पठान
उल्लेखीय जनसङ्ख्या भएका क्षेत्रहरू | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
पाकिस्तान | 29,342,892 (2012) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
अफगानिस्तान | 12,776,369 (2012) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
भारत | Over 6,000 families[२] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
UAE | 338,315 (2009)[३] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका | 138,554 (2010)[४] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Iran | 110,000 (1993)[५] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
संयुक्त अधिराज्य | 100,000 (2009)[६] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
जर्मनी | 37,800 (2012)[७] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
क्यानडा | 26,000 (2006)[८] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
रुस | 9,800 (2002)[९] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
अस्ट्रेलिया | 8,154 (2006)[१०] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
मलेसिया | 5,500 (2008) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Tajikistan | 4,000 (1970)[५] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
भाषाहरू | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
पश्तो | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
धर्महरू | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
इस्लाम |
पठान (पश्तो:ur, पश्ताना,उर्दू:ur)दक्षिण एसियामा बसोबास गर्ने एक जनजाति (समुदाय) हो। यो जातिको मूलथलोअफगानिस्तानमाहिन्दु कुश पर्वतरपाकिस्तानमासिन्धु नदीको छेउछाउको क्षेत्र हो। हाल यो समुदाय अफगानिस्तान, पाकिस्तान रभारतका अन्य धेरै क्षेत्रमा बसोबास गरेको पाइन्छ।[११][१२]
पश्तूनहरू संसारको २६ औं सबैभन्दा ठूलो जातीय समूह हो, र सबैभन्दा ठूलो खण्डीय वंश समाज हो; त्यहाँ अनुमानित ३५०-४०० पश्तून जनजातिहरू र विभिन्न प्रकारका उत्पत्ति सिद्धान्तहरू छन्।.[१३][१४][१५]विश्वभर पश्तुन जातिको कुल जनसंख्या लगभग ४ करोड ९० लाख रहेको अनुमान गरिएको छ,[१६]यद्यपि यो संख्या सन् १९७९ देखि अफगानिस्तानमा आधिकारिक जनगणना नभएको कारणले विवादित छ।[१७]पठानहरू अफगानिस्तानको सबैभन्दा ठूलो जातीय समूह र पाकिस्तानको दोस्रो ठूलो जातीय समूह हुन्,[१८]कुल अफगान जनसंख्याको लगभग ४८ प्रतिशत र कुल पाकिस्तानी जनसंख्याको लगभग १५.४प्रतिशत हो।.[१९][२०][२१]भारतमा,पठान (पश्तून ) डायस्पोराका महत्वपूर्ण र ऐतिहासिक समुदायहरू रोहिलखण्डको उत्तरी क्षेत्रका साथै दिल्ली र मुम्बई जस्ता प्रमुख भारतीय सहरहरूमा अवस्थित छन्।.[२२][२३][२४]हालैको पश्तून डायस्पोराफारसको खाडीका अरब राज्यहरूमा (मुख्यतया संयुक्त अरब इमिरेट्समा) त्यस क्षेत्रमा ठूलो अफगान र पाकिस्तानी डायस्पोराको भागको रूपमा गठन भएको छ।.[२५]
उल्लेखनीय व्यक्ति
[सम्पादन गर्नुहोस्]- अहमद शाह अब्दाली,दुर्रानी साम्राज्यका संस्थापकपानीपतको तेस्रो लडाइँमामराठा साम्राज्यलाई पराजित गरेका थिए। उनलाई आधुनिक अफगानिस्तानको संस्थापक मानिन्छ।[२६]
- Timur Shah Durrani,second ruler of theDurrani Empire,defeated Sikhs and took back Multan.
- Mirwais Hotak,revolted againstSafavid Iranand established theHotak dynasty.
- Mahmud Hotak,second ruler of theHotaki dynastyandShah of Persia.HeInvaded Persia and overthrew the Safavid dynasty.
- Azad Shah Afghan,military commander famous for conquering parts ofCentral andWestern Iran,as well asKurdistanandGilan.
- हमिद कारजाई,पोपलजाई जनजातिका प्रमुख र 22 डिसेम्बर 2001 देखि 29 सेप्टेम्बर 2014 सम्म अफगानिस्तानको राष्ट्रपतिको रूपमा सेवा गरे।
- मोहम्मद असरफ घानी,[२७]इस्लामिक गणतन्त्र अफगानिस्तानका पूर्व राष्ट्रपति
- Mohammad Najibullah,Afghan politician[२८]
- Gulbuddin Hekmatyar
- Hafizullah Amin
- Mohammed Daoud Khan
- Mohammed Zahir Shah
- Ayub Khan(Hindko Speaker)
- Yahya Khan
- Amanullah Khan
- Shaheen Afridi,Pakistani cricketer.
- Rashid Khan,[२९]Afghan cricketer.
- Khalilullah Khalili,Pashtun poet of thePersian language.
- Sher Shah Suri,founder and16th centuryruler of theSur Empire.Defeated theMughal Empireat theBattle of Chausa.
- Rahman Baba,PashtopoetandSufiDervish.
- Bahlul Lodi,founder and15th centuryruler of theLodi dynasty.
- Sikandar Lodi,Sultan of theLodi dynasty.He gained control ofBiharand founded the modern city ofAgra.[३०]
- Ibrahim Lodi,last Sultan of theDelhi Sultanate.
- Abdul Ahad Momand,first Afghan cosmonaut, madePashtothe 4th language spoken in space
- Khushal Khan Khattak,warrior andPashtopoet.
- Madhubala,Indian actress of Pashtun descent. Famous for her portrayal ofAnarkaliin the 1960 filmMughal-e-Azam,which was thehighest grossing film in India at that point of time.
- Nazo Tokhi,Afghanpoetessandwriterin thePashto language.Mother of the 18th centuryAfghanKingMirwais Hotak.
- Wazir Akbar Khan,Afghan prince, general and emir. Famous for his role in theFirst Anglo-Afghan War,particularly for themassacre of Elphinstone's army.
- Abdul Ghafoor Breshna,painter,music composer,poetandfilm director.Breshna is regarded as one of Afghanistan's most talented artists. He is the artist behind the painting 1747 coronation ofAhmad Shah Durrani,sketch ofSher Shah Suriand the Afghan national anthem of theRepublic of Afghanistan.
- Malalai of Maiwand,nationalfolk heroofAfghanistan.Rallied Pashtun fighters to defeat theBritishduring theSecond Anglo-Afghan war.
- Pir Roshan,warrior,poet,Sufiand revolutionary leader. Created the first knownPashtoalphabet. He's also the founder of theRoshani movement/the enlightened movement.
- Hamza Shinwari,prominentPashtopoet. He is considered a bridge between classic Pashto literature and modern literature.
- Abdul Ghani Khan,philosopher, poet, eartist, writer and politician.
- Ahmad Zahir,dubbed the "Elvisof Afghanistan ", Ahmad Zahir is considered to be the best singer inAfghanistan'shistory. Most of his songs are inPersian,albeit he also made many songs inPashto,Russian,EnglishandUrdu.[३१][३२][३३][३४]
- Mirza Mazhar Jan-e-Janaan,renownedHanafiMaturidiNaqshbandiSufipoet, distinguished as one of the "four pillars ofUrdupoetry ".
- मलाला युसुफजाई,महिला शिक्षा कार्यकर्ता, 17 वर्षको उमेरमा 2014 नोबेल शान्ति पुरस्कार प्रदान गरियो, नोबेल पुरस्कार प्राप्त गर्ने पहिलो पश्तून।
यो पनि हेर्नुहोस्
[सम्पादन गर्नुहोस्]सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू
[सम्पादन गर्नुहोस्]- ↑Jaffrelot, Christophe (२००४),A history of Pakistan and its origins,Anthem Press, पृ: ६९,आइएसबिएन978-1-84331-149-2,अन्तिम पहुँच २२ अगस्ट २०१०।
- ↑The History, Antiquities, Topography, and Statistics of Eastern India: In Relation to Their Geology, Mineralogy, Botany, Agriculture, Commerce, Manufactures, Fine Arts, Population, Religion, Education, Statistics, Etc., by Robert Montgomery Martin, Cambridge University Press.[१],pg. 145."Of the Pathans, there are above 6,000 families, chiefly settled inNawada,Sheykhpura,andPatna."Link here
- ↑"United Arab Emirates: Demography",Encyclopædia Britannica World Data,Encyclopædia BritannicaOnline,अन्तिम पहुँच १५ मार्च २००८।
- ↑42% of200,000Afghan-Americans= 84,000 and 15% of363,699Pakistani-Americans= 54,554. Total Afghan and Pakistani Pashtuns in USA = 138,554.
- ↑५.०५.१"Ethnologue report for Southern Pashto: Iran (1993)",SIL International,Ethnologue:Languages of the World,अन्तिम पहुँच ५ मे २०१२।
- ↑Maclean, William (१० जुन २००९),"Support for Taliban dives among British Pashtuns",Reuters,अन्तिम पहुँच ६ अगस्ट २००९।
- ↑Relations between Afghanistan and Germanyवेब्याक मेसिनअभिलेखिकरण२०१७-०१-१६ मिति: Germany is now home to almost 90,000 people of Afghan origin. 42% of 90,000 = 37,800
- ↑"Ethnic origins, 2006 counts, for Canada",2.statcan.ca, २००६,अन्तिम पहुँच १७ अप्रिल २०१०।वेब्याक मेसिनअभिलेखिकरण६ जनवरी २०१९ मिति
- ↑"Perepis.ru",perepis2002.ru(रुसीमा)।वेब्याक मेसिनअभिलेखिकरण२०१७-०१-१६ मिति
- ↑"20680-Ancestry (full classification list) by Sex – Australia"(Microsoft Excel download),2006 Census,Australian Bureau of Statistics,अन्तिम पहुँच २ जुन २००८।वेब्याक मेसिनअभिलेखिकरण१० मार्च २००८ मिति Total responses: 25,451,383 for total count of persons: 19,855,288.
- ↑The Pathan Borderland,James William Spain, Mouton,... The most familiar name in the west is Pathan, a Hindi term adopted by the British, which is usally applied only to the people living east of the Durand...
- ↑Afghanistan: Glossaryवेब्याक मेसिनअभिलेखिकरण२०१०-०७-०२ मिति, British Library,... Comes to mean 'Pathans' residing in Pakistan and Afghanistan. Divided into two main groups, the Abdalis (qv) and the Ghilzais (qv)...
- ↑Romano, Amy (२००३),A Historical Atlas of Afghanistan,The Rosen Publishing Group, पृ:२८,आइएसबिएन0-8239-3863-8,अन्तिम पहुँच १७ अक्टोबर २०१०।
- ↑Syed Saleem Shahzad (२० अक्टोबर २००६),"Profiles of Pakistan's Seven Tribal Agencies",अन्तिम पहुँच २२ अप्रिल २०१०।
- ↑"Who Are the Pashtun People of Afghanistan and Pakistan?",ThoughtCo(अङ्ग्रेजीमा),अन्तिम पहुँच २०२२-०८-१४।
- ↑Lewis, Paul M. (२००९),"Pashto, Northern",SIL International,Dallas, TX:Ethnologue:Languages of the World, Sixteenth edition,अन्तिम पहुँच १८ सेप्टेम्बर २०१०,"Ethnic population: 49,529,000 possibly total Pashto in all countries."
- ↑"Hybrid Census to Generate Spatially-disaggregated Population Estimat",United Nations world data form,मूलबाट १७ मे २०२०-मा सङ्ग्रहित,अन्तिम पहुँच २ अगस्ट २०२०।Library of CongressWeb Archivesअभिलेखिकरण१७ मे २०२० मिति
- ↑"Pakistan - The World Factbook",www.cia.gov,अन्तिम पहुँच २०२१-०१-१९।
- ↑"Afghanistan - The World Factbook",www.cia.gov,अन्तिम पहुँच २०२१-०१-१९।
- ↑"South Asia:: Pakistan — The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency",cia.gov,अन्तिम पहुँच २४ फेब्रुअरी २०१९।
- ↑"What Languages Are Spoken In Pakistan?",World atlas,३० जुलाई २०१९।
- ↑Canfield, Robert L.; Rasuly-Paleczek, Gabriele (४ अक्टोबर २०१०),Ethnicity, Authority and Power in Central Asia: New Games Great and Small(Englishमा), Routledge, पृ: १४८,आइएसबिएन978-1-136-92750-8,"By the late-eighteenth century perhaps 100,000" Afghan "or" Puthan "migrants had established several generations of political control and economic consolidation within numerous Rohilkhand communities"
- ↑Haleem, Safia (२४ जुलाई २००७),"Study of the Pathan Communities in Four States of India",Khyber.org,मूलबाट २९ फेब्रुअरी २०२०-मा सङ्ग्रहित,अन्तिम पहुँच १ जुलाई २०२०।वेब्याक मेसिनअभिलेखिकरण२९ फेब्रुअरी २०२० मिति
- ↑"Pakhtoons in Kashmir",The Hindu,२० जुलाई १९५४,मूलबाट ९ डिसेम्बर २००४-मा सङ्ग्रहित,अन्तिम पहुँच २८ नोभेम्बर २०१२,"Over a lakh Pakhtoons living in Jammu and Kashmir as nomad tribesmen without any nationality became Indian subjects on July 17. Batches of them received certificates to this effect from the Kashmir Prime Minister, Bakshi Ghulam Mohammed, at village Gutligabh, 17 miles from Srinagar."वेब्याक मेसिनअभिलेखिकरण९ डिसेम्बर २००४ मिति
- ↑"Northern Pashtun in United Arab Emirates",Joshua project।
- ↑"Biography of Ahmad Shah Durrani",४ मार्च २०१८।वेब्याक मेसिनअभिलेखिकरण१७ डिसेम्बर २०२२ मिति
- ↑Adams, Tim (२ जुलाई २००६),"The path of Khan",Guardian(UK),मूलबाट ३० अगस्ट २०१३-मा सङ्ग्रहित,अन्तिम पहुँच ५ नोभेम्बर २००७।
- ↑National Foreign Assessment Center (१९९१),Chiefs of State and Cabinet members of foreign governments,Washington, DC: Central Intelligence Agency, पृ: 1।
- ↑Steer, Duncan,Shahid Afridi: the story of my life,Spin: The Cricket Magazine,मूलबाट ३० अप्रिल २०११-मा सङ्ग्रहित,अन्तिम पहुँच २७ फेब्रुअरी २०११।
- ↑"Lodī dynasty | Indian history | Britannica",www.britannica.com(अङ्ग्रेजीमा),अन्तिम पहुँच २०२२-०३-२५।
- ↑Rabe, Nate (१२ डिसेम्बर २०१४),"The West has just discovered the Elvis of Afghanistan",Qz.com,अन्तिम पहुँच १९ नोभेम्बर २०२१।
- ↑"Ahmad Zahir: The Enduring",Arwa Haider(BBC News), ६ डिसेम्बर २०१८,मूलबाट अगस्ट १९, २०२१-मा सङ्ग्रहित,अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-१०-१०,"A new documentary celebrates Ahmad Zahir, the '60s and '70s icon who mysteriously died in 1979. Arwa Haider talks to the people making the film, including Zahir's daughter, about how the singer combined popularity with protest."
- ↑Haider, Arwa,"Ahmad Zahir: The enduring appeal of the Afghan Elvis",Bbc.com,अन्तिम पहुँच १९ नोभेम्बर २०२१।
- ↑"The 'Afghan Elvis': the extraordinary life of Ahmad Zahir",Monica Whitlock; BBC World Histories magazine,४ जुलाई २०१९,अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-१०-१०,"He sang mostly in – Persian – but also in Urdu and English."