempuran lautbesar pertama yang menggunakan wayarles untuk apa jua peranan ".^[10]

Lihat juga

Nota

Rujukan

^100 Battles,Decisive Battles that Shaped the World,Dougherty, Martin, J., Parragon, pp. 144–145
^Sterling, Christopher H. (2008).Military communications: from ancient times to the 21st century.ABC-CLIO. m/s. 459.ISBN 1-85109-732-5.The naval battle of Tsushima, the ultimate contest of the 1904–1905 Russo-Japanese War, was one of the most decisive sea battles in history.
^Naval War College Press (U.S.), penyunting (2009).Joint Operational Warfare Theory and Practice and V. 2, Historical Companion.Government Printing Office. m/s. V-76.ISBN 1-884733-62-X.In retrospect, the battle of Tsushima in May 1905 was the last "decisive" naval battle in history.
^Brown p. 10
^Semenoff (1907) p. ix
^Morris, Edmund(2001).Theodore Rex.ISBN 0-394-55509-0.
^Massie pp. 470–480
^Semenoff (1907) pp. 124, 135
^Evans & Peattie 1997,m/s. 84.
^Busch pp. 137–138

Bibliografi

Brown, David (1990).Warship Losses of World War Two.Arms and Armor Press, Great Britain.ISBN 0-85368-802-8.
Forczyk, Robert (2009).Russian Battleship vs Japanese Battleship, Yellow Sea 1904–1905.Osprey.ISBN 978-1-84603-330-8.
Evans, David C;Peattie, Mark R(1997).Kaigun: strategy, tactics, and technology in the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1887–1941.Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press.ISBN 0-87021-192-7.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Koenig, William (1977).Epic Sea Battles(ed. 2004 revised). London: Octopus Publishing Group Ltd.ISBN 0-7537-1062-5.
Willmott, H. P. (2009).The Last Century of Sea Power: From Port Arthur to Chanak, 1894–1922, Volume 1.Indiana University Press.ISBN 0-41521-477-7.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Mahan, Alfred Thayer(1906).Reflections, Historic and Other, Suggested by the Battle of the Japan Sea.(Article) US NavalProceedingsmagazine, June 1906, Volume XXXVI, No. 2; US Naval Institute, Heritage Collection.
Massie, Robert K.(1991).Dreadnought: Britain, Germany, and the Coming of the Great War.Random House, NY.ISBN 0-394-52833-6.
Pleshakov, Constantine (2002).The Tsar's Last Armada; The Epic Voyage to the Battle of Tsushima.ISBN 0-465-05792-6.
Regan, Geoffrey (1992) 'The Battle of Tsushima 1905' inThe Guinness Book of Decisive Battles,Guinness Publishing.
Semenoff, Vladimir Captain (1907).The Battle of Tsushima.Translated by Captain A. B. Lindsay; Preface by Sir George Sydenham Clarke, G.C.M.G., F.R.S., John Murray, London, second edition 1907.
Sondhaus, Lawrence (2001).Naval Warfare, 1815–1914.New York: Routledge.ISBN 0-41521-477-7.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Stille, Mark (2016).The Imperial Japanese Navy of the Russo-Japanese War.Bloomsbury Publishing.ISBN 1-47281-121-6.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Willmott, H. P. (2009).The Last Century of Sea Power: From Port Arthur to Chanak, 1894–1922, Volume 1.Indiana University Press.ISBN 0-25300-356-3.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Watts, Anthony J.The Imperial Russian Navy.Arms and Armour Press, Villiers House, 41–47 Strand, London, 1990.ISBN 0-85368-912-1.

Bacaan lanjut

Busch, Noel F. (1969).The Emperor's Sword: Japan vs. Russia in the Battle of Tsushima.New York: Funk & Wagnall’s.
Connaughton, Richard M. (1991).The War of the Rising Sun and Tumbling Bear: A Military History of the Russo-Japanese War, 1904-5.Routledge.ISBN 978-0-415-07143-7.
Corbett, Julian (1994).Maritime Operations In The Russo-Japanese War 1904–1905.ISBN 1-55750-129-7.
Hailey, Foster; Milton Lancelot (1964).Clear for Action: The Photographic Story of Modern Naval Combat, 1898–1964.New York: Duell, Sloan and Pierce.
Hough, Richard Alexander (1960).The Fleet That Had to Die.New York: Ballantine Paperbacks.
Jentschura, Hansgeorg; Dieter Jung; Peter Mickel (1977).Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy 1869–1945.Annapolis, Maryland: United States Naval Institute.ISBN 0-87021-893-X.
Novikoff-Priboy, A (1937).Tsushima.A.A. Knopf.
Olender, Piotr (2010).Russo-Japanese Naval War 1904–1905, Vol. 2, Battle of Tsushima.Sandomierz, Poland: Stratus s.c.ISBN 978-83-61421-02-3.
Seager, Robert (1977).Alfred Thayer Mahan: The Man And His Letters.ISBN 0-87021-359-8.
Semenoff, Vladimir (1910).Rasplata (The Reckoning).London: John Murray.
Semenoff, Vladimir (1912).The Battle of Tsushima.New York: E.P. Dutton & Co.
Thiess, Frank (1937).The Voyage of Forgotten Men.Indianapolis: The Bobbs-Merill Company.
Tikowara, Hesibo; Grant, R. (1907).Before Port Arthur in a Destroyer, The Personal Diary of a Japanese Naval Officer.London: John Murray.
Tomitch, V. M. (1968).Warships of the Imperial Russian Navy.BT Publishers.
Warner, Denis and Peggy (1975).The Tide at Sunrise. A History of the Russo-Japanese War 1904–1905.ISBN 0-7146-5256-3.
Wilson, H. W. (1969).Battleships in Action(ed. 1999 revised). Scholarly Press.ISBN 0-85177-642-6.
Woodward, David (1966).The Russians at Sea: A History of the Russian Navy.New York: Praeger Publishers.

Pautan luar

History— This Day In History: The Battle of Tsushima Strait
Battlefleet 1900—Free naval wargame rules covering the pre-dreadnought era, including the Russo-Japanese War.
Russojapanesewar—Contains a complete order of battle of both fleets. It also contains Admiral Tōgō's post-battle report and the account of Russian ensign Sememov.

[Dougherty-1] 100 Battles,Decisive Battles that Shaped the World,Dougherty, Martin, J., Parragon, pp. 144–145

[2] Sterling, Christopher H. (2008).Military communications: from ancient times to the 21st century.ABC-CLIO. m/s. 459.ISBN 1-85109-732-5.The naval battle of Tsushima, the ultimate contest of the 1904–1905 Russo-Japanese War, was one of the most decisive sea battles in history.

[3] Naval War College Press (U.S.), penyunting (2009).Joint Operational Warfare Theory and Practice and V. 2, Historical Companion.Government Printing Office. m/s. V-76.ISBN 1-884733-62-X.In retrospect, the battle of Tsushima in May 1905 was the last "decisive" naval battle in history.

[4] Brown p. 10

[5] Semenoff (1907) p. ix

[6] Morris, Edmund(2001).Theodore Rex.ISBN 0-394-55509-0.

[7] Massie pp. 470–480

[8] Semenoff (1907) pp. 124, 135

[FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie199784-9] Evans & Peattie 1997,m/s. 84.

[10] Busch pp. 137–138

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