Einsatzgruppen

*Einsatzgruppen*
	Einsatzgruppenberoperasi dibawah pentadbiranSchutzstaffel(SS)
	; Pembunuhan orang Yahudi diIvanhorod,Ukraine,1942. Seorang wanita cuba melindungi kanak-kanak dengan badannya sendiri sejurus sebelum mereka menembak dengan senapang pada jarak yang dekat.
Intisari agensi
Dibentuk	sekitar 1939
Agensi terdahulu	Einsatzkommando;
Bidang kuasa	Jerman Nazi; Taklukan Eropah
Ibu pejabat	RSHA,Prinz-Albrecht-Straße,Berlin; 52°30′26″N13°22′57″E/ 52.50722°N 13.38250°E
Kakitangan	sekitar 3,000 (1941)
Menteri bertanggungjawab	Heinrich Himmler,Reichsführer-SS;
Eksekutif agensi	SS-ObergruppenführerReinhard Heydrich,Pengarah, RSHA (1939–1942); SS-ObergruppenführerErnst Kaltenbrunner,Pengarah, RSHA (1943–1945);
Agensi induk	Allgemeine SSdan RSHA

Einsatzgruppen^[a](bahasa Jerman:[ˈʔaɪnzatsˌɡʁʊpn̩],"pasukan petugas"^[1]atau "kumpulan gerakan" )^[2]ialahskuad mautsepara tenteraSchutzstaffel(SS)Jerman Naziyang bertanggungjawab bagi pembunuhan beramai-ramai, terutamanya dengan menembak, semasaPerang Dunia II(1939–45).Einsatzgruppeterlibat dalam pembunuhan kebanyakanintelligentsiadan golongan elite kebudayaan Poland, dan mempunyai peranan penting dalam pelaksanaanPenyelesaian terakhir bagi permasalahan Yahudi(Die Endlösung der Judenfrage) di wilayah-wilayah yang ditakluki oleh Jerman Nazi. Hampir semua orang yang mereka bunuh adalah orang awam, bermula dengan intelligentsia dan dengan pantas berkembang hingga kekomisar politikSoviet,orang Yahudi,danGipsisertapuak partisan(samada yang betul atau disyaki) diseluruh Eropah Timur.

Dibawah arahanReichsführer-SSHeinrich Himmlerdan penyeliaan SS-ObergruppenführerReinhard Heydrich,Einsatzgruppenberoperasi di wilayah-wilayah yang diduduki olehAngkatan Tentera Jermanberikutanpencerobohan Polandpada September 1939 danOperasi Barbarossa(iaitu pencerobohan Soviet Union) yang dilancarkan daritaklukan Polandpada Jun 1941.Einsatzgruppenbekerja rapat denganBatalion Polis Orpodi Barisan Timur untuk menjalankan operasi antara dari pembunuhan beberapa orang hingga operasi yang berlanjutan dua hari atau lebih, seperti pembunuhan beramai-ramai diBabi Yardengan 33,771 orang Yahudi dibunuh dalam masa 2 hari, danpembunuhan beramai-ramai Rumbula(dengan kira-kira 25,000 orang dibunuh dalam masa 2 hari tembakan). Seperti yang diarahkan oleh pemimpin NaziAdolf Hitler,pihakWehrmachtbekerjasama denganEinsatzgruppendan menyediakan bantuan logistik untuk operasi mereka. Ahli sejarahRaul Hilbergmenganggarkan antara tahun 1941 dan 1945 pasukanEinsatzgruppendan pasukan bantuan yang berkaitan telah membunuh lebih kurang 2 juta orang, termasuk 1.3 juta Yahudi. Jumlah keseluruhan orang Yahudi yang dibunuh semasaHolokusialah dianggarkan 5.5 hingga 6 juta orang.

Selepas tamatnya Perang Dunia II, 24 pemimpin kananEinsatzgruppentelah didakwa dalamPerbicaraan Einsatzgruppenpada tahun 1947–48, dituduh denganjenayah terhadap kemanusiaandanjenayah perang.14 hukuman mati dan 2 hukuman penjara seumur hidup telah dijalankan. Empat pemimpin tambahanEinsatzgruppekemudiannya dibicarakan dan dihukum mati oleh negara lain.

Rujukan

Nota keterangan

^Singular:Einsatzgruppe;Official full name:Einsatzgruppen der Sicherheitspolizei und des SD

Petikan

Sumber

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Browning, Christopher;Matthäus, Jürgen(2004).The Origins of the Final Solution: The Evolution of Nazi Jewish Policy, September 1939 – March 1942.Comprehensive History of the Holocaust. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.ISBN 978-0-8032-1327-2.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Caron, Jean-Christoph (22 December 2007)."Erwin Rommel: Auf der Jagd nach dem Schatz des" Wüstenfuchses"".Spiegel Online(dalam bahasa German): 2.Dicapai pada9 September2016.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Conze, Eckart; Frei, Norbert; Hayes, Peter; Zimmermann, Moshe (2010).Das Amt und die Vergangenheit: deutsche Diplomaten im Dritten Reich und in der Bundesrepublik(dalam bahasa German). Munich: Karl Blessing.ISBN 978-3-89667-430-2.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
Craig, William(1973).Enemy at the Gates: The Battle for Stalingrad.Old Saybrook, CT: Konecky & Konecky.ISBN 1-56852-368-8.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
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Edeiken, Yale F. (22 August 2000)."Introduction to the Einsatzgruppen".Holocaust History Project.Dicapai pada10 January2013.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
"Einsatzgruppen case"(PDF).Trials of War Criminals before the Nuernberg Military Tribunals under Control Council Law No. 10(PDF).Green Series.4.Nürnberg. October 1946 – April 1949.Dicapai pada2 April2013.
Evans, Richard J.(2008).The Third Reich at War.New York: Penguin Group.ISBN 978-0-14-311671-4.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Gerwarth, Robert(2011).Hitler's Hangman: The Life of Heydrich.New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.ISBN 978-0-300-11575-8.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Haberer, Erich (2001)."Intention and Feasibility: Reflections on Collaboration and the Final Solution".East European Jewish Affairs.31(2): 64–81.doi:10.1080/13501670108577951.OCLC 210897979.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)^{[sumber lebih baik diperlukan]}
Headland, Ronald (1992).Messages of Murder: A Study of the Reports of the Security Police and the Security Service.London: Associated University Presses.ISBN 0-8386-3418-4.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Hilberg, Raul(1985).The Destruction of the European Jews.New York: Holmes & Meier.ISBN 978-0-8419-0832-1.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Hillgruber, Andreas(1989). "War in the East and the Extermination of the Jews". Dalam Marrus, Michael (penyunting).Part 3, The "Final Solution": The Implementation of Mass Murder, Volume 1.The Nazi Holocaust. Westpoint, CT: Meckler. m/s. 85–114.ISBN 0-88736-266-4.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Ingrao, Christian (2013).Believe and Destroy: Intellectuals in the SS War Machine.Malden, MA: Polity.ISBN 978-0-7456-6026-4.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Kershaw, Ian(2008).Hitler, the Germans, and the Final Solution.New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.ISBN 978-0-300-12427-9.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Klee, Ernst;Dressen, Willi; Riess, Volker (1991)."The Good Old Days" – The Holocaust as Seen by its Perpetrators and Bystanders.Trans. Burnstone, Deborah. New York: MacMillan.ISBN 0-02-917425-2.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)(originally published asKlee, Ernst; Dreßen, Willi; Rieß, Volker (Hrsg.) (1988).Schöne Zeiten. Judenmord aus der Sicht der Täter und Gaffer(dalam bahasa German). Frankfurt / Main: S. Fischer.ISBN 978-3-10-039304-3.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
Krumenacker, Thomas (7 April 2006)."Nazis Planned Holocaust for Palestine: historians".Red Orbit.Dicapai pada9 September2016.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Langerbein, Helmut (2003).Hitler’s Death Squads: The Logic of Mass Murder.College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press.ISBN 978-1-58544-285-0.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Larsen, Stein Ugelvik (2008).Meldungen aus Norwegen 1940–1945: Die geheimen Lagesberichte des Befehlshabers der Sicherheitspolizei und des SD in Norwegen, 1(dalam bahasa German). Munich: Oldenburg.ISBN 978-3-486-55891-3.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
LEO Dictionary Team."LEO Deutsch-Englisches Wörterbuch" einsatzgruppe""(dalam bahasa German). Dict.leo.org.Dicapai pada10 January2013.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
Longerich, Peter(2010).Holocaust: The Nazi Persecution and Murder of the Jews.Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press.ISBN 978-0-19-280436-5.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Longerich, Peter (2012).Heinrich Himmler: A Life.Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press.ISBN 978-0-19-959232-6.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
MacLean, French L. (1999).The Field Men: The SS Officers Who Led the Einsatzkommandos—The Nazi Mobile Killing Units.Schiffer Military History. Madison, WI: Schiffer.ISBN 978-0-7643-0754-6.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Mallmann, Klaus-Michael;Cüppers, Martin (2006).Crescent and Swastika: The Third Reich, the Arabs and Palestine.Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.ISBN 978-3-534-19729-3.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Mallmann, Klaus-Michael; Cüppers, Martin; Smith, Krista (2010).Nazi Palestine: The Plans for the Extermination of the Jews in Palestine.New York: Enigma.ISBN 1-929631-93-6.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Marrus, Michael(2000).The Holocaust in History.Toronto: Key Porter.ISBN 978-1-55263-120-1.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Mayer, Arno J(1988).Why Did The Heavens Not Darken?.New York: Pantheon.ISBN 0-394-57154-1.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
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Rabitz, Cornelia (21 June 2011)."Biography of Nazi criminal meets resistance from small German town".dw.de.Deutsche Welle.Dicapai pada9 September2016.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Rees, Laurence(1997).The Nazis: A Warning From History.Foreword by Sir Ian Kershaw. New York: New Press.ISBN 1-56584-551-X.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
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Rhodes, Richard(2002).Masters of Death: The SS-Einsatzgruppen and the Invention of the Holocaust.New York: Vintage Books.ISBN 0-375-70822-7.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
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Rossino, Alexander B.(2003).Hitler Strikes Poland: Blitzkrieg, Ideology, and Atrocity.Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas.ISBN 0-7006-1234-3.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
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Shelach, Menachem (1989). "Sajmište: An Extermination Camp in Serbia". DalamMarrus, Michael Robert(penyunting).The Victims of the Holocaust: Historical Articles on the Destruction of European Jews.2.Westport, CT: Meckler.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Shirer, William L.(1960).The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich.New York: Simon & Schuster.ISBN 978-0-671-62420-0.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Smelser, Ronald;Davies, Edward (2008).The Myth of the Eastern Front:The Nazi-Soviet War in American Popular Culture.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.ISBN 978-0-521-83365-3.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
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Urban, Thomas (1 September 2001)."Poszukiwany Hermann Schaper".Rzeczpospolita (newspaper)(dalam bahasa Polish) (204). Diarkibkan daripadayang asalpada 24 November 2007.Dicapai pada5 Januari2015.Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (bantuan)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
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Bacaan lanjut

Earl, Hilary (2009).The Nuremberg SS-Einsatzgruppen Trial, 1945–1958: Atrocity, Law, and History.Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press.ISBN 978-0-521-45608-1.
Förster, Jürgen(1998). "Complicity or Entanglement? The Wehrmacht, the War and the Holocaust". Dalam Berenbaum, Michael; Peck, Abraham (penyunting).The Holocaust and History: The Known, the Unknown, the Disputed and the Reexamined.Bloomington: Indian University Press. m/s. 266–283.ISBN 978-0-253-33374-2.
Krausnick, Helmut;Wilhelm, Hans-Heinrich (1981).Die Truppe des Weltanschauungskrieges. Die Einsatzgruppen der Sicherheitspolizei und des SD 1938–1942(dalam bahasa German). Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt.ISBN 3-421-01987-8.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
Snyder, Timothy(2010).Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin.New York: Basic Books.ISBN 978-0-465-00239-9.
Stang, Knut (1996).Kollaboration und Massenmord. Die litauische Hilfspolizei, das Rollkommando Hamann und die Ermordung der litauischen Juden(dalam bahasa German). Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.ISBN 3-631-30895-7.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)

Pautan luar

United States Holocaust Memorial Museum article onEinsatzgruppen
"Einsatzgruppen"The Holocaust Education & Archive Research Team

[1] Singular:Einsatzgruppe;Official full name:Einsatzgruppen der Sicherheitspolizei und des SD

[FOOTNOTELEO_Dictionary-2] LEO Dictionary.

[FOOTNOTEEncyclopædia_Britannica-3] Encyclopædia Britannica.

[a]

[1]

[2]

l b s SS
Cawangan	Allgemeine SS Totenkopfverbände (SS-TV) Waffen-SS
Pimpinan	Reichsführer-SS Pemimpin SS dan Polis Kakitangan SS Markas SS
Pemimpin	Julius Schreck Joseph Berchtold Erhard Heiden Heinrich Himmler Karl Hanke
Jabatan utama	Pejabat Reichsführer-SS Ibupejabat SS Pejabat Operasi Utama Pejabat Keselamatan Utama Reich (RSHA) Economics and Administration Office Office of Race and Settlement (RuSHA) Main Office for Ethnic Germans (VOMI) Office of the Reich Commissioner for Germanic Resettlement (RKFDV) Courts Office Personnel Office Education Office
Institusi Ideologik	Ahnenerbe Das Schwarze Korps SS-Junkerschule Bad Tölz
Polis dan pasukan keselamatan	Polis tetap beruniform (Orpo) Polis jenayah (Kripo) Polis Rahsia Negara (Gestapo) Polis Keselamatan Negara (SiPo) Perkhidmatan Keselamatan SS (SD)
Kawalan keselamatan Führer	SS-Begleitkommando des Führers Reichssicherheitsdienst
Unit-unit separa tentera	Einsatzgruppen Ypatingasis būrys Lithuanian Security Police Rollkommando Hamann Arajs Kommando Ukrainian Auxiliary Police Ukrainian collaboration Volksdeutscher Selbstschutz Trawnikis
Divisyen Waffen-SS	Verfügungstruppe (SS-VT) Leibstandarte (LSSAH) Divisyen Totenkopf Divisyen Polizei
Unit asing SS	Germanic-SS Germaansche SS in Nederland Germaansche SS in Vlaanderen Germanske SS Norge Schalburg Corps Britisches Freikorps Europäische Freiwillige S.S. Sturmbrigade R.O.N.A. Finnisches Freiwilligen-Bataillon
Syarikat kawalan SS	Ostindustrie Deutsche Wirtschaftsbetriebe Deutsche Ausrüstungswerke DEST Allach porcelain Apollinaris Mattoni Sudetenquell Anton Loibl
Pangkat, uniform dan insignia	Uniforms and insignia of the SS Ranks and insignia of the Waffen-SS Ranks and insignia of the Orpo Corps colours of the Waffen-SS

Kawalan kewibawaan
Umum	VIAF 1 WorldCat (melalui VIAF)
Perpustakaan negara	Jerman Israel Amerika Syarikat Republik Czech