Homo rhodesiensis

Homo rhodesiensisver 3.1 EX — Utryddet
	Nomenklatur
	Homo rhodesiensis; Arthur Smith Woodward,1921
	Populærnavn
	Rhodesiamennesket
	Klassifikasjon
Rike	Dyreriket
Rekke	Ryggstrengdyr
Klasse	Pattedyr
Orden	Primater
Overfamilie	Menneskeaper
Familie	Store aper
Slekt	Menneskeslekten
Alder	600 000 – 274 000 år siden
	Økologi
Habitat:	Afrika
Utbredelse:	Sør-Afrika,Rhodesia,Tanzania,Etiopia

Homo rhodesiensis(Rhodesiamennesket) er en utdødd menneskeart som levde iAfrikafor mellom 600 000 og 274 000 år siden. Det er et artsnavn som ble foreslått avArthur Smith Woodward(1921) for å klassifisereKabwe 1( "Kabweskallen" eller "Broken Hill skallen", og "Rhodesiamannen" ), etsteinalderfossil som ble funnet i en hule i Broken Hill, ellerKabwe,Northern Rhodesia(idagZambia).^[1].Skallen er datert til å være mellom 324,000 og 274,000 år gammel. Andre lignende funn er også gjort.^[2]

Homo rhodesiensiser nå for det meste betraktet som et synonym medHomo heidelbergensis,eller en afrikansk underart avHomo heidelbergensis sensu lato,forstått som en polymorf art som var spredt utover Afrika og Eurasia underpleistocenperioden(0.8–0.12 mya).^[3] Andre benevnelser somHomo sapiens arcaicus^[4]ogHomo sapiens rhodesiensis^[5]har også blitt foreslått. White et al. (2003) forslo Rhodesian Man som stamfaren tilHomo sapiens idaltu(Hertomennesket).^[6]

MellomHomo sapiensogHomo rhodesiensiser det et fossilt gap på 400,000 til 260,000 år.^[7]

Referanser

^«GBIF 787018738 Fossil ofHomo rhodesiensisWoodward, 1921».GBIF org.Besøkt 9. desember 2015.
^Grün, Rainer; Pike, Alistair; McDermott, Frank; Eggins, Stephen; Mortimer, Graham; Aubert, Maxime; Kinsley, Lesley; Joannes-Boyau, Renaud; Rumsey, Michael; Denys, Christiane; Brink, James; Clark, Tara; Stringer, Chris (1. april 2020). «Dating the skull from Broken Hill, Zambia, and its position in human evolution».Nature.580 (7803): 372–375.doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2165-4.
^Mounier, Aurélien; Condemi, Silvana; Manzi, Giorgio (20. april 2011).«The Stem Species of Our Species: A Place for the Archaic Human Cranium from Ceprano, Italy».PLOS ONE.6 (4): e18821.PMC3080388 .PMID 21533096.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0018821. "Ceprano clusters in our analysis with other European, African and Asian Mid-Pleistocene specimens – such as Petralona, Dali, Kabwe, Jinniu Shan, Steinheim, and SH5 – furnishing a rather plesiomorphic phenetic link among them. On the basis of this morphological affinity, it seems appropriate to group Ceprano with these fossils, and consider them as a single taxon. The available nomen for this putative species isH. heidelbergensis,whose distinctiveness stands on the retention of a number of archaic traits combined with features that are more derived and independent from any Neandertal ancestry. [...] This result would suggest thatH. ergastersurvived as a distinct species until 1 Ma, and would discard the validity of the speciesH. cepranensis[...] Thus we can include the so-called “Ante-Neandertals” from Europe in the same taxonomical unit with other Mid-Pleistocene samples from Africa and continental Asia. Combining the results of the two approaches of our phenetic analysis, Ceprano should be reasonably accommodated as part of a Mid-Pleistocene human taxonH. heidelbergensis,which would include European, African, and Asian specimens. Moreover, the combination of archaic and derived features exhibited by the Italian specimen represents a “node” connecting the different poles of such a polymorphic humanity. "
^H. James Birx (10. juni 2010).21st Century Anthropology: A Reference Handbook.SAGE Publications. s. 48.ISBN 978-1-4522-6630-5.
^Bernard Wood (31. mars 2011).Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Human Evolution, 2 Volume Set.John Wiley & Sons. s. 761–762.ISBN 978-1-4443-4247-5.
^White, Tim D.;Asfaw, B.; DeGusta, D.; Gilbert, H.; Richards, G. D.; Suwa, G.; Howell, F. C. (2003). «PleistoceneHomo sapiensfrom Middle Awash, Ethiopia».Nature.423 (6491): 742–747.PMID 12802332.doi:10.1038/nature01669.
^Hublin, J.-J. (2013), "The Middle Pleistocene Record. On the Origin of Neandertals, Modern Humans and Others" in: David R. Begun (ed.),A Companion to Paleoanthropology,John Wiley, pp. 517-537 (summary 529–531). "Most, if not all, of the African specimens assigned toH. rhodesiensis (cf heidelbergensis) seem to predate the divergence betweenH. neanderthalensisandH. sapiens[viz., assumed at 0.5 Mya prior to the revision by Meyer et al. 2016]. However, a gap in the fossil record, possibly between 400 and 260 ka, blurs the transition or punctuation event that separatedH. rhodesiensisandH. sapiens."(p. 532).

Autoritetsdata

[1] «GBIF 787018738 Fossil ofHomo rhodesiensisWoodward, 1921».GBIF org.Besøkt 9. desember 2015.

[Grün2020-2] Grün, Rainer; Pike, Alistair; McDermott, Frank; Eggins, Stephen; Mortimer, Graham; Aubert, Maxime; Kinsley, Lesley; Joannes-Boyau, Renaud; Rumsey, Michael; Denys, Christiane; Brink, James; Clark, Tara; Stringer, Chris (1. april 2020). «Dating the skull from Broken Hill, Zambia, and its position in human evolution».Nature.580 (7803): 372–375.doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2165-4.

[3] Mounier, Aurélien; Condemi, Silvana; Manzi, Giorgio (20. april 2011).«The Stem Species of Our Species: A Place for the Archaic Human Cranium from Ceprano, Italy».PLOS ONE.6 (4): e18821.PMC3080388 .PMID 21533096.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0018821. "Ceprano clusters in our analysis with other European, African and Asian Mid-Pleistocene specimens – such as Petralona, Dali, Kabwe, Jinniu Shan, Steinheim, and SH5 – furnishing a rather plesiomorphic phenetic link among them. On the basis of this morphological affinity, it seems appropriate to group Ceprano with these fossils, and consider them as a single taxon. The available nomen for this putative species isH. heidelbergensis,whose distinctiveness stands on the retention of a number of archaic traits combined with features that are more derived and independent from any Neandertal ancestry. [...] This result would suggest thatH. ergastersurvived as a distinct species until 1 Ma, and would discard the validity of the speciesH. cepranensis[...] Thus we can include the so-called “Ante-Neandertals” from Europe in the same taxonomical unit with other Mid-Pleistocene samples from Africa and continental Asia. Combining the results of the two approaches of our phenetic analysis, Ceprano should be reasonably accommodated as part of a Mid-Pleistocene human taxonH. heidelbergensis,which would include European, African, and Asian specimens. Moreover, the combination of archaic and derived features exhibited by the Italian specimen represents a “node” connecting the different poles of such a polymorphic humanity. "

[Birx2010-4] H. James Birx (10. juni 2010).21st Century Anthropology: A Reference Handbook.SAGE Publications. s. 48.ISBN 978-1-4522-6630-5.

[Wood2011-5] Bernard Wood (31. mars 2011).Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Human Evolution, 2 Volume Set.John Wiley & Sons. s. 761–762.ISBN 978-1-4443-4247-5.

[White03-6] White, Tim D.;Asfaw, B.; DeGusta, D.; Gilbert, H.; Richards, G. D.; Suwa, G.; Howell, F. C. (2003). «PleistoceneHomo sapiensfrom Middle Awash, Ethiopia».Nature.423 (6491): 742–747.PMID 12802332.doi:10.1038/nature01669.

[7] Hublin, J.-J. (2013), "The Middle Pleistocene Record. On the Origin of Neandertals, Modern Humans and Others" in: David R. Begun (ed.),A Companion to Paleoanthropology,John Wiley, pp. 517-537 (summary 529–531). "Most, if not all, of the African specimens assigned toH. rhodesiensis (cf heidelbergensis) seem to predate the divergence betweenH. neanderthalensisandH. sapiens[viz., assumed at 0.5 Mya prior to the revision by Meyer et al. 2016]. However, a gap in the fossil record, possibly between 400 and 260 ka, blurs the transition or punctuation event that separatedH. rhodesiensisandH. sapiens."(p. 532).

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