Enjin wap
Enjin wapatauenjim stimmerupakan sejenisenjin pembakaran luaryang menggunakantenaga habayang wujud dalamwap,dan menukarkannya kepada kerja mekanikal.
Enjim wap digunakan sebagai pengerak utama bagi stesyen pam, kereta api, kapal wap, enjin geseran (traction engine), lori wap dan kenderaan lain. Ia penting bagi revolusi industri dan digunakan secara meluas bagi tujuan perdagangan di kilang dan logi, sungguhpun kebanyaknya telah digantikan oleh enjin pembakaran dalam dan motor eletrik.
Turbin stim,secara teknikalnya sebuah enjim stim, masih lagi digunakan secara meluas untuk menjanakuasa elektrik.Kira-kira 86% daripada semua kuasa elektrik di dunia dihasilkan melalui penggunaan turbin stim.
Ciptaan dan pembangunan
[sunting|sunting sumber]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Aeolipile_illustration.png/220px-Aeolipile_illustration.png)
Peranti wap pertama,aeolipile,digambarkan olehHero dari Alexandria(Heron) pada abad pertama AD, dalam manuskripnyaSpiritalia seu Pneumatica.[1]Ini mencadangkan bahawa penukaran tekanan wap kepada pergerakan mekanikal telah diketahui semenjakMesir Rompada abad-1, sungguhpun peranti ini kelihatannya hanya digunakan sebagai keanjaiban mekanikal.
Turbin stimpertama digambarkan pada tahun 1551 olehpencipta Arab,Taqi al-Din.[2]Dia menggambarkan kaedah bagi memusing batang pemanggang dengan menggunakan jet wap yang berputar oleh kipas berputar pada sisi roda. Peranti yang serupa ditunjukkan olehGiovanni Branca,juruteraItalipada 1629,[3]bagi memutar peranti berbentuk pelepas silinder yang menggangkat dan melepaskan sepasang alu kedalam lesung. Jet wap pada turbin wap awal ini bagaimanapun tidak dipusatkan dan kebanyakan tenaganya bebas kesemua arah menjadikannya kurang berkesan.
Pembangunan pratikal enjin wap memerlukan keadaan ekonomi di mana pembangun enjin wap boleh mendapat untung dari ciptaan mereka. Kebudayaan Klassik dan Zaman Pertengahan, Renaissance tidak mempunyai keadaan sedemikian. Malah sehingga akhir abad ke-17, enjin wap dicipta sebagai satu keanjaipan (curiosities). Kesukaran untuk bebas dari keadaan sedemikian dapat dilihat dari kesukaran yang dihadapi olehEdward Somerset, Marquess Worcester ke-2dan kemudiannya oleh jandanya bagi mendapatkan pelabur kewangan bagi menjayakan ideanya bagi penggunaan kuasa wap. Pada 1663, dia menerbitkan rekabentuk bagi, dan memasang enjin kuasa wap bagi mengangkat air di dinding Menara Agung di Istana kota Raglan (lekuk pada dinding dimana enjin dipasang masih dapat dilihat sehingga abad ke-19). Bagaimanapun, tiada orang sanggup menanggung risiko melabur dalam konsep baru revolusi, dan tanpa pelabur mesin itu kekal tidak dimajukan.
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Papinengine.jpg/100px-Papinengine.jpg)
Lihat juga
[sunting|sunting sumber]Pesta wap
[sunting|sunting sumber]- UK
- Carter's Steam Fair- touring vintage fairground, including several rides powered by steam engines
- Great Dorset Steam Fair- 5-day annual show in England - specialises in showing engines being used in their original context: heavy haulage, threshing, ploughing, sawing, road making, etc
- USA
- Antique Gas & Steam Engine Museum- Bi-Annual show in Vista, CA, Specializing in farm equipment, engines, and machinery from 1850-1950
Muzium wap
[sunting|sunting sumber]- See also:List of pumping stations,many of which are, or were, steam-powered.
- UK
- Bolton Steam Museum
- Crofton Beam Engines(Movie of Crofton engines operating)
- Hollycombe Steam Collection
- Kempton Park Steam Engines
- Kew Bridge Steam Museum
- Canada
- Ontario Agricultural MuseuminMilton, Ontario
- Steam Erain Milton, Ontario
Rujukan
[sunting|sunting sumber]- ^Heron Alexandrinus (Hero of Alexandria) (c. 62CE):Spiritalia seu Pneumatica.Reprinted 1998 by K G Saur GmbH, Munich.ISBN 3-519-01413-0.
- ^Ahmad Y Hassan(1976).Taqi al-Din and Arabic Mechanical Engineering,p. 34-35. Institute for the History of Arabic Science,Universiti Aleppo.
- ^"University of Rochester, NY,The growth of the steam engineonline history resource, chapter one ".Diarkibkan daripadayang asalpada 2012-02-04.Dicapai pada2007-07-13.
Pautan luar
[sunting|sunting sumber]- Interactive Animation[pautan mati kekal]– (in German)
- Titanic's Triple Expansion Engines on Titanic-Titanic
- Howstuffworks - "How Steam Engines Work"
- Animated engines - Illustrates a variety of steam enginesDiarkibkan2008-09-24 diWayback Machine
- The World's Smallest Steam EngineDiarkibkan2006-12-02 diWayback Machine
- A history of the growth of the steam-engineDiarkibkan2012-02-21 diWayback Machine
- Uniflow engines
- Steam powered lawn mower
- Rotary steam engines
- Beauchamp Tower's spherical steam engineDiarkibkan2017-10-05 diWayback Machine
- Finnish miniature live steam siteDiarkibkan2007-11-10 diWayback Machine
- S/S Ukkopekka in Finland
- Steamboat revival on Lake GenevaDiarkibkan2008-06-16 diWayback Machine
- New Scientist jet steam engine articleDiarkibkan2008-04-20 diWayback Machine
- Dual pistons with linear generator as microCHPDiarkibkan2008-06-22 diWayback Machine
- An art project underway that aims to build a steam powered victorian house on tractor treads
- A short movie of a mill engine under steam at Barnoldswick, Lancashire, England
- Steam Engineering Tutorials
Muzium wap
[sunting|sunting sumber]- Bancroft Mill Engine[1],Barnoldswick.Movie of engine operating here[2]
- Country Living Museum[pautan mati kekal]in Dudley, Staffs UK: full-size working replica of the first Newcomen atmospheric engine of 1712.
- Newcomen Engine House, Dartmouth, Devon, England, UK[pautan mati kekal]
- Hamilton Museum of Steam and TechnologyDiarkibkan2007-10-13 diWayback MachineinHamilton, Ontario.An old municipal pumphouse dating to 1860 with its original two Woolf Compound Rotative Beam Engines, one of which still operates.
Pesta dan perayaan wap
[sunting|sunting sumber]- Annual Steam Show in AmericaNorth American Model Engineering Society (NAMES)
- Annual Steam-Up in AmericaDiarkibkan2007-06-30 diWayback MachineNew England Wireless and Steam Museum
- Missouri River Valley Steam Engine AssociationBack to the Farm ReunionDiarkibkan2007-07-03 diWayback Machinein central Missouri, USA.
- Buckley Old Engine ShowDiarkibkan2007-07-18 diWayback MachineNorthwest Michigan Engine & Thresher Club. Annual show (39 years) showing steam engines and equipment, antique gas and oil engines, antique agricultural equipment, mills, blacksmithing, and foundries. Show includes steam building seminars.
- Old Threshers' Reunion- 5-day annual show (around Labor Day) at Mt. Pleasant, Iowa, US. Steam engines of all kinds.
- Annual Steam Tractor Parade- Cumming, Georgia, 4th July.