Enjin wap

Enjin wapatauenjim stimmerupakan sejenisenjin pembakaran luaryang menggunakantenaga habayang wujud dalamwap,dan menukarkannya kepada kerja mekanikal.

Enjim wap digunakan sebagai pengerak utama bagi stesyen pam, kereta api, kapal wap, enjin geseran (traction engine), lori wap dan kenderaan lain. Ia penting bagi revolusi industri dan digunakan secara meluas bagi tujuan perdagangan di kilang dan logi, sungguhpun kebanyaknya telah digantikan oleh enjin pembakaran dalam dan motor eletrik.

Turbin stim,secara teknikalnya sebuah enjim stim, masih lagi digunakan secara meluas untuk menjanakuasa elektrik.Kira-kira 86% daripada semua kuasa elektrik di dunia dihasilkan melalui penggunaan turbin stim.

Ciptaan dan pembangunan

Peranti wap pertama,aeolipile,digambarkan olehHero dari Alexandria(Heron) pada abad pertama AD, dalam manuskripnyaSpiritalia seu Pneumatica.^[1]Ini mencadangkan bahawa penukaran tekanan wap kepada pergerakan mekanikal telah diketahui semenjakMesir Rompada abad-1, sungguhpun peranti ini kelihatannya hanya digunakan sebagai keanjaiban mekanikal.

Turbin stimpertama digambarkan pada tahun 1551 olehpencipta Arab,Taqi al-Din.^[2]Dia menggambarkan kaedah bagi memusing batang pemanggang dengan menggunakan jet wap yang berputar oleh kipas berputar pada sisi roda. Peranti yang serupa ditunjukkan olehGiovanni Branca,juruteraItalipada 1629,^[3]bagi memutar peranti berbentuk pelepas silinder yang menggangkat dan melepaskan sepasang alu kedalam lesung. Jet wap pada turbin wap awal ini bagaimanapun tidak dipusatkan dan kebanyakan tenaganya bebas kesemua arah menjadikannya kurang berkesan.

Pembangunan pratikal enjin wap memerlukan keadaan ekonomi di mana pembangun enjin wap boleh mendapat untung dari ciptaan mereka. Kebudayaan Klassik dan Zaman Pertengahan, Renaissance tidak mempunyai keadaan sedemikian. Malah sehingga akhir abad ke-17, enjin wap dicipta sebagai satu keanjaipan (curiosities). Kesukaran untuk bebas dari keadaan sedemikian dapat dilihat dari kesukaran yang dihadapi olehEdward Somerset, Marquess Worcester ke-2dan kemudiannya oleh jandanya bagi mendapatkan pelabur kewangan bagi menjayakan ideanya bagi penggunaan kuasa wap. Pada 1663, dia menerbitkan rekabentuk bagi, dan memasang enjin kuasa wap bagi mengangkat air di dinding Menara Agung di Istana kota Raglan (lekuk pada dinding dimana enjin dipasang masih dapat dilihat sehingga abad ke-19). Bagaimanapun, tiada orang sanggup menanggung risiko melabur dalam konsep baru revolusi, dan tanpa pelabur mesin itu kekal tidak dimajukan.

Reka bentukDenis Papinbagi enjin piston-dan-silinder, 1690.

Lihat juga

Pesta wap

UK

Carter's Steam Fair- touring vintage fairground, including several rides powered by steam engines
Great Dorset Steam Fair- 5-day annual show in England - specialises in showing engines being used in their original context: heavy haulage, threshing, ploughing, sawing, road making, etc

USA

Antique Gas & Steam Engine Museum- Bi-Annual show in Vista, CA, Specializing in farm equipment, engines, and machinery from 1850-1950

Muzium wap

See also:List of pumping stations,many of which are, or were, steam-powered.
UK

Canada

Ontario Agricultural MuseuminMilton, Ontario
Steam Erain Milton, Ontario

Rujukan

^Heron Alexandrinus (Hero of Alexandria) (c. 62CE):Spiritalia seu Pneumatica.Reprinted 1998 by K G Saur GmbH, Munich.ISBN 3-519-01413-0.
^Ahmad Y Hassan(1976).Taqi al-Din and Arabic Mechanical Engineering,p. 34-35. Institute for the History of Arabic Science,Universiti Aleppo.
^"University of Rochester, NY,The growth of the steam engineonline history resource, chapter one ".Diarkibkan daripadayang asalpada 2012-02-04.Dicapai pada2007-07-13.

Pautan luar

Interactive Animation^{[pautan mati kekal]}– (in German)
Titanic's Triple Expansion Engines on Titanic-Titanic
Howstuffworks - "How Steam Engines Work"
Animated engines - Illustrates a variety of steam engines Diarkibkan2008-09-24 diWayback Machine
The World's Smallest Steam Engine Diarkibkan2006-12-02 diWayback Machine
A history of the growth of the steam-engine Diarkibkan2012-02-21 diWayback Machine
Uniflow engines
Steam powered lawn mower
Rotary steam engines
Beauchamp Tower's spherical steam engine Diarkibkan2017-10-05 diWayback Machine
Finnish miniature live steam site Diarkibkan2007-11-10 diWayback Machine
S/S Ukkopekka in Finland
Steamboat revival on Lake Geneva Diarkibkan2008-06-16 diWayback Machine
New Scientist jet steam engine article Diarkibkan2008-04-20 diWayback Machine
Dual pistons with linear generator as microCHP Diarkibkan2008-06-22 diWayback Machine
An art project underway that aims to build a steam powered victorian house on tractor treads
A short movie of a mill engine under steam at Barnoldswick, Lancashire, England
Steam Engineering Tutorials

Muzium wap

Bancroft Mill Engine[1],Barnoldswick.Movie of engine operating here[2]
Country Living Museum^{[pautan mati kekal]}in Dudley, Staffs UK: full-size working replica of the first Newcomen atmospheric engine of 1712.
Newcomen Engine House, Dartmouth, Devon, England, UK^{[pautan mati kekal]}
Hamilton Museum of Steam and Technology Diarkibkan2007-10-13 diWayback MachineinHamilton, Ontario.An old municipal pumphouse dating to 1860 with its original two Woolf Compound Rotative Beam Engines, one of which still operates.

Pesta dan perayaan wap

Annual Steam Show in AmericaNorth American Model Engineering Society (NAMES)
Annual Steam-Up in America Diarkibkan2007-06-30 diWayback MachineNew England Wireless and Steam Museum
Missouri River Valley Steam Engine AssociationBack to the Farm Reunion Diarkibkan2007-07-03 diWayback Machinein central Missouri, USA.
Buckley Old Engine Show Diarkibkan2007-07-18 diWayback MachineNorthwest Michigan Engine & Thresher Club. Annual show (39 years) showing steam engines and equipment, antique gas and oil engines, antique agricultural equipment, mills, blacksmithing, and foundries. Show includes steam building seminars.
Old Threshers' Reunion- 5-day annual show (around Labor Day) at Mt. Pleasant, Iowa, US. Steam engines of all kinds.
Annual Steam Tractor Parade- Cumming, Georgia, 4th July.

[1] Heron Alexandrinus (Hero of Alexandria) (c. 62CE):Spiritalia seu Pneumatica.Reprinted 1998 by K G Saur GmbH, Munich.ISBN 3-519-01413-0.

[2] Ahmad Y Hassan(1976).Taqi al-Din and Arabic Mechanical Engineering,p. 34-35. Institute for the History of Arabic Science,Universiti Aleppo.

[rochestercapone-3] "University of Rochester, NY,The growth of the steam engineonline history resource, chapter one ".Diarkibkan daripadayang asalpada 2012-02-04.Dicapai pada2007-07-13.

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