Filem 35 mm
Filem 35 mmialahtolok filemyang paling biasa digunakan bagifotografipegun kimia (lihatfilem 135) danwayang.Nama tolok ini merujuk kepada lebarfilem foto,yang terdiri daripada jalur selebar 34.98 ±0.03 mm (1.377 ±0.001 inci).[1][2][3][4][5][6]Tarik turun negatifpiawai bagi wayang (format "bingkai-tunggal" ) ialah empattebukantiapbingkaidi kedua-dua pinggir, yang menghasilkan 16 bingkai tiap kaki filem.[7]Bagi fotografi pegun, bingkai piawai memiliki lapan tebukan di setiap tepi.
Pelbagai jenis tolok, kebanyakannya proprietari, direka bagi berbagai-bagai jenis kamera dan sistem penayangan yang dibangunkan pada akhir abad ke-19 dan awal abad ke-20, daripada 13 mm hinggalah 75 mm (0.51–2.95 in),[8]selain daripada pelbagai jenis sistem penyuapan filem. Ini menyebabkan kamera, projektor dan peralatan lain perlu ditentukur kepada setiap tolok. Lebar 35 mm, asalnya ditentukan sebagai 1.375 inci, diperkenalkan pada 1892 olehWilliam DicksondanThomas Edison,mengunakan stok filem yang disediakanGeorge Eastman.[5]Lebar 35 mm dengan empat tebukan per bingkai diterima sebagai tolok piawai antarabangsa pada 1909,[9]dan kekal sebagai tolok filem paling dominan bagi pengasalan dan penayangan imej walaupun dicabar tolok yang lebih kecil atau besar, dan daripada format baharu, kerana saiznya membenarkan keseimbangan yang agak baik antara kos stok filem dan kualiti imej yang ditangkap.
Rujukan
[sunting|sunting sumber]- ^"PH22.36-1954, American Standard, Dimensions for 35 mm Motion-Picture Positive Raw Stock".Journal of the SMPTE.62:395. 1954.OCLC5929156.Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (bantuan) - ^Society of Motion Picture Engineers (1930)."Standards Adopted by the Society of Motion Picture Engineers".Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers.XIV(5): 545–566.Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (bantuan) - ^Jones, Loyd A. (1933)."A Historical Summary of Standardization in the Society of Motion Picture Engineers".Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers.XXI(4): 280–293.Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (bantuan) - ^Dickson, W. K. L. (1933)."A Brief History of the Kinetograph, The Kinetoscope and The Kineto-Phonograph".Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers.Society of Motion Picture Engineers.XXI(6): 435–455.Dicapai pada13 Mac2012.Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (bantuan) - ^ab1.377 ±0.001 inches (34.98 ±0.03 mm) is the actual dimension specified bySMPTE.Initially, the size was created by Dickson as 1-⅜ "in collaboration with Eastman, and was in standard, not metric, units. An account of this is given in an article by Dickson in the December, 1933 SMPTE Journal cited above. This size was also exactly half the width of the 2-¾ inch-wide (69.85 mm)" A-type "rollfilm which was the standard Eastman size at the time. The standard size was increased at the May 1929 meeting of the SMPE and published in 1930."Half Frame Cameras".Dicapai 12 Ogos 2006."Enhancing the Illusion: The Process and Origins of Photography",George Eastman House.Diarkibkan2008-01-17 diWayback Machine
- ^ANSI/SMPTE 139–1996.SMPTE STANDARD for Motion-Picture Film (35 mm) - Perforated KS.Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers. White Plains, NY.
- ^Hummel, Rob (ed).American Cinematographer Manual,edisi ke-8. ASC Press: Hollywood, 2001.
- ^Horak, Jan-Christopher.UCLAFilm and Television Archive,"Introduction to Film Gauges".Dicapai 18 Mei 2012.
- ^Alsobrook, Russ T. International Cinematographers Guild,took_machines1.htm "Machines That Made the Movies, Part 1"[pautan mati kekal].Dicapai 11 Ogos 2006.