Animal

Para king tauan kingen:Muppet Show,lon ya ingen:Animal (Muppet).Para kingprofessional wrestler,lon ya ingen:Joseph Laurinaitis.

Animal
Fossil range: LateNeoproterozoic- Recent

Mammals,Birds,Reptilesand others.

Scientific classification

Sakup:	Eukaryota
Kaarian:	Animalia Linnaeus,1758

Phyla

SubregnumParazoa

Porifera(sponges)

SubregnumAgnotozoa

Placozoa(trichoplax)
Orthonectida(orthonectids)
Rhombozoa(dicyemids)

SubregnumEumetazoa

Radiata(unranked)(radial symmetry)
- Ctenophora(comb jellies)
- Cnidaria(coral, jellyfish, anemones)
Bilateria(unranked)(bilateral symmetry)
- Acoelomorpha(basal)
- Myxozoa(slime animals)
- SuperphylumDeuterostomia(blastopore becomes anus)
  - Chordata(vertebrates, etc.)
  - Hemichordata(acorn worms)
  - Echinodermata(starfish, urchins)
  - Chaetognatha(arrow wormsandPterobranchia)
- SuperphylumEcdysozoa(shed exoskeleton)
  - Kinorhyncha(mud dragons)
  - Loricifera
  - Priapulida(priapulid worms)
  - Nematoda(roundworms)
  - Nematomorpha(horsehair worms)
  - Onychophora(velvet worms)
  - Tardigrada(water bears)
  - Arthropoda(insects, etc.)
- SuperphylumPlatyzoa
  - Platyhelminthes(flatworms)
  - Gastrotricha(gastrotrichs)
  - Rotifera(rotifers)
  - Acanthocephala(acanthocephalans)
  - Gnathostomulida(jaw worms)
  - Micrognathozoa(limnognathia)
  - Cycliophora(pandora)
- SuperphylumLophotrochozoa(trochophore larvae / lophophores)
  - Sipuncula(peanut worms)
  - Nemertea(ribbon worms)
  - Phoronida(horseshoe worms)
  - Bryozoa(moss animals)
  - Entoprocta(goblet worms)
  - Brachiopoda(brachipods)
  - Mollusca(molluscs)
  - Annelida(segmented worms)

Metung lang manimunang grupu da reng organismu o lelangan deng a kayabe kingkingdomAnimaliaorMetazoa. w:Multicellularla reng keraklan kareti, agyu dang kimut, mag-respondi la king karelang paligid, at mabibye la kapamilata’ning pamamangan kareng aliwang organismu. Magi yang permanenti (fixed) ing pangabalangkas ning karelang katawan kabang daragul la. Keraklan, bandang umpisa na pa ning panaun a daragu’la, potangembryola pamu, malilyari na ini, dapot ating mapilan a dadalan king prosesu ningmetamorphosispotang kayi. Mabibilang lang kayanib king animal kingdom dengtau.

Atin yang mapilan a kayuryan ing Kingdom Animalia a bukud kareng aliwang mabibye. Mumuna,w:eukaryoticla reng animal. Ini ing karelang pamiyaliwa king Kingdom Monera.Kadwa,w:multicellularla reng animal, a yang pamiyaliwa ra king w:Kingdom Protista.Katlu,w:heterotrophicla reti, anya aliwa la king w:Kingdom Plantaeampo reng miyayaliwangw:protista kawangis da reng tanaman. Katatawlyan, bibilugan de ing Kingdom Animalia da reng organismung alangw:cell wall,anya aliwa ya kingw:Kingdom Plantae,karengalgae,ampo karengKingdom Fungi.

Pinitna nongAristotledeng eganaganang mabibyeng lelangan kareng animal ampongtanaman.Ini ing tikyan nangw:Carolus Linnaeusanyang gewa ne ing mumunang hierarchical classification o makaranggung pamanuri da reng organismu. Manibat anyang inumpisan dang dinan ulaga deng biologist ing evolutionary relationship o pamiugnayan a agpang king penibatan, melati la at mebawasan deng grupung deti. Alimbawa, tuturing dong animal deng mangalatiktik a protozoa uling kikimut la, dapot ngeni, kewani ra na la. King karaniwan a pamisabi-sabi, ampo kareng mapilan a relihiun,tuturing dong makakawani kareng animal dengtauuling agyu ra ing pamagsalita,matas a uri ing karelangpamanisip,o uling ila ing pinili ning metung a dios, dapot nung tukyan tamu ing salukuyang batayan o panyukad ning biologia ampong taxonomy, kayanib la kareng animal deti. Ibat ya ing lagyung animal king katayangw:Latinaanimal,aanimaliano man nung daka’la. Ing penibata’na naman niti, itang katayanganima,a maki kabaldugan a diwa o kaladwa.

Pangabalangkas (structure)

Liban kareng mapilan a organismu, lalu na rengw:sponge(Phylumw:Porifera), bibilugan do reng miyayaliwang klasingtissueso kalamnan deng animal. Kayabe la kareti deng [w:muscle]], a malyaring murung at maging sangkan ning pamangimut, at ingw:nervous_system,a yang magparla at mag-process kareng sinyal. Atin muring lugal king kilub ning karelang katawan nung nu malilyari ingpamaglaso (digestionking karelang pamangan, a maki metung o adwang busbus. Metazoan ing aus da kareng animal a anti kaniti pangabalangkas, o eumetazoan naman nung magagamit ya kareng animal king pangkabilugan itang mumunang kataya (metazoan).

Atin langeukaryotica cell deng eganaganang animal, nung nu makapadurut ingw:extracellular matrixa bibilugan ningw:collagenampongw:glycoproteina elastic o mayayatyat. Malyari yang sapak o katmungw:calciumiti at bumilug bageng anti reng kapsa (shell), butul, ampong spicule. Potang daragul ya pamu ing animal, metung ya iting pekabalangkas a malyaring ibaluktut (flexible), nung nu la malyaring kimut-kimut deng cell at mibayu pangasamasan. Uli na niti, malyaring gawang bage o dake ning katawan a komplikadu o dakal a sangkap. E anti kareng aliwang organismung multicellular anti karengtanamanampongfungus,nung nu la makakabit kapamilatan da reng [[w:cell wall], anya tuki-tuki at pasulung ing pamandagul da reti. Metung pa, bukud la mung kareng cell da reng animal mayayakit deng makatuking pamituglung king pilatan da reng cell (intercellular junctions):tight junction,w:gap junction,andw:desmosome.

Ing pamiparakal da at pamanalkus (reproduction and development)

Dadalan la king metung a klasingw:sexual reproductiondeng alus eganaganang animal. w:Diploidla reng mangaragul na o atyu na king ustung edad, at neng kayi,w:polyploid la reti. Deti, atin lang mapilan a reproductive cell a bukud kareng aliwa (specialized). Dadalan la reti kingw:meiosis,a gagawang mas mangalatingw:spermatozoa,o mas mangaragul aw:ovum.Misasanib la reti at bibilug kingw:zygote,a yang panibatan da reng bayung animal.

Malyari la muring dumalan kingw:asexual reproductiondeng dakal kareng animal. Mapalyaring king kapamilatan ningw:parthenogenesismarapat iti, nung nu mikaka ebun a malalaus agyang alang “mating” a malilyari, o neng kayi kapamilata’ning pamipitna-pitna o pamipira-pirasu.

Potang mumuna, ingw:zygotemagi yang anting bolang alang laman king kilub, a yawsan dangw:blastula.Manaliwa ya pangasamasan at itsura iti, at magi lang myayaliwang klasi deng kayang cell. Kareng sponge, kakawe la reng larva ning blastula papunta king metung a bayung karinan o lugal, nung ya lunto ing metung a bayung sponge. Karen namang keraklan kareng animal, lalung komplikadu ing pamagbayu ning blastula. Mumuna, mag-invaginate ya (magtuklip yang palub ing metung nang “pisni” ) ban lunto ya ing metung a gastrula, a maki digestive chamber (bakanting lugal nung nu malalaso ing pamangan), at adwang mikakawaning germ layer – metung aw:ectoderma makalwal, at metung aw:endoderma makalub. Keraklan, atin pang laltong w:mesodermking pilatan da reng adwang mitutumpak a reti. Kaybat, manaliwa (differentiate) la reting germ layer, at ilang maging kalamnan (tissue) ampong laman lub (organ).

Penibatan ampong fossil record

Paniwalan da reng keraklan a menibat la reng animal kareng protozoa aw:flagellateo maki flagellum. Pekamalapit dong kamaganak dengw:choanoflagellate,a flagellate a maki collar o tela- kwelyu, a kawangis da reng mapilan a sponge cell. Agpang king pamanigaral king karelang DNA, kayanib la reti king metung a maragul a grupu o supergroup a awsan dang w:opisthokont,nung nu la murin kayabe dengw:fungus,at mapilan a mangalating w:protista parasitiku. Menibat ya ing lagyu king pangabili ningw:flagellum,a atyu king dake nang gulut da reng cell a kikimut (motile cells), antimo king sperm da reng animal, e anti kareng aliwang eukaryote, nung nu ing dake rang arap ing maki flagellum.

Linto la reng mumunang fossil a malyaring tang asabing kareng animal anyang bandang wakas ning panaun aen:Precambrian,anam a ralan a milyungen:600 millionbanwa na ing milabas.en:Vendian biotaing aus da kareti. Nanupata, e malino ing pamiugne da reti kareng fossil a linto kaybat da. Malyaring menibat la kareng mapilan kareti deng phylum ngening panaun tamu, o mapalyari namang aliwa lang grupu. Posibling e la man bitasang animal detang fossil. Bukud kareti, alus miyagnan-agnan lang linto deng keraklan kareng phylum da reng animal anyang panaun aen:Cambrian,limandalan at pitumpulung milyungen:570 millionbanwa ing milabas. Ala pang pamikasundu nung ining pangapalyaring iti, a mayayaus aen:Cambrian explosion,metung yang pamikawa- kawani da reng miyayaliwang grupu, o minaliwa ing kabilyan, at milyaring mika fossil.

Deng grupu da reng animal

Maranun long mikawani deng sponge (w:Porifera) kareng aliwang animal. Anti ing mebanggit na, e mayayakit karela ing komplikadung pangabalangkas a atyu kareng aliwang phylum (maragul a grupu da reng animal at aliwang organismu). Agyang miyayaliwa nong klasi (differentiated) deng cell da reti, e la pa bibilug aliwa-liwang uring kalamnan. E la mamalis lugal (sessile) deng sponge, at mamangan la kapamilatan ning “pamanyipsip” danum palub kareng busbus (w:pore} king mabilug dang katawan, a susuportan ning metung a skeleton a bibilugan da reng spicule. Malyaring kayabe ya murin kareng sponge itangw:Archaeocyathaa mewala na (extinct), o aliwa yang phylum iti.

Karetang phylum a eumatozoan, adwa la reng maki radial symmetry at maki digestive chamber (karinan a pipaglasawan pamangan) a maki metung mung busbus, a yang magsilbing piluluban pamangan at pilulwalan pengan. Deni rengen:Cnidari,nung nu la kayabe dengw:anemone,w:coral,ampongen:jellyfish,at saka rengw:Ctenophorao comb jelly. Pareu lang maki makakawaning tissue o uri ning kalamnan, dapot e la pa bibilug laman lub olaman lubdeti. Adwa la mu reng germ layer, deng ectodern ampong endoderm, at maki cell a makakalat king pilatan da reti. Uli na niti, awsan dong w:diploblasticdeti. Kawangis de reti ing malating phylum aw:Placozoa,mupin ala lang permanenting pilalasawan pamangan deni.

Detang aliwa pang animal, bibilug lang monophyletic (metung mu penibatan) a grupung awsan dangw:Bilateria.Keraklan kareti, bilateral la symmetry, at makabukud ne gamit o katungkulan (specialized) ing buntuk a maki parti yang gagamitan bang mangan at panamdaman ing kayang paligid (sense organs).Triploblasticya ing kayang katawan; buri nang sabyan, malino na la deng atlung germ layer, at bibilug nong ayawus tamung organ deng kalamnan. Adwa ya busbus ing pilalasawan pamangan, ing asbuk ampo ing peka-buldit, at atin muring bakanting lugal kilub katawan o internal body cavity a awsan dang coelom o pseudocoelom. Nanupata, ating e tutuki kareng kayuryan a reti. Alimbawa, radial ing symmetry da rengen:echinoderma maragul na (adult), at misna namang simpli ing pangabalangkas ning katawan da reng mapilan a bulating parasitiku.

Uling kareng pamanigaral king genetics, minaliwa nang bagya ing balu tamu tungkul king Bilateria. Kayabe la kareng apat a manimunang lahi ding keraklan kareti:

Bukud pa kareti, atin pang mapilan a mangalating grupu da reng animal king Bilateria a kawangis da katawan deti, a malyaring kinawani bayu deng manimunang grupung deti. Kayabe no kareti dengen:Acoelomorpha,en:Rhombozoa,aten:Orthonectida. Paniwalan da ngening detangen:Myxozoa,parasitikung tunggal mu cell at sadyang rang tuturing a kayabe king Protozoa, ibat la murin pala king Bilateria.

Deng Deuterostome

Atin lang mapilan a e pamilupa kareng aliwang Bilateria, a awsan dangw:protostome, dengw:Deuterostome.Kumpletu ya ing digestive tract (dadalanan ning pamangan) kareng adwang grupu. Nanupata, mági yang asbuk itang mumunang busbus kareng protostome (itang archenteron), at makakawani yang lalto itang maging pekabuldit. Baligtad naman ing malilyari kareng protostome. Kareng protostome, kakatmwan deng cell ing kilub ning gastrula ba yang lunto ing mesoderm, at ini awsan dang schizocoelous development. Samantala, kareng deuterostome, malilyari iti kapamilatan ning w:evaginationning endoderm, a awsan dang enterocoelic pouching. Ken yang gulut (dorsal] ing nerve chord da reng deuterostome (e ya ventral o king arap anti kareng protostome), at king aliwang paralan malilyari ing cleavage o pamipitna-pitna da reng karelang embryo.

Balamu, ing lalto kaniting mebanggit, mikakawani lang lahi deng deuterostome at protostome, at ing balang metung kareti, atin ya mung metung a penibatan. Deng manimunang phylum da reng deuterostome ila rengw:Echinodermataampong w:Chordata.Radial ing symmetry ning mumunang grupu, at purus lang king dagat mabibye. Kayabe la kareng echinoderm dengw:sea star,w:sea urchin,ampongw:sea cucumber.Keta namang kadwang grupu, deng chordate, dengvertebrateo animal a maki galugud, ilang manimuna. Kayabe la kareti dengasan,amphibian,w:reptile,ayup,ampongmammal.

Bukud pa kareti, kayabe la murin kareng deuterostome dengw:Hemichordatao acorn worm. Agyang e la makaing kilala ngeni deng grupung deti, kayanib la keti deng maulagang fossil a awsan danggraptolite.Mapalyari muring deuterostome la deng w:Chaetognathao arrow worm, oneng e makaing siguradu ini.

Deng Ecdysozoa

Protostome la rengen:Ecdysozoa,a pepalagyuan da uling ketang karelang daraptan a pamag-molt o pamaglupi (pamanaliling balat oen:ecdysis.Kayabe ya keti ing pekamaragul a phylum da reng animal, ingen:Arthropoda,nung nu la kayabe deng insektu,babagwa,ema,ampo reng karelang kamaganak. Mapipitna ya ing katawan da reti kareng dakeng lupa-lupa, a keraklan maki bitis a mipaparis. Makanyan la murin kayuryan deng adwa pang mas mangalating phylum, dengen:Onychophora ampongen:Tardigrada,a malapit dang kamaganak deng arthropod.

Tuturing da la muring ecdysozoan dengen:Nematodao roundworm, ing kadwang pekamaragul a phylum da reng animal. Mangalatiktik (microscopic at mayayakit la mu keng microscope) deng keraklan kareng roundworm, at mabibye la reti king halus balang lugal a maki danum. Manimuna lang parasitiku deng mapilan kareti. Kayabe la kareng kamaganak da reti dengen:Nematomorphao horsehair worm, a mayayakit agyang alang gagamitan a instrumentu, ampo rengKinorhyncha,en:Priapulida,ampong en:Loricifera,a mayayakit mu kapamilata’ning microscope. E ne kumpletu ing coelom da reti, a mayayaus pseudocoelom.

Neng kai, piyayabe ra la king Spiralia deng adwang mitatagan a grupu da reng protostome, uling king paralan a spiral (makabalibul) ing pamipitna o cleavage da reng embryo da reti.

Deng Platyzoa

Kayanib la king Platyzoa deng phylumw:Platyhelminthes,deng flatworm. Anyang purmeru, tuturing do reting kayabe kareng pekamatwang uring (primitive) Bilateria, pero ngeni balamu laltong ibat la reti kareng mas makabayung pipumpunan. Kayabe la king grupung deti deng mapilan a parasitiku, antimo dengw:flukeampongen:tapeworm.Ala lang coelom deng flatworm, kalupa da reng pekamalapit dang kamaganak, deng microscopic aw:Gastrotrichia.

Microscopic la at pseudocoelomate deng aliwa pang phylum a platyzoan. Deng w:Rotifera,a marlas mayayakit kareng lugal a maranum, ing kilalang dili kareti. Kayabe la murin dengw:Acanthocephalaspiny-headed worms (bulating masuksuk buntuk), dengen:Gnathostomulida,w:Micrognathozoa,at malyaring dengw:Cycliophora.Para- pareu lang maki komplikadung panga dening grupung deti, at uli na niti, awsan dong w:Gnathifera.

Deng Lophotrochozoa

Kayabe la kareng Lophotrichia deng adwa kareng maragul diling phylum da reng phylum da reng animal, dengw:Molluscaampongen:Annelida.Kayabe la king mumuna deng animal kalupa da rengsusu (animal),talaba,ampongpusit.Den namang kadwa, deng Annelida, bibilugan do reng bulating segmented antimo rengw:earthworm ampo renglinta.Malwat da nong tuturing a mikamaganak dening adwang deti uling pareu lang atingw:trocophorelarvae, oneng mas malapit la kanu deng annelid kareng arthropod uling pareu lang segmented. Ngeni, sasabyan dang convergent evolution ini (itang aliwa la penibatan at mikatagun a mipareu la king metung a kayuryan, ita ping segmented la), uling kareng dakal dang pamiyaliwa king itsura ning karelang katawan ampo king karelang DNA (ing sangkap a magdala kareng kauryan, alimbawa itsura, a pamana da reng pengari karing supling).

Kayabe la kareng Lophotrochozoa dengw:Nemerteao ribbon worm, dengw:Sipuncula, at mapilan a phylum a maki tela-pamepeng cilia a makapadurut king karelang asbuk, a awsan dang [w:lophophore]]. Kanitang minuna, abe-abe la king grupung lophophorate dening animal a reti, oneng ngeni, laltongw:paraphyleticla reti; mas malapit la king Nemertea deng mapilan, kabang kamaganak da no man deng Mollusca ampong Annelida detang aliwa. Kayabe la king grupung deti dengw:Brachiopodao lamp shells, a kapansin-pansin king fossil record, dengw:Entoprocta,en:Phoronida,at malyaring deng w:Ectoproctao moss animal.

Ing kasalesayan ning pamanuri (classification)

Ketang minuna nang planungLinnaeus,metung la reng animal kareng atlung kingdom. Mapipitna la reti kareng class aw:Vermes,[[insektu|Insecta], Pisces,w:Amphibia,AvesampongMammalia.Manibat kanita, miyanib no ngan king metung a phylum, ingw:Chordata,deng tawling apat, kabang pikawani da no man detang aliwa. Ing mebanggit king babo ing kekatamung paglalawe king grupung iti king salukuyan, dapot ating ditak a pamiyaliwa dependi nung ninu ing kutnan.